A Control Strategy for Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) Based on SPWM VSI

Anju Mathew
Student M.Tech Power systems Saintgits College of Engineering
anjumathew2010@gmail.com Abstract This Paper proposes a control strategy for Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) for the compensation of voltage distortions such as sag and swell, harmonic current compensation and reactive power compensation. For voltage distortions, compensating voltage is injected by a series active filter, where a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is used. For harmonic current and reactive power compensation a shunt active filter with a Current Controlled Voltage Source Inverter (CC-VSI) is used. Control strategy of UPQC is designed for the gating signals for the thyristor switches of inverters to generate compensating voltage and current, which employs a sinusoidal PWM method. Compensating current reference signals are generated based on modified synchronous reference frame method. For simulation of the required applications MATLAB/ SIMULINK tool is used. Simulation results verify the performance of proposed system. Keywords Active Filters, UPQC, Voltage sag, Voltage swell, Harmonics, VSI, MATLAB / SIMULINK.

Pinkymol K.P
Asst. Professor EEE Department Saintgits College of Engineering
Pinky1766@gmail.com

waveforms are generated by sinusoidal PWM based voltage source inverters. Series active filter and shunt active filter have been modeled separately and after verifying their independent compensation performances they are combined to form UPQC. Control strategy based on modified synchronous direct-quadrature (dq) frame without phase locked loop is used for current compensation. This reduces the effect of harmonics and noise in the supply voltage feedback. II. PROPOSED SYSTEM CONFIGURATION Fig.1 shows a basic block diagram of UPQC. Proposed system configuration of UPQC consists of two voltage source inverters connected back to back, sharing a common dc link voltage. The supply voltage may be distorted at Point of Common Coupling (PCC), depending on the non-linear loads connected. The series active filter consists of a controlled VSI connected in series with utility voltage by using series transformers and it helps in maintaining the load voltage at the desired magnitude. Shunt active filter is connected parallel with the load and it consists of a current controlled VSI which helps in compensating harmonic and reactive components in load current.

I. INTRODUCTION In today's complex electronics environment many problems can occur because of poor quality of power. Therefore, it has become necessary to provide a dynamic solution with greater degree of accuracy as well as with fast speed of response. The active filtering has proven to be one of the best solutions for mitigation of major power quality problems [1-2]. The shunt active filters are utilized to overcome all current related problems, such as current harmonics, reactive current and current unbalance. Whereas, all voltage related problems, such as voltage harmonics, voltage sag and swell, and voltage unbalance are handled by using the series active filter. With the advancement in the field of power electronic devices and control application, it is very common now these days to come across the situation where compensation of both current as well voltage related problems is must. The UPQC integrates shunt and series active filters, controlled in a way to inject compensating current and voltage into the system, in order to give a total solution for current quality problems of load and voltage quality problems of utility. UPQC is taking the advantages of series active filter and shunt active filter so as to form a strong tool to improve power quality in many applications. The proposed UPQC has the ability to improve line voltage and load current quality, eliminating voltage sag, voltage swell, reactive current and harmonic current. Compensating voltage and current

Fig. 1 Proposed system configuration of UPQC

CONTROL STRATEGY Control strategy plays a vital role in the overall performance of the power conditioner. Generation of appropriate switching pattern or gating signal with reference to reference compensating signal determines the control strategy of UPQC. In this paper, from the various system parameters, reference compensating current for reactive and harmonic compensation is generated based on synchronous reference frame method The reference compensating voltage

for the compensation of sag and swell is directly obtained by comparing the distorted supply voltage containing sag and swell with desired reference load voltage. After obtaining these reference compensating signals, they are given as reference signals to sinusoidal PWM based voltage source inverters for the generation of compensating waveforms. In the combined model of UPQC, compensated supply voltage from the series active filter output is feedback to shunt active filter and compensated source current from the shunt active filter output is feedback to series active filter. PI controller in the shunt active filter controller controls the DC link capacitor voltage to the desired value and it is given as input DC bus voltage to series active filter. A. Shunt active filter control strategy The shunt active filter is composed of a 3-phase VSC and is connected in parallel with the load through a series inductor. Block diagram representation of shunt active filter control is shown in Fig.2.The control law of shunt active filter is derived for compensation of reactive and harmonic power drawn by the load from the supply system and for maintaining the DC bus voltage to the set reference value. To derive reference compensating signals, three phase currents of the load and shunt active filter inverter in abc coordinates is transformed into the synchronously rotating dq frame. Based on these reference signals, gating signals to the inverter is derived based on sinusoidal PWM method and compensating current generated by the shunt inverter compensates harmonic and reactive component of load current.

and

(2)

Where =t and is the angular frequency. One drawback of synchronous reference frame theory method is the necessity of the reference angle from phase locked loop, which requires careful implementation, if the line voltages are not balanced and sinusoidal. In modified synchronous reference frame theory method, there is no need of phase locked loop and synchronization. After obtaining i and i by corresponding parks transformation, id and iq can be found out by substituting, (3) and (4)

