Set No: 1

Code No:- V3122/R07

III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May - 2012
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communications Engineering)
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
*****
1. (a) Derive an expression for quantization noise in PCM system.
(b) Define and explain the necessity of a compander. [8+8]
2. (a) With a neat block diagram, explain the operation of delta modulation system.
(b) A DM system is tested with a 10 kHz sinusoidal signal, 1V peak to peak at the input.
The signal is sampled at 10times the Nyquist rate. What is the step size required to
prevent slope overload and to minimize the granular noise? [10+6]
3. (a) Give the comparisons of digital modulation schemes (ASK, FSK, PSK and DPSK)
with respect to bandwidth requirements, power requirements, immunity to channel
impairments and equipment complexity.
(b)What are the advantages and disadvantages of digital modulation schemes? [8+8]
4. (a) Find output of the matched filter and determine the maximum value of (S/N)
0
if the
input is a rectangular pulse of amplitude A and duration is T.
(b) What is synchronization? Explain the synchronization methods used for digital
carrier modulation schemes. [8+8]
5. (a) The probabilities of the five possible outcomes of an experiment are P
1
= 1/2, P
2
=
1/4, P
3
= 1/8, P
4
= P
5
= 1/16. Find the entropy and information rate if there are 16
outcomes per second.
(b)If X is random variable assuming values X
1
, X
2
, X
3
,------X
k
. what should be the
probability density function of X to get maximum entropy H(X). Determine the value of
H(X). [8+8]
6. (a) A 2 kHz channel has signal to noise ratio of 24 db.
(i) Calculate the maximum capacity of this channel.
(ii) Assuming constant transmitting power calculate maximum capacity when channel
band width is halved and reduced to quarter of its original value.
(b) Briefly explain Shannon Hartley theorem. [8+8]
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Set No: 1
Code No:- V3122/R07
7. (a)For a linear block code, prove with example that all error patterns that differ by a
codeword have the same syndrome.
(b) Construct the standard array for a (6, 3) linear block code whose generator matrix is
given below:
1 0 0 1 1 0

G =

0
1 0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 1

(i)Find all the code vectors, all hamming weights and distances.
(ii)Find minimum weight parity check matrix [10+6]
8. (a) Briefly describe about the Code tree, Trellis and State Diagram for a Convolution
Encoder.
(b) With a neat block diagram explain the operation of any convolution encoder? [10+8]
*****
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Set No: 2

Code No:- V3122/R07

III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May - 2012
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communications Engineering)
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
*****
1. (a) Derive an expression for the bandwidth requirements of PCM.
(b) A signal m (t) band limited to 15 kHz is sampled at 50 kHz and the samples are
transmitted using PCM / PSK. An output SNR of at least 40dB is desired. Find
i) Input SNR if the system is to be operates above threshold.
ii) Output SNR if the system is to be operating with (S/N)
i
that is 3dB below the
threshold value [6+10]
2. (a) Derive an expression for quantizing noise in DM system and compare it with PCM
systems.
(b) For a sinusoidal modulating signal m (t) = A cos(
m
t) applied to a delta modulator
with step size . Derive an expression for no slope overload condition. [8+8]
3. (a) Give the comparisons between FSK and PSK schemes.
(b) Compare QPSK with all other digital signaling schemes. [7+9]
4. (a) Derive an expression for error probability of a optimum filter?
(b) Compute the output of a matched filter over [0, T] to the signal [8+8]
t
s(t) =
e

