CONTENTS

PART I: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS UNIT I: INTRODUCTION UNIT II: HISTORY UNIT III: BASIC ANATOMY UNIT - IV: COMPUTER LANGUAGES & NUMBER SYSTEMS DOS / WINDOWS 98 UNIT - I: DOS
-WHAT IS IT? -WHAT IT DOES? -COMMANDS -WILD CARDS

PART II:

UNIT II:

WINDOWS 98
-BASIC MOUSE SKILLS -GET STARTED -DESKTOP -THE START MENU -GETTING HELP

UNIT III: UNIT IV:

WORKING WITH APPLICATIONS & DATA FILES MANAGE FILES FOLDERS AND DISKS
-BROWSING -COMMON DIALOG BOX -FORMATTING -CREATE NEW FILES & FOLDERS -COPY FILES & FOLDERS -MOVE FILES & FOLDERS -RENAME FILES & FOLDERS -DELETE FILES & FOLDERS -RESTORE FILES & FOLDERS -FIND ITEMS ON COMPUTER -PREVIEW FILES

UNIT V

CUSTOMIZE AND USE WINDOWS FEATURES

-CHANGE DATE & TIME -CHANGE DESKTOP APPEARANCE -CHANGE DESKTOP BACKGROUND -CHANGE DESKTOP EFFECTS -CHANGE DESKTOP SCREEN SAVER

UNIT VI

USE PRINTER
-CUSTOMIZE PRINTER SETTINGS -CANCEL /PAUSE A PRINT DOCUMENT

UNIT VII

SPECIAL FEATURES
-DISK TOOLS -ENTERTAINMENT

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PART I COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT- I : INTRODUCTION Computers are electronic machines that can process information as and when instructed. Processing is an activity of collecting data and converting them into information. Data is the basic raw facts and information is the data converted into a more useful or intelligent form. E.g.: Milk + Sugar + Tea powder = Good Tea

Data What is so special about Computers? Speed Accuracy Consistency Storage capacity and Flexibility

Information

Speed Computers work at an incredible speed. They are usually measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS). Accuracy In addition to being fast, The computers are also accurate. But remember, if faulty instruction/ input is given to the computer, you will get only a faulty result. This is what is known as GIGO i.e. Garbage In Garbage Out. Consistency Unlike human beings, computers are highly consistent for the simple reason that they are machines. They work untiringly for ever. Of course, unless there is a breakdown! Storage capacity Todays computers can store a huge amount of data. For a hint, a single CD-ROM can store an Encyclopedia and more! Flexibility Computer is versatile in use. Unlike many other manmade machines, like TV, Fridge etc that are designed to perform a single task, computer is a multi tasked machine. Its use varies from creating letters to predict weather and from controlling spacecraft to buying items online. UNIT- II : HISTORY Origin of the history of computers can be traced from the period of Abacus. Abacus was used for calculations. Charles Babbage, a Cambridge University professor who devised a machine called Difference Engine is considered as the Father of Computers. It was used to perform simple computations. Later, in 1937 Howard H Aiken of Harvard University invented a machine that could automatically perform a sequence of operations. It was named Mark I. A comparison of different generations of computers is as follows:1st Generation (1944 50) Used vacuum tubes 2nd Generation (1950 64) Used diodes & transistors 3rd Generation (1964 70) Use of ICs (Integrated Circuits) 4th Generation (Since 1970) Large scale use of ICs. Microprocessors RAM.

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INPUT UNIT

-3CONTROL UNIT ARITH/ LOGIC UNIT Negligible storage Limited storage Increased storage capacity (Low capacity (Magnetic capacity capacity magnetic core storage) drum)

OUT PUT UNIT Highly developed storage capacity. Floppy disk etc

1st Generation (1944 50) Extremely slow Symbolic language programming

MAIN MEMORY 2nd Generation (1950 64) Faster speed

3rd Generation (1964 70) Faster

4th Generation (Since 1970) Considerably faster & very small in size Sophisticated programs and languages for special application Considerably smaller, versatility and compatibility Effective cooling system

AUXILIARY/ High level language Remote processing SECONDARY STORAGE time sharing, programming and hardware options with software compatibility Bigger in size Mini computers introduced. Very little heat generation

