• Cellular phys and electro phys

o TBW - total body water - 42 L - 2 components sep by plasma mem

• Intracellular (2/3 - 28L)
• extracellular (1/3 14L)
 2 parts sep by capillary wall
• ISF - interstial fluid - outside blood vessels
• Plasma - 1/4 - 3L - can only test this - inside blood vessels
o Extracellular vs intracellular make up of various ions - 1 test q
• Ca++ is kept outside b/c when it gets inside effects function - great [] gradient
Extracell intracell
Na+ K+
Ca++ Phosphates (ATP)
Proteins
H+ (slightly lower pH inside)

o Plasma mem - pic

• Phospholipids sep inside and outside enivro - just know they form PM
• Proteins control what goes inside and out - Phys focuses here
 Ion channels
• 4 equal subunits
• Each subunits has 6 TM segments (go in and out of lipid bilayer)
• 1 subunit has a + charge - the S4 subunit - red - AP makes
outside more neg and S4 moves and channel opens - ie it
controls opening
• P loop - is selective - p region is right inside of poor - this is
what makes sodium channels diff from K+ - THIS IS THE ONLY
DIFF
• Possible diff: size charge
o Simple diffusion - NON ELECTROLYTES (ie non-charged)
• Lipid soluble - directly through bilayer - O2, CO2, steroid hormone
• Lipid insoluble - need pore/channel - bigger or have some polarity
• Water - special goes through mem and aquaporins
• FICK's law - LEARN
 Qnet = -DB/ΔX x A x ΔC
• Qnet - net molecules - diffusion
• D - diffucity
• B - lipopholicity
• ΔX - mem thickness
• A - surface area
• ΔC - concentration difference across mem
 Can't change DB, ΔX, A - thus diffusion is directly proportional to ΔC
• But know what happens if you double or half DB, ΔX, A (test Qs)
 J = Q/A and P = -DB/ΔX
• THUS : J = flux = PΔC
o Diffusion of Ions (charged)
 • 1st case - prob not on test - only electrical gradient (no [] gradient - not
physiological)
• Ex:

• J = z*P*C*ΔE
 Z -valence
 ΔE - voltage gradient
 Don't really need to know how to calc, will describe eq and ask how changing
1 variable effects result
o Diffusion potential - leads to equilibrium potential
• High [K+] -(mem perm to k+)-> low [K+]
 Org no charge on either side, but once diffusion starts get + on right
(outside) and - on left (inside) (ie - as K+ goes down it's gradient, side w/ org
low [] will become +)
o Equilibrium potentials (aka nernst pot)
• Em = - RT/zF ln Ci/Co - know for test
 - RT/zF = electrical component
 ln Ci/Co = chemical component
 Ci - [] inside; Co = [] outside
 At phys temp -> em = -60 log Ci/Co - know for life
• Stekiel always uses this - charge inside cell
• In BRS - charge outside - thus no neg and flip Ci/Co
• Nernst
 Ek = -85
 Ena = +70
 Eca = + 120
o Resting mem pot - in real life
• 2 sources
 Na+/K+ pump - least important - 5%
• Hydrolyzes ATP
• 3Na+ out, 2K+ in
• Thus net flux is 1+ charge out
• If you are a neuron you use 95% of energy to do this
• Every cell has this - if not would swell and die
 K+ diffusion potential - 95% of resting pot
• Have mem w/ sodium and K+ channels
• Na+ wants to come in and K+ wants to go out
• K+ diffusion is 20x faster than Na+!!!
• Thus 20+ charge leave for 1+ charge
• If you give ouabain - cell becomes more + (depol)
• Goldman-Hodge-Katz (GHZ): big version of nernst pot
 Em = -RT/F ln (Pna[Na]i + Pk[k]i + Pcl[Cl]o / Pna[Na]o + Pk[k]o + Pcl[Cl]i)
• Assuming z = +1
 • Note diff in Cl, since Cl has neg charge and Z = +1
• Gives most weight to K+ diffusion in middle
• Cannot use ca++ (it has a +2 charge)
• Golden Chard:
 Em = (gna/Σg)Ena + (gk/Σg)Ek + (gca/Σg)Eca
• g - conductance - how many ions are going across
• Σg = 100% - all crossing
• For na - 4%, for K - 95%, for Ca - 1%, then multiply these by their
nernst values and get Em as -70mV
• Ie: .04x70 + .95X-85 + .01x120 = -70
• Thus K+ has the most weight
o Action potential
• Resting mem pot is -70, mainly b/c K+ is leaving faster than Na+ enters (also
Na+/K+) pump
• Depol of 20mV leads to opening of fast Na+ channels, leads to mass Na+ [] inc and
get AP
• Then K+ channels open and Na+ channels close and get hyperpol, then pump
returns it to resting
o Osmosis
• Van't Hoff's law
 Π = nRT*C
• Π - pressure that is generated if you have more molecules on one side than the
other
• n = # moleucles with complete dissociatoon
• Ex: 150 nm NaCL -> n = 2
• 150nm CaCl2 -> n=3
• R = constat
• T = temp
• C = [] of solute
• So basically Π = nC, since RT are constant
 In addition can have: Φ - aggregation coeff
• Thus get: Π = ΦnRT*C
• Φ is 0.93 for NaCl
• Is import but prob not for test
• Need a semi perm mem, and diff [] on sides for H2O movement
• Describes water going down its own [] gradient
o Tonicity - salt content
• Isotonic - a RBC dropped in solution will stay the same size - 154mM NaCl
• Hypertonic - Higher salt [] outside - a RBC dropped in solution will shrink
• Hypotonic - Lower salt [] outside - a RBC dropped in solution will swell
• Hyperosmotic - solution will pull water towards itself - greater osmotic force, greater pi outside
• Hypoosomotic - smaller pi outside
• Ex: have glycerol outside RBC but not in (thus is hyperOSmotic)
 Orginally glycerol will pull water out and cell size will dec
 But glycerol is perm and enters cell and eventually will equally itself out
 As glycerol enters, H20 follows and eventually will reach an equilibrium where size is the
same as org and there are equal [] of glycerol on each side
• Note: HyperTOnic - means will in the end will is shrink (ie will there be perm change)
- tonicity requires salt - solute must be IMPERMEABLE
o Transport
• Simple diffusion - directly through bilayer - no carrier/channel protein
• Facilitated diffusion - uses carrier/channel protein
• Both types of diffusion use Fick's eq
 

• Primary active - uses ATP directing

• Secondary active - uses Na+ gradient, built up by Na+/K+ pump
 Ex: Na+/Ca+ exchanger - allow Na+ to come in, and pump Ca++ out
• Drug: digitalis (ouabain) - can't pump Ca++ out, thus its pumped into
SR, thus w/ next stim get more Ca++ out and stronger heart beat
• Use for congestive heart failure
For test
o Know: Fick's eq, Nernst Eq,
o Be familiar w/ GHK (golden chord)
o Van't Hoff's law
• Another Phys book - Boron - green medical text book