Kameron Smith Nov.

6, 2012 Period 2

Ionic Vs. Covalent Bonding Lab Investigation Introduction: In introduction, Atoms are never found by themselves but in fact bonded to other atoms in an Ionic or Covalent. However, Covalent bond is shared between non-metals and Ionic bond is shared between a metal and nonmetal. Theses bonds have similarities such as achieving full shell, also known as octet and the valence electrons actions. Their differences is how the valence e- will be transported; in covalent the electron will be shared, as in Ionic the electron will be transferred. Furthermore, crystal comes into play when its made up of cation and anion; which are held by electrostatic attraction. Anion is losing electrons, which means it becomes a negative, while a cation is gaining electrons and is becoming positive. Hypothesis: Table 1: The results of testing five different chemicals Compounds to be tested: Distilled (pure) water Sodium Chloride Sucrose (sugar) Dextrose Sodium Sulfate Chemical Formula H2O NaCl C6H22O11 C0H12O6 NaSo6 Hypothesis 1 Ionic or Covalent Covalent Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic Hypothesis 2 High or Low melting point? Low High Low Low High Hypothesis 3 Will it conduct electricity? No Yes No No Yes

Procedures: PART I. Melting point and Strength of Bonds 1. Aluminum foil was folded into a square that was neatly fitted on the ringstand. Place small sample of each of the 4 different compounds (water is already melted) on my square of aluminum foil (all 4 at the same time). Be careful not to mix them up & keep track. 2. Carefully place the tray was put on the ring stand and heat with Bunsen burner (no longer than 1-2 min).

Kameron Smith Nov. 6, 2012 Period 2 3. Immediately begin recording your detailed observations, keeping track of the order in which the samples melt (or dont melt if thats the case)- which ones have strong bonds & which have weak? 4. Allow the square of foil to cool and then wash it off into the sink. Part II Electrical Conductivity 1. weighed an approximately 0.1 gram sample of each compound in different wells of a well plate (make sure to ZERO the well plate on the balance). I tested the dry compound for conductivity with the tester. Then I recorded my group observations ( Yes or No). I added enough drops of the distilled water to the well so it can dissolve the compound as best as I can.

2.

3.

4.

Then I tested the solution for conductivity with the tester. I recorded my observations with a yes or no. Then I made sure to wash the conductivity tester with distilled water after every use Table 2: The results of testing five different chemicals Part I: Melting Part II: Conducted FINAL point (1-5) Electricity? (Yes or CONCLUSION Medium or low? No) Ionic or Covalent Dry Dissolved bonds? No No No No No No Yes No No Yes Covalent Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic

Results: Name/ Chemical Formula:

Distilled Water/ H2O 1= lowest (already melted) Sodium 5 Chloride/NaCl Sucrose 2 (Sugar)/C12H22O11 Dextrose/C6H12O6 3 Sodium Sulfate/ 4 NaSO4 Conclusion:

Kameron Smith Nov. 6, 2012 Period 2 After laboratory, it was concluded that Sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were ionic compounds, while Sucrose, Dextrose and distilled water were all covalent compounds. All of the initial hypotheses were mainly correct. From the results, Ionic compounds were those that conducts electricity in water and had a high melting points; strong bonds. However, the Covalent compounds were those that don't conduct electricity in water and had a low melting point; weak bond. My evidence, allowed me to come to a conclusion of weather the compounds were Ionic or Covalent. For example, Sucrose was a covalent compound due to the fact of not conducting electricity in water and having a low melting point. Furthermore, Ionic bonds are formed from metal cations and non-metals anions, so when they dissolve in water, electricity can flow through the solution. Additionally, Ionic bonds are very strong since they can conduct electricity, meaning their electrons move loosely. Also their ions have two different charges, meaning the two charges attract each other, which create a bond. Covalent bonds are created through the same non metal anions, and dont conduct electricity. Covalent bonds are consumed of the same charge, meaning they electrons will repel themselves, only making a weak bond.