Gigantic in size

Problems of overheating & Breakdowns

Reduced heat generation

Super Computers: Highest operating speed, for military / meteorological applications. It can perform more than a million calculations per second. Artificial Intelligence: Whereby computers can create self running programs. It has the capacity to run a program and store its result for creation of further modified self-running programs. It is where people fear the machine taking over the human world. TYPES OF COMPUTERS A) Digital: - where numbers and letters are represented in digits of binary codes. Commercial, ordinary computers. B) Analogue: - Where numbers are represented by strength of electric current. Stronger the current, longer the number. For scientific and engineering purposes. C) Hybrid: - A combination of both Digital & Analogue computers. Use of Hybrid computers are in Flight simulators, control of chemical process etc. UNIT-III : BASIC ANATOMY OF COMPUTERS CPU

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-4As shown in the figure, a computer consists of the following basic elements. A) Input device B) CPU (Central Processing Unit) Control unit (central processor) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Memory C) Output device D) Software components, and (E) An optional, Storage or Backing storage. FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPONENTS A) Input devices: -As the name suggests, input devices are used to input data/ information into the computer memory. Keyboards, Mouse, Bar Code Reader etc are some for example. B) CPU: - It is here that the actual processing of the data takes place. It is the heart of the computer. It contains ALU, control unit and Main storage. The ALU performs the arithmetic functions on data. It also conducts the logical comparison of data. The main storage or memory holds the program of instructions and its working space where the job being processed by the computer at a given time. The control unit of the computer is the coordinator that ensures the smooth and harmonized functioning of all the components. It is the duty of control unit to access program and execute it, one by one. Memory is a part of CPU. It is used to store data and instructions. Memory can be accessed randomly. The memory is stored in cells with an address for it. Memory has a number of semiconductors that holds the data/ program in the form of 0 or 1 of binary digits, depending upon the direction of the current. There are two types of memory, RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). RAM is volatile memory, where the data is lost as the power supply is switched off. ROM contains those kinds of data, like programs, which are permanent in nature, which are required for the Booting up and other such function of the computer. ROM contains the data, which can be read but can not be write to. Usually the contents of the ROM are built into, at the time of manufacturing itself. C) Output devices. - This unit describes how a computer outputs the result of data processing. It is a means to obtain the end result of any computation in a form that can be understood by human beings. It may be a printer or Microfilm etc. D) Software components: - A computer is nothing without software. Software acts as an intermediary between computer and the user. A software or program can be defined as a complete set of instructions. Software is the list of instructions which when communicated to the computer, will enable it to carry out the procedure we require. The software used by computer may be classified into three. They are; a) Application software: These are programs employed by user to perform specific functions. E.g. Wage system program, Engineering design program, Accounting software etc. b) System software: They consist of all the programs, languages and documentation supplied by the manufacturer alongwith the computer. They are held permanently on a machine. E.g.: MS DOS. c) Utility software: These software are designed to carryout standard routines that are common to most applications. E.g.: File creation, sorting, etc. They also, in certain cases are designed to carryout a limited specific task, such as scanning disk for virus and are known as Utility programs. d) Backing stores. - All backing stores work on the principle of recording data by magnetizing the surface and read it by reversing the process. Hard disk, floppy disk etc.

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-5UNIT- IV : COMPUTER LANGUAGES & NUMBER SYSTEM (A) Machine Language: Instructions, in the form of binary codes that a computer can process directly, is called machine language. The machine code usually includes an operation code and a memory address. (B) Assembly Language: In an assembly language, every machine instruction is replaced by an instruction using a short English word for the operation code. E.g.: IN, ADD, OUT etc. (C) Standard or High Level Language: It consists of a number of statements. A statement may contain several instructions and is usually equals to more than one machine language instruction. Most High level languages use English words and base ten numbers. Most of the high level languages can be used on many different types of computers. NUMBER SYSTEM. (A) Decimal. Normal number system. Uses 0 to 9 symbols. This is also known as numbers to Base 10, because ten is the basis of this number system. Place value (the position of digit affects its meaning) increases in the power of Ten. (B) Binary. These are numbers to Base 2. This number system has only two digits; 0 and 1. Place value increases in the power of Two. (C) Binary Coded Decimal (BCD). It is very important to differentiate between Binary decimal and BCD. The binary symbols 0 &1 can be used in a wide variety to produce a number of codes. The standard BCD numeric codes represent the decimal digits 0,1,.9.by the corresponding 4 Bit binary numbers. Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BCD 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