Where V and V are components of supply voltage Vs in and axes. And magnitude of supply voltage (5)

Where

(6)

Fig. 2 Shunt active filter block diagram

A synchronous fundamental direct-quadrature (d-q) frame is derived from the space vector transformation of the input signals. The load currents and inverter currents are sensed in the abc coordinates (stationary reference frame) from the current sensors and then transformed into the d-q coordinates (rotating reference frame with fundamental frequency) by means of park transformation. The d-q frame rotates with the angular speed of fundamental frequency which makes the fundamental current a dc component and the harmonics ac components. Matrix form of equations for abc to and abc to dq transformations are given by:

To extract harmonic and reactive components, the load current in abc coordinates is transformed to synchronous direct-quadrature (d-q) frame. So that load currents ILa , ILb and ILc are transformed to ILd and ILq. ILd represents the active component and ILq represents reactive component of load current. The load current will be a composite current containing fundamental and harmonics. After abc to dq transformation, the fundamental component in the load current becomes dc quantity and harmonics represent the a.c. quantity. Hence and Reactive component of load current, ILq is used for reactive power compensation and hence to improve power factor of the system. With a low-pass filter, the fundamental component of load current, is filtered and active harmonic component of load current is used for harmonic compensation. For the compensation of harmonic component and reactive component ILq, shunt active filter inverter should deliver a d axis current Ishd equivalent to the harmonic component and q axis current Ishq equivalent to ILq..Voltage reference signals of shunt inverter can be derived as [12]: (7) And (8)

(1)

Supply Voltage

VS

N x Vcse Is Lse Ise Io Vcse Cse

Vo Load

Vdc

Gate pulses Gate pulses Control circuit

Fig. 3 Shunt active filter control block diagram Fig. 5 Series active filter schematic diagram

When Vshd and Vshq are the shunt inverter voltages in d and q axes, corresponding current generated by the shunt inverter are Ishd and Ishq, which compensates harmonic and reactive component of load current.Vshd and Vshq are converted to abc coordinates and are given as reference signal for SPWM VSI of shunt active filter. B. Series active filter control strategy The control for series active filter is derived to keep the phase voltage within the limits specified by the supplier or to eliminate sag and swell in the supply system. Fig. 3 shows block diagram representation of series active filter. Reference compensating voltage from distorted supply voltage depending on sag and swell is determined and this compensating reference voltage is generated by sinusoidal PWM inverter and LC filter eliminates switching ripples at the inverter output. Compensating voltage is injected to or added with the distorted supply voltage through a transformer in order to get desired voltage at the load side.

Compensating voltage and current reference signal of series Inverter [11] is given by: (9) (10) Where Tv andTi are voltage and current time constants of series active filter. V0 is the load voltage and V0ref is the desired load voltage. A.Selection of Lse and Cse The rms value of supply voltage=230V. % of correction of supply voltage = 15% Max fundamental phase voltage at the output of inverter for a dc voltage of 700 V and modulation index of 0.9 =0.9700/2=315 V. For a correction of +/-15%, rms value of transformer secondary=23015/100=34.5V. Transformer turns ratio N=34.52/315=0.155. Load kVAr =100 kVAr. Current through secondary of transformer =1001000/2303=145A. Power rating of transformer =34.5145=5 kVA. Rms value of current through Lse =5000/315/ 2 = 22.45A. Inductor rating=0.1pu=500VA. i.e. 500=22.4522.45250 Lse Lse =3.2 mH. Taking a cut off frequency of1kHz, Xc=XL, ie1/2fCse=2fLse Cse=1/ (21000)2 Lse =7.9F.

Fig. 4 Series active filter block diagram

Reference signal to the series inverter must be derived based on compensation voltage (Vcse) needed.For the generation of compensation voltage consider the schematic diagram shown in Fig.4

IV.SIMULATION RESULTS

Simulation results evaluate the performances of MATLAB/SIMULINK models of series active filter and shunt active filter operations in UPQC. Simulation results of series active filter includes compensation of voltage sag and swell in the supply system. Simulation results of shunt active filter includes compensation of harmonic and reactive component of load current. A. Compensation of sag and swell Fig.6, Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 are the simulation results for the compensation of sag and swell in phase-A, phase-B and phase-C respectively. In the simulated system, a sag is occurred in phase-A and a swell in phase-B and phase-C. From simulation results it can be seen that, 15% decrease in phase-A and 15% increase in phase-B and phase-C supply 1001 voltages has been compensated to its desired rated voltage.

B Compensation of harmonic and reactive current Fig.9, Fig.10 and Fig.11 are the simulation results for the compensation of harmonic and reactive current in phase-A, phase-B and phase-C respectively. In both cases over all THD is compensated to 5% from 15%.The dominant fifth and seventh order harmonics of load current waveform is reduced from 12% to 3.5% and from 7.6% to 3.9%
TABLE I FFT ANALYSIS RESULTS BEFORE AND AFTER COMPENSATION

Harmonic order.

Frequency Hz.

