Unit 1- Stress and Strain

Topics Covered
Lecture -1 - Introduction, state of plane stress Lecture -2 - Principle Stresses and Strains Lecture -3 - Mohr's Stress Circle and Theory of

Failure
Lecture -4- 3-D stress and strain, Equilibrium

equations and impact loading

Lecture -5 - Generalized Hook's law and Castigliono's

3-D Stress and Strain

stress vector that represents the force per unit area acting at a given location on the body's surface. In other words, a stress vector cannot be fully described unless both the force and the surface where the force acts on has been specified.

= lim

F dF = s>0 s ds

3-D Stress and Strain

Suppose an arbitrary slice is made across the solid shown in the above figure, leading to the free body diagram shown at left. Stress would appear on the exposed surface, similar in form to the external stress applied to the body's exterior surface. The stress at point P can be defined using the same above equation

3-D Stress and Strain

Stresses acting on an plane, are typically decomposed into three mutually orthogonal components. One component is normal to the surface and represents direct stress. The other two components are tangential to the surface and represent shear stresses. Normal component = xx ,yy ,zz

Tangential component = xy ,yx ,xz ,zx ,yz ,zy

3-D Stress and Strain

Since each point on the cube is under static equilibrium (no net force in the absense of any body forces), only nine stress components from three planes are needed to describe the stress state at a point P. These nine components can be organized into the matrix:

xx yx zx
In this course we are also denoting shear stresses as

xy xz yy yz zy zz

where shear stresses across the diagonal are identical as a result of static equilibrium (no net moment). This grouping of the nine stress components is known as the stress tensor (or stress matrix).

3-D Stress and Strain

Shear stresses across the diagonal are identical as a result of static equilibrium (no net moment). The six shear stresses reduces to 3 shear stresses. This grouping of the six stress components is known as the stress tensor (or stress matrix). The off diagonal elements are equal i.e

xy = yx

xx xy xz

xy xz yy yz yz zz

Equilibrium equations
yy yy + dy y
Y

xy

yx yx + dy y

X, Y body force such as weight of the body

dy xx

xx xx + dx x
xy xy + dx x
X

=0

yx

yy
dx

xx dx (dy 1) xx ( dy 1) + xx + x yx dy ( dx 1) yx ( dx 1) + X ( dxdy 1) = 0 yx + y

Equilibrium equations
yy yy + dy y
y

xy

yx yx + dy y

For 2 dimension

dy xx

xx xx + dx x
xy xy + dx x
x

yx

yy
dx

xx xy + +X =0 x y yx yy + +Y = 0 x y

X, Y body force such as weight of the body

Equilibrium equations
For 3 dimension

xx xy xz + + +X =0 x y z yx yy yz + + +Y = 0 x y z zx zy zz + + +Z =0 x y z

Impact Load
Definitions
Resilience Total strain energy stored in the system. Proof resilience Maximum strain energy stored in a

body is known as proof resilience. Strain energy in the body will be maximum when the body is stressed upto elastic limit
Modulus of resilience- Proof resilience of a material

per unit volume.

Modulus of resilience =

Pr oof _ resilience Volume _ of _ the _ body

Impact Load
Strain energy when load is applied gradually.
M Energy stored in a body=

V 2E

Load

2 AL = 2E

N O Extension x

Impact Load
Strain energy when load is applied suddenly.
M Energy stored in a body=

AL 2E

Load

derivation in book - R.K Bansal

2 AL =Px=P L 2E E P =2 A

N O Extension x

Impact Load
PROBLEM- A steel rod is 2m long and 50mm in

diameter. An axial pull of 100 kN is suddenly applied to the rod. Calculate the instantaneous stress induced and also the instantaneous elongation produced in the rod. Take E=200GN/mm2

Impact Load
Strain energy when load is applied with impact.
Energy of impact = Potential energy of the falling load Energy of impact =

2 AL 2E

Potential energy of the falling load = P

( h + L )

P 2AEh = 1+ 1+ A PL

Impact Load
PROBLEM- A vertical compound tie
2.5 m 20 mm 1 2 P=10kN 3 mm 21 mm 30 mm

member fixed rigidly at its upper end consists of a steel rod 2.5 m long and 30mm external diameter. The rod and the tube are fixed together at the ends. The compound member is then suddenly loaded in tension by a weight of 10 kN falling through a height of 3 mm on to a flange fixed to its lower end. Calculate the maximum stresses in steel and brass. Assume Es=2x105 N/mm2 and Eb=1.0x105 N/mm2

Impact Load
Strain energy in shear loading.

2 AL Strain energy stored = 2C

D D1 C

P C1

A l B

Impact Load
PROBLEM- The shear stress in a material at a price

is given as 50N/mm2. Determine the local strain energy per unit volume stored in the material due to shear stress. Take C=8x104 N/mm2