(D) Octal. There are 8 symbols in this number systems. It uses 0 to 7 digits. It is also known as numbers to Base Eight. The placing value increases in power of 8. (E) Hexadecimal Numbers. This number system uses 16 symbols, 0 to 9 and A to F. These are numbers Base to Sixteen. The place value increases in power of 16. Remember that A,B.F are equivalent to 10,11,.15 decimal. Expression of Alphabetic Characters. There is no standard way of representation. 26 Alphabets are divided into three groups of 9, 9 and 8 representing A to I, J to R and S to Z respectively. Four binary digits are used to indicate the place of letter within the group. And then two additional digits are prefixed to show the group to which the letter belongs. Say 01 for the first, 02 for the second and 03 for the third group. Thus, A= 010001 and Z= 111000. However, using four digit group with 16 alternatives to represent only nine different characters and using a two digit group with four alternatives to represent only three different group, is a very wasteful process. In effect, we are using 6 binary digits with 64 variations to represent only 26 characters. So obviously, to make the full use of the available variations, we should use 26 letters, 10 digits (0-9) and 28 different symbols. And divide them into 4 groups of 16 each. i)

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PART II DOS/ WINDOWS 98

File: is the item that stores information such as data you created by using an application. Folder: stores related items such as files and folders. File name (DOS): can contain a maximum of 8 characters. File name has an optional extension name of 3 characters. The extension name is separated by a period (.). The following characters cant be used to name a file; \ * ? < > / Etc. These are called reserved characters, which means that when these characters are used, they convey a predefined meaning to computer. E.g. for some valid file names: Myfirst.txt Myfirst~1.txt MY.txt MyFiRst.txt E.g. for some invalid file names: My first class.txt Myfirst.text my/first.txt My*.txt Note: A file name in windows application may contain a maximum of 255 characters can have space but cant use reserved characters. Path: A path is a notation used to identify the location of a file or folder. E.g. C:\Priva\Tuition.txt OPERATING SYSTEM: - is a supervisory program stored in the central processor that monitors and controls the execution of program instructions, assigns and controls the use of available hardware and at certain circumstances, decides which program is to be operated at a given time. It helps you to manage files, deal with peripheral devices and control and optimize your computer. Application program performs tasks such as word processing and data analysis. DOS controls how these programs input and output their data. DOS provides a tool to store and organize files. DOS COMMANDS There are two types of DOS commands. They are External commands and Internal commands. a) External Commands: A DOS command whose procedures are stored in named disk file is known as external command. When commands are run, its associated instructions are read from the disk, then executed from memory. DOS includes the following external commands; APPEND FIND ATTRIB FORMAT CHKDSK PRINT DBLSPACE SCANDISK DEBUG UNDELETE EDIT DISKCOPY DEFRAG (b) Internal commands: One of the memory resident commands that are the part of the DOS COMMAND. COM file is known as internal command. The following are some of the examples for internal commands. BREAK CD CLS COPY DATE DEL DIR ECHO EXIT MD PATH REN TIME TYPE VER WILD CARDS. There are two types of wild cards. (A) ? It is used to represent a single character in a file name. For e.g.: C:>DIR TA?.TXT shall display all the files which have TA as the first two letters, followed by another letter with TXT extension. E.g. : TAP. TXT TAM.TXT TAB.TXT etc. (B) * It is used to represent one or more characters in a file name. For E.g.: C:>DIR TA*.TXT shall display all the files which have TA as the first two letters, followed by one or more letters with TXT extension. E.g. : TAPE. TXT TAMPI.TXT

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-7COMMAND DIR EXPLANATION Displays all the sub directories and files of the current directory/ drive Displays the contents of directory widthwise, without file size, date etc. Displays contents, one screen at a time; waits for a response to display next page of contents The options of widthwise and pause are combined. SYNTAX C:\>DIR DRIVE EXAMPLE C:\>DIR C: NOTES Displays all the sub directories and files of the C drive Displays contents of A drive widthwise Displays contents of A drive, one screen at a time. The combination of widthwise and pause can be used for any valid drive If the screen is full of information, this command clears the screen and places C:> at the top. Displays the current date and prompts for any change. Displays the current time and prompts for any change. Changes the drive to A: Directory DATA is created under C drive If no path is given, new directory will be created under the current directory. The C prompt appears alongwith the changed directory. Moves to the root directory. I.e. C:\> Will take you to DATA directory. Removes the directory DATA. * To remove a directory, ensure that the directory is empty and that you are not in the directory to be removed.* Test.est is moved from Priva Computers