0;
;0 t T
elsewhere
5. (a) Explain the concept of entropy and its properties.
(b) For a discrete memory less source there are three symbols with probabilities p1=
and p2=p3. Determine the entropy of the source and sketch the variation for different
values of ? [8+8]
6. (a) Consider an AWGN channel with 4 KHz bandwidth and the noise power spectral
density / 2 = 10
-12
W/Hz. The signal power required at the receiver is 0.1 mW.
Calculate the capacity of this channel.
b) Briefly explain the channel capacity of discrete and analog channels. [7+9]
7. (a) What are hamming codes? What are their properties?
(b) The parity check bits of a (8, 4) block code are given by
C1=m1+m2+m4, C2=m1+m2+m3,
C3=m1+m3+m4, C4=m2+m3+m4
Here m1, m2, m3 and m4 are the message bits.
i) Find the generator matrix and parity check matrix for this code.
ii) Find the minimum weight of this code & error detecting capabilities of this code.
[8+8]
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Code No:- V3122/R07
8. (a) Explain the transform domain approach to analysis of convolutional encoder.
(b) Describe the performance of convolutional codes. [8+8]
*****
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Set No: 3
Code No:- V3122/R07
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May - 2012
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communications Engineering)
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
*****
1. (a) Explain the following terms:
(i)Quantization noise in a PCM
(ii) law companding technique
(b) A signal m (t) band limited to 4kHz is sampled at twice the Nyquist rate and the
samples transmitted by PCM. An output SNR of 47dB is required. Find N and minimum
value of S
i
/ if operation is to be above threshold [10+6]
2. (a) Draw the block diagram of adaptive delta modulation and explain in detail with neat
waveforms.
(b) Explain different noises present in DM systems. [10+6]
3. (a) Explain with neat block diagram the transmitter and receiver of QPSK.
(b) Explain with neat diagrams coherent BFSK transmitter and receiver. Also explain
single space diagram for coherent BFSK systems. [8+8]
4. (a) Explain the performance of optimum matched filter receiver?
(b) Explain the calculation of error probabilities of ASK & QPSK [6+10]
5. (a) An analog signal is band limited to B Hz and sampled at Nyquist rate. The samples
are quantized in to 4 levels. Each level represents one message. Thus there are 4
messages the probabilities of occurrence of these 4 levels (message) are
p1=p4=1/8&p2=p3=3/8. Find out information rate of the source.
(b) Explain the concept of amount of information and its properties. [8+8]
6. (a) Explain the following terms.
(i) Capacity of a Gaussian channel.
(ii) Channel capacity of discrete channel.
(b) Explain Huffman coding with an example. [6+10]
7. (a) Design an encoder for the (7, 4) binary cyclic code generated by g(x) = 1 + x + x
3
and
verify its operation using the message vector (0 1 0 1).
(b) For a (6, 3) systematic linear block code, the three parity-check bits c
4
, c
5
and c
6
are
formed from the following equations:
c
4
= d
1
d
3
c
5
= d
1
d
2
d
3
c
6
= d
1
d
2
(b) Write down the generator matrix G& Construct all possible code words [8+8]
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Set No: 3
Code No:- V3122/R07
8. (a) Explain the time domain approach to analysis of convolutional encoder
(b) Briefly describe about the Code tree, Trellis and State Diagram for a Convolution
Encoder. [8+8]
*****
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Set No: 4
Code No:- V3122/R07
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May - 2012
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics and Communications Engineering)
Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
*****
1. (a) Draw the block diagram of digital communication system and explain each block in
detail.
(b) Mention the advantages of digital communication over analog communication. [10+6]
2. (a) Compare Delta modulation with Pulse code modulation technique.
(b) Assume that the input to a DM is 0.1t
2
5t+2. The step size of the DM is 1V, and the
sampler operates at 10samples/sec. Sketch the input waveform, the delta modulator output
and the integrator output over a time interval 0 to 2sec. Denote the granular noise and
slope overload regions. [6+10]
3. (a) Give the comparisons of digital modulation schemes (ASK, FSK, PSK and DPSK)
with respect to bandwidth requirements, power requirements, immunity to channel
impairments and equipment complexity.
(b) What are power spectra? Explain power spectra of BPSK and BFSK signals along with
graphs. [8+8]
4. (a) An ideal analog band pass channel has a usable bandwidth of 3000Hz. The maximum
average signal power allowed at the input to the channel is 0.001mW. The channel noise at
the output can be assumed to be zero mean white Gaussian with a power spectral density
/2 = 10
10
W/Hz. Find the P
e
for the coherent PSK and coherent FSK, assuming
maximum signaling rate.
(b) Derive an expression for error probability of optimum filter. [8+8]
5. (a) A discrete source emits one of five symbols once every millisecond with probabilities
1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/16 respectively. Find the source entropy and information rate.
(b) Define mutual information &explain the properties of mutual information? [8+8]
6. (a) With the help of an example explain Shannon Fano algorithm
(b) An analog signal having 4 kHz band width is sampled at 1.25 times the Nyquist rate
and each sample is quantized in to one of 256 equally likely levels, assuming the samples
to be statistically independent.
(i) Can the output of this source transmitted without error over an AWGN channel
with a band width of 10 kHz and S/N ratio of 20 db.
(ii)Find S/N ratio required for error free transmission of part (i). [8+8]
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Set No: 4
Code No:- V3122/R07
G= 1
7. (a) Explain matrix description of linear block codes.
(b) The generator matrix for a (6, 3) block code is given below. Find all code vectors of
this code. [8+8]
1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1
1 1 0

0 1

1 0 1

8. (a) Briefly explain Viterbi algorithm for decoding of convolutional codes.

(b) What are convolution codes? How are they different from block codes? [10+6]
*****
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