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15
Introduction
Strength-Based Design
Design of Inelastic System
- Secant stiffness method (Jennings 1968) - Substitute structure method (Shibata and Sozen 1976) - Capacity Spectrum Method (Freeman 1975 ; Reinhorn 1995) - Displacement Based Design (Sozen 1976 ; Moehle 1992 ; Wallace 1995 ; Priestley 2000)
Displacement-Based Design
Purpose
- Design produced using Elastic Design Spectra and Equivalent Linear Systems Design Criteria is not satisfied - To demonstrate application of Inelastic Design Spectra to Direct Displacement-Based Design(DBD) of structure
f y ( 1 + )
fy
Force
k
1
1
ksec
1
uy
um
Deformation
where,
Force
fy (1 + )
fy
ED
ES
dm
dy
Deformation
cf)
Table2. Amplification factors : Elastic Design Spectra (function of damping ratio) Median (50 percentile) 3.21 - 0.68 ln 2.31 - 0.41 ln 1.82 - 0.27 ln One Sigma (84.1 percentile) 4.38 - 1.04 ln 3.38 - 0.67 ln 2.73 - 0.45 ln
for
Smooth an
spectrum individual
curve ground
Construction
of
Elastic
- Resulting Design Spectrum as a Pseudo-Acceleration Design Spectrum - Acceleration Sensitive region - Velocity Sensitive region - Displacement Sensitive region
&& u = 1g ,
g0
& u = 48 in / sec
g0
u = 36 in , = 5 %
g0
Step-by-Step Procedure
1. Estimate yield deformation 3. Determine design displacement and design ductility factor 4. Estimate total equivalent viscous damping , where 5. Enter deformation design spectrum for elastic systems with known and to read . for the system. of hinge at base.
uy
6. Determine the required yield strength 7. Estimate member sizes and detailing to provide . 8. Repeat steps 3 to 7 until a satisfactory solution is obtained. , and calculate initial elastic stiffness k and
Example 1
&& & - ugo = 0.5 g , ugo = 24 in / s , ugo = 18 in
- total weight : 190 kN/m
9m
w = 7517 kN
total heignt : 9m 1. Yield deformation 2. Determine acceptable plastic rotation 3. Design displacement .
k=
3 EI h3
and design ductility factor 4. For is and , the Total equivalent viscous damping
10
22.5 cm
um, cm
= 45%
1 2.81 sec
0.1
0.1
Tn, sec
iteration
10
6. Determine the required yield strength 7. Circular column is designed using ACI318-95 for Axial load. - Superstructure Weight of 7517 + Column Self Weight 375kN - Bending Moment due to Lateral force: For the resulting column design, - Flexural Strength: 7395 - Lateral strength = 821.7 - By using - k obtained by Yield deformation . ,
8. Since the yield deformation computed in step 7 differs from the initial estimate of are necessary. No. (cm) 1 2 3 4.50 9.00 8.82 (cm) 22.5 27.0 26.8 5.00 3.00 3.04
iterations
eq
(%) 45 42 42 (s) 2.81 3.16 3.14 (kN/cm) (kN) 38.35 30.41 30.62 719.1 746.4 745.2 (%) 1.19 1.30 1.30
Design (kN) 821.7 839.7 839.7 (kN/cm) (cm) 91.34 95.17 95.17 9.00 8.82 8.82
Example 2
The system of this example is identical to Ex1 (except bents = 4m ) - Initial elastic vibration period of system = 0.56s - Initial stiffness k = 967.2 kN/cm No. 1 2
eq
(cm) 2.00 1.77 (cm) 10.0 9.77 5.00 5.51 (%) 45 45 (s) 1.40 1.38 (kN/cm) (kN) 155.5 158.5 1296 1264 (%) 1.00 1.00
Design (kN) 1715 1715 (kN/cm) (cm) 967.2 967.2 1.77 1.77
fy
k
uy
k
u
um
k
1 1
fy
underloading
fs
f0
corresponding
system system
elastoplastic
fy
3. Ductility factor : cf. in case of elastic range : Reduction Factor & Inelastic Design Spectrum : elastic design spectrum x normalized strength
uy
u
u0
um
1 (2 1) / 2 Ry = 2 1 Tn Tc
Tn < Ta Ta < Tn < Tb Tb < Tn < Tc' Tc' < Tn < Tc Tc' > Tn
B O
Lateral Deflection
B O
E D
Lateral Deflection
Ay
Ay
Ay
1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0
0 0 1 2
Tn
Tn
Tn
Step-by-Step Procedure
1. Yield deformation 2. Determine acceptable plastic rotation 3. Design displacement .
200 100 22.5 cm
um, cm
10 1.01 sec 1
and design ductility factor 4. Corresponding to and 5. Yield strength 6. Circular column is then designed using ACI318-95 for axial load due to superstructure weight of 7517 bending moment due to lateral force is For the resulting column design, lateral strength = 1441 . By using and ,
=5
0.1 0.1 1 10
Tn, sec
and the
50
and .
7. Since the yield deformation computed in step 7 differs from the initial estimate of are necessary. The results of such iterations are summarized in Table3. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Design (cm) 4.50 8.27 7.96 8.04 7.99 (cm) 22.5 26.3 26.0 26.0 26.0 5.00 3.18 3.26 3.24 3.25 (s) 1.01 1.18 1.16 1.17 1.16 (kN/cm) 298.7 219.1 224.4 223.0 223.8 (kN) 1344 1812 1786 1793 1789 (%) 3.62 5.55 5.43 5.50 5.50 (kN) 1441 1912 1899 1907 1907
(kN/cm) (cm) 174.4 8.27 240.3 7.96 236.2 8.04 238.6 7.99 238.6 7.99
Example 2
- For this system, the procedure converged after 4 iterations giving a column design - Lateral yield strength - Initial stiffness k = 1784 kN/cm No. 1 2 3 4 Design (cm) 2.00 1.63 1.67 1.66 (cm) 10.0 9.63 9.67 9.66 5.00 5.91 5.80 5.81 (s) 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.43 (kN/cm) (kN) 1512 1630 1618 1620 3024 2658 2696 2692 (%) 3.60 3.00 3.10 3.10 (kN) 3226 2907 2965 2965 Design (kN/cm) 1979 1745 1784 1784 (cm) 1.63 1.67 1.66 1.66 .
25.9 0.0199
the
structure
using
this paper
9.66 0.0201
Conclusions
Followings are demonstrated for the procedure
1. Provides displacement estimates consistent with those predicted by the well-established concepts of inelastic design spectra 2. Produces structural design for acceptable plastic rotation DBD procedure uses elastic design spectra for 1. Equivalent linear systems based on the secant stiffness method 2. Variations like the substitute structure method. It is demonstrated that, 1. Displacement and ductility factor that are estimated by this procedure are much smaller than that by nonlinear analysis using inelastic design spectra 2. Plastic rotation demand on structures designed by this procedure may exceed acceptable value of plastic rotation.