DIR/W DIR/P

DIR DRIVE/W DIR DRIVE/P

C:\>DIR A:/W C:\>DIR A: /P

DIR/W/P

DIR DRIVE /W/P

C:\>DIR C:/W/P

CLS

Clears the screen

CLS

C:\>CLS

DATE

Displays current date

C:\>DATE

C:\>DATE

TIME

Displays the current time

C:>TIME

C:>TIME

CHANGING THE DRIVE MD

Change the drive by entering the desired drive name Creates a new directory.

C:\> DRIVE NAME MD DRIVE PATH DIR NAME

C:\> A: C:>MD C:\DATA

CD

To move to another directory

CD PATH

C:\>CD DATA

CD\ CD.. RD

To move directly to the root directory from any directory. To move to the directory one-step higher. The Remove Directory command will help you to remove directory.

CD\ CD.. RD DRIVE PATH

C:\DATA>CD\ C:\DATA \LETTER>CD.. C:>RD DATA

MOVE

Moves a letter from a

MOVE

SOURCE

C:\LETTER>

-8source to another. RENAME DELETE To change the name of file or files. To delete files that are no longer required. Wildcards can also be used to delete a batch of files. DESTINATION REN DRIVE PATH FILE NAME NEW NAME DEL DRIVE PATH FILE NAME DEL DRIVE PATH FILE NAME MOVE TEST.EST \DATA C:\DATA\LETTER >REN TEXT.EST BOOK.EST C:\DATA\LETTER > DEL TEXT.EST C:\DATA\LETTER > DEL *.EST DIR letter to DIR data. Changes Test.est to Book.est. Deletes Text.est Deletes all files having an extension .EST from the current directory.

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-9COMMAND FORMAT EXPLANATION It prepares a disk for use SYNTAX FORMAT DRIVE EXAMPLE C:\>FORMAT A: NOTES Formats the disk in A: so that data can be stored on it. If there is any data in the disk that will be erased, so care should be taken while formatting a disk. A back up screen appears that prompts you to choose the files to be backed up. Restores files from A: to C: Copies Text. Est from C: to A: Copies Text to A: and renames it to Book.EST Copies Text to A: and places it under the directory Private Copies all files with extension.EST to A: Scans the A: and repairs it for defects like damaged area. Chokes disk in the A: and gives information about it.

BACKUP

Copies the files to a disk or other sources

BACKUP

C:\ >BACKUP C: A:

RESTORE COPY

Restores the files from backed up sources Creates a copy of the file and place them in a desired place.

RESTORE COPY SOURCE DESTINATION

C:\>RESTORE C:

A:

C:\> COPY TEXT.EST A: C:\> COPY TEXT.EST A:\ BOOK.EST C:\DATA\LETTER > COPY TEXT.EST A:\TABLE\PRIVA TE\ C:\DATA\LETTER > COPY *. EST A: C:\>SCANDISK A:

SCANDISK

Scans the disk and repairs damages, if any

SCANDISK

CHKDSK

Checks the disk and gives the information like total space used and free space available, bad sectors, if any

CHKDSK

C:\>CHKDSK A:

UNIT- II : WINDOWS 98 Microsoft Windows 98 is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) based operating system. In GUI the commands and other process are represented by graphics where as in DOS one has to type in the proper command which is usually very demanding. It is an advanced successor to DOS. Since it is GUI based, there is no need to remember any commands. You can work on many applications simultaneously and can interchange information among these applications without a hitch where as in DOS one could work with only one application at a given time. It is named Windows because individual programs run in separate windows which can be minimized when not in use and maximized when in use. Another advantage is the use of Mouse. Using a mouse is considerably easier than using a keyboard. Mastering Windows is a must as it is an interface that lets you interact with your computer network computers, the Internet, and your software. Windows 98 provides services such as access to disks, printers, fonts, and to all the software you install. This simplifies the communication process between your applications and the devices connected to it. BASIC MOUSE SKILLS. Mouse is a hardware device that lets you interact with windows graphic user interface by letting you perform actions such as pointing, clicking and dragging.
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- 10 Clicking is usually done with left button of the mouse. Click means pressing and releasing the button once. To double click, point the mouse to an item and click twice the left button rapidly. Dragging is done by keeping the left button pressed, while moving the mouse to a new location. Right click an item, to obtain short cut menu, by clicking once on the right button. TYPICAL MOUSE ACTIONS. Objective Select an item Deselect an item Open a menu Close a menu Open a short cut menu Open a submenu Open an item Copy a file or folder Move a file or folder Position an item Action Click on the item (Classic style) Point to an item (Web style) Click an empty area, off the item. Click the menu name Click anywhere off the menu Right click an item Point to the menu name Double click it (Classic) Click it (Web style) Keep the control key pressed, while dragging. Keep the shift key pressed, while dragging. Drag it GET STARTED Starting and Quitting Windows The primary way to access files and folders in your computer. Some of the options on this menu is standard with Windows 98, but you can add/ remove options to suit your personal requirements. A) Start Windows i) Turn your computer system on. (Power supply, UPS, cabinet, monitor) ii) Type in user name/ password, if asked for. iii) Type a valid domain name, if you are in a network and click OK Congratulations on your first successful start up. B) Shut Down Windows The procedure for closing down windows. If you dont follow the procedure to shut down, you run the risk of losing data. Before switching off, always wait for the final message, It is now safe to turn off your computer. (i) Click the Start button on the taskbar. ( usually, first left button on the taskbar, at the bottom of the screen) ii) Click Shut down from the start menu. iii) Click Shut down from the dialog box that appears and click OK button. C) Restart a Computer At times, you will have to restart a computer for certain reasons, like encountered an error message, to put into force certain changes you made on the desktop settings, installed a new program etc. i) Click at start button, select shut down. ii) Click the option Restart from the dialog box and click OK. D) Restart Computer in MS DOS mode Certain program woks only on DOS mode. To run such programs, you will have to switch over to MS DOS mode. i) Click at start button and select shut down. ii) Click the option Restart in MS DOS Mode from the dialog box and click OK. DESKTOP The background area of your screen that you see after starting Windows 98 is called Desktop. Any property of the desktop i.e., back ground, icons, short cuts, screen savers etc can be changed/ modified to individual choice. Desktop is a root folder from which all items of computer can be accessed.
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- 11 Default items on desktop. i) My Computer: A system folder that contains all drives of a computer as well as system folder such as, control panel and printers. ii) Network Neighborhood : A system folder that may contain network computer icons that you can brows to view or use shared resources such as folders and printers. iii) Recycle bin : A system folder that stores the item that you delete. Items in the recycle bin can be restored or deleted permanently at a later stage. iv) Internet Explorer : An icon that starts internet explorer when clicked, or starts the internet connection wizard that will guide you through steps to set up an internet connection. v) Task Bar : Contains the Start button, Optional Tool bar and Notification Area the right most area that contains system icon such as the clock, volume control etc. Applications that are running will also appear on the task bar. By default, the task bar is placed at the bottom of the screen. Items you can place on Desktop. For fast access, you can place the following items on the Desktop; a) Short cut to applications. b) Short cut to folders. c) Folders (You can create folders on the desktop). d) Files e) Channel bar ( A bar that contains links to enriched web content that is delivered to your computer through internet). THE START MENU The start button when clicked displays a menu that contains everything you need to use the windows. By default, the start button and task bar is always visible so that you can access them from anywhere. USE THE START MENU Clicking on the start button will open the start menu. Point to any item that has a triangle, to open the sub menu. Click on any item to select it. START MENU ITEMS A standard windows setup will have the following items: Shut Down: Provides Shut down, Restart, Stand by and Restart in MS DOS mode options. Log Off User Name: Lets you close on all programs. Run: Opens a dialog box from which you can type a command to open programs, folders or Web sites. Help: Starts the Help system for windows. Find: Contains command to find files folders, computers, Internet sites and people on internet. Settings: Contains shortcuts to various folders like printers control panel, folder options, active desktop options and windows update. Documents: Contains shortcut to recently used documents. Favorites: Contains short cut or links to Web sites you have added to your favorite folder. Programs: Contains short cuts to application programs and application sub folders. ABOUT WINDOW CONTROLS Window controls are graphical elements such as window borders, title bars and close buttons that you can use to control the size and position of the folder and application window. Close button: It is the cross mark on the right corner of the window title bar. Click it to close the window. Maximize / Restore Button: It is the second button on the right corner of the window title bar. Click it to enlarge or to restore the enlarged window. Minimize Button: It is the third button on the right corner of your window title bar with a minus sign on it. Click it to reduce the window to a button on the task bar. When working with document windows, click it to reduce the window to a button within the application window. System menu button: It is the first button on the left corner of the window title bar. Click on it to open window control menu such as Close, Maximize or minimize etc.
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- 12 Taskbar: Click the buttons on it to select a window that is not in view or to open a window you have minimized. Title bar: Drag it to move the window or double click on it to minimize/ restore window. Maximized windows can not be moved or sized. Window border or corner: Drag it to change the size of the window. The pointer changes to a sizing pointer when positioned on a window border or corner. ABOUT DIALOG BOX CONTROLS When you select certain commands, Windows will open a dialog box displaying related options. Some dialog boxes contain tabs that will display additional sets of options. This topic describes how to use those controls in the box, such as check buttons and option buttons. A dialog box contains controls that provide different ways for you to specify a setting or choose an option. Title bar: identifies the title of the dialog box. Text box: Click in the box and type information. Command buttons: click to carry out actions described by the button name. When command buttons have ellipsis () following them, they will access another dialog box. Drop down list: Click the dropdown list arrow to open a short list of options, then make a choice from the options provided. Help: Click the help button (the question mark at right top corner of the box), then click on the option you want the help on, a box appears with the relevant information. Slider: Drag the slide bar for increasing or decreasing the value of the setting. Spin box or increment box: Type a value in the box, or click the up or down arrow ( usually at the right side of the box) to select a value. Tab: Displays related options in the same dialog box. Click a tab to access its options. Option buttons: Click to select one option from the options appears. A selected option contains a dark circle. Check box: Click to select or deselect an option. A check mark in the box indicates the option is selected. ABOUT TASKBAR When you start Windows 98 for the first time, the taskbar appears at the bottom of the screen. The start button is located on the left bottom corner of the screen, on the task bar and notification area on its right corner. The folders and applications appear on the taskbar as buttons when you open them. Toolbar appears right to start button. You can right click the task bar to access the short cut menu containing commands to customize it or to work with items appear on it. ABOUT MY COMPUTER My computer is a system folder that appears on the desktop. It contains disk drives and system folder icons. You can use My computer as a starting to browse all the drives connected to your computer, including network drives. ABOUT THE RECYCLE BIN The recycle bin is a system folder in which Windows stores the items you delete. You can use recycle bin commands to restore deleted items to its original locations or to permanently delete them. Recycle bin features: You can view the contents of the recycle bin by double clicking the icon on the desktop. You can drag items into recycle bin to delete it. Emptying the selected or all items from the recycle bin will permanently remove it. Note. You can permanently remove items, without moving it into the recycle bin by pressing Shift key while deleting an item. The items that you delete from floppies or network drives are permanently deleted. Items deleted through MS DOS command or application are permanently deleted. * You can right click the recycle bin icon to access the short cut menu. GETTING HELP Windows 98 provide online help so that you can look up how to do a procedure or obtain information about what you see in a dialog box. There are three tabs in the help dialog box. Search tab