1 5 7 11 13 17 19

50 250 350 400 450 500 550

hth harmonic peak current % before compensation 100 12.1 7.6 3.1 2 1.1 0.8

hth harmonic peak current % after compensation 100 3.51 3.99 1.05 0.83 0.37 0.23

Compensation of harmonic and reactive current (leading pf load) - Load current THD=15% and compensated source current THD=5%.

Fig. 6 Compensation of sag in phase A

Fig. 9 Harmonic and reactive compensation in phase A

Fig. 7 Compensation of swell in phase B

Fig. 10 Harmonic and reactive compensation in phase B

Fig. 8 Compensation of swell in phase C

Fig. 11 Harmonic and reactive compensation in phase C

of fast computing devices, control strategies for UPQC are continually changing aiming at near perfect compensation.Implementation of control strategy based on advanced control techniques such as artificial neural network(ANN), wavelet transform etc. and improved PWM techniques such as space vector PWM can enhance the performance of UPQC. Due to advancement of microelectronics and DSP systems, implementation of new control techniques is becoming feasible which were not possible in the past. Considerable attention is to be paid to the reference signal estimation and control strategies and more work is required, to maintain near perfect power quality as more sensitive as well as complex loads are coming into electrical networks. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I express my sincere thanks to Prof.Baby K.Issac, P.G.Coordinator, and Head of the Department, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Saintgits College of Engineering, for his support and guidance. I am thankful to Asst Prof.Pinkymol K.P, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Saintgits College of Engineering, for the valuable help in doing this work. REFERENCES
[1] [2] Math H.J.Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems, John Wiley and Sons, New York,ISBN -0-7803-4713-7,2000. Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad, A Review of active filters for power quality improvement, IEEE Transactions on industry electronics,Vol46,no.5,October 1999,pp .960-971. Hirofumi Akagi, New trends in active filters for power conditioning, IEEETransactions on industry applications,Vol-32,no.6,November1996. Hugh Rudnick,Juan Dixon andLuis Moran, Delivering clean and pure power, IEEE power & energy magazine, September/October 2003,pp32-40. Zainal Salam, Tan Perng, and Awang Jusoh Harmonic mitigation using active power filter: A Technological Review,-ELECTRIKA-Vol. 8, No.8, 2006. S.Chatterjee and N.P.Padhy, Control strategies of UPQC: Timedomain approach in proceedings of fifteenth national power systems conference 2008. R.Rezaeipour and A.Kazemi, Review of Novel Control Strategies for UPQC,International journal of electrical and power engineering 2(3):185-191,ISSN:1990-7958,2008. S.Bhattacharya, T.M Frank, D.M Divan and B.Banerjee,Active filter system implementation,IEEE industry applications magazine, September/October 1998. Norman Mariun, Ahsanul Alam, Senan Mahmod and Hashim Hizam, Review of control strategies for power quality conditioners,National power & energy conference 2004 proceedings, Kuala Lunipur, Malaysia. Mohamadrezapour, M.B. Bana Sharifian, M.R. Feyzi and S.H. Hosseini, Design and simulation of UPQC by synchronous reference frame theory considering loading of series and shunt Inverters, Journal of Applied Sciences 9(14): 2599-2605, 2009ISSN 1812-5654. M Vilathgamuwa ,YH Zhang and S S Choi, Modelling, analysis and control of unified power quality conditioner, 8th International conference on harmonics and quality of power,Greece,October1416,1998. Subhash Joshi, Aby Joseph and Gautam Poddar,Active power factor correction for highly fluctuating industrial load Proc. of NPEC-2003, held at IIT Bombay. Subhash Joshi, Aby Joseph and Gautam Poddar, 25OkVA Unified Power Quality Controller ,Proc. of NPEC-2006, held at IIT Bombay

Simulation results have verified the performances of series active filter, shunt active filter and their combined operation in UPQC .Series active filter compensation is almost same both in its independent operation and combined operation with shunt active filter in UPQC. Series active filter could compensate 15% voltage sag and swell to the desired rated voltage. Shunt active filter in its independent operation, compensates load current THD to 3% from 15%. In UPQC, shunt active filter compensates load current THD to 5% from 15%.In both cases shunt active filter is compensating the reactive component of load current ,so that source current is in phase with the supply voltage.
TABLE II SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

Rated voltage Frequency DC bus voltage DC bus capacitance C LC filter inductance Lse LC filter capacitance Cse Switching frequency fs Shunt filter inductance Lsh Proportional constant kp Integral constant ki DC voltage controller constant

230 V 50 Hz 700 V 4700 F 3.6 mH 6.9 F 10kHz 5 Mh 3.75 1500 0.1115

[3] [4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

III. CONCLUSIONS UPQC can be considered as an effective power quality conditioning device that combines the advantages of both shunt and series active filters. The present work includes Matlab-Simulink model of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC),for the compensation of voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonic current and reactive current. Simulation results obtained verify the effectiveness of proposed system for the compensation of power quality problems. With the deterioration of power quality in present day power system network, the demand for power quality conditioners such as UPQC is increasing. With the emergence

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]