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- 13 provides you help after you type keyword for the help. Index tab provides you with the help after you type in the part or all of the word(s) that you want to see help about. Where as in the Content tab, you can see all topics on which help is available. Every topic is arranged in a Book like icon. You click at the icon all sub topics under the same heading is revealed. You keep opening sub topics until you to reach at your help topic. You can click at any underlined word(s) to get further information about it. You can even click at the Question mark at the right top corner of the window and then on any setting to get related information. You can access further information regarding the same by choosing any of the related topics at the bottom of the help. UNIT- III : WORK WITH APPLICATIONS AND DATA FILES Applications are special files that contain code (program instructions) the computer carries out when you open it. You can tell the difference between an application file and an application short cut: the application short cut always carries a Jump arrow. You can delete an application short cut without actually deleting an application from the hard disk. RUN : To run an application either double click at the application short cut or choose the application from the start menu. CLOSE: To close an application, either click at the close button of the application window or choose exit from file menu. To close an MS DOS application, type Exit at the command prompt or click at the close button. TERMINATE: Terminate a failed application At times application may fail due to various reasons, such as a program bug (faults in the program code), interruption in the electrical power supply, and file corruption. Use the following procedure to close an application that fail to respond to the system. i) Press Ctrl + Alt + Del keys together. ii) Now, a close program dialog box appears. iii) Click the program you want to close. iv) Click the End task button. v) Click at the end task button, if prompted again. RUN MS DOS : To run an MS DOS application, you can either use Run command in the start menu or can use MS DOS prompt from program sub menu. You have to enter the correct path and file name to execute the program. OPEN DOCUMENT Windows permits you to open a document in variety of ways, from within a program, from the recently used document list, or by double clicking a document associated with an application. Open a document from an application: from the application window click at file menu and select open. An open dialog box appears. Open the folder containing the document to open. If your document is not in the currently opened folder, use One level up button at the right side of the Look in box, to browse for your document,. Double click at the file to open it. UNIT- IV : MANAGE FILES, FOLDERS AND DISKS BROWSING: Starting from the desktop you can browse(open and view) folders and files they contain. To browse, start by opening the my computer system folder. You can also browse the My document folder or the Net work neighborhood folders directly from the desktop. a) Double click at the My computer icon. b) The My computer folder opens. c) Double click at the desired drive icon. d) Double click at the desired folder icon. e) Continue double clicking the folder icons until you reach the desired folder/ file. NOTE: In case of Web style of browsing you need to click only once, instead of a double click. BROWSING BY WINDOWS EXPLORER: in the Windows explorer window, the left pane shows the hierarchy of folders in your computer, while the right pane shows the content of the folder selected in the
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- 14 left pan. i) Open Windows explorer. (Either right click at the start button and choose Windows explorer or right click at any particular folder, say my documents, and choose windows explorer from the short cut menu.) ii) If necessary use scroll buttons to move up or down to choose your folder. iii) In the left pan, click at the plus sign of a folder to view the additional folders it contains. iv) In the left pan, click the desired folder to view its contents in the right pan. COMMON DIALOG BOXES: Depending upon the function selected, the name of the box may vary from Open to Save to Find etc. in these dialog boxes you can perform many file management tasks. Various parts of the dialog box (a) Look in box: Usually the first text box in the dialog box. Shows the current folder. Click to select any other folder from among the folders/ files displayed. (b) One up level : Usually the right button to look in box. Click to select the parent folder of the current file/ folder. (c) Search web button: next to one up button. Click to begin search the items on the web. (d) Create new folder button: next to search web button. Click on it to create a new folder in the selected folder. (e) List button: Click on it to view the folders and files in list view. (f) Details button:Click to view files and folders in detail view. (g) File name box: Type a file name pattern in this box to limit the files displayed. In save dialog box it will be used to assign a name to the new file, to be saved. (h) Open/ Save button: Click to open/ save the selected file. (j) Cancel button: If you have a change of mind, it helps you to cancel the action. FORMAT A DISK: You should be very cautious when formatting a disk, as it will otherwise erase all the information from the disk that is being formatted. Formatting prepares the disk for use by your system. a) Insert the floppy disk to be formatted in the floppy disk drive. b) Click or double click on the My computer icon. The My computer folder opens. c) Right click the floppy disk drive that contain the floppy to format. d) Click Format from the short cut menu that appears. The format dialog box appears. e) Select format options, then click the start button, and follow the prompts that follows. f) In case of any help needed on the formatting options, click at the help button(Question mark) and click on the option. CREATE NEW FILES AND FOLDERS Using Windows Explorer a) Create new folder. 1. Open the folder in which the new folder to be created. 2. Right click any empty area of the folder. 3. Point to New on the menu that appears. Click folder from the submenu that appears. 4. A folder appears with a temporary folder name. Type the new name and press enter. b) Create a new file. 1. Open the folder in which the new file to be created. 2. Right click any empty area of the folder. 3. Point to New on the menu that appears. Click the desired file type from the submenu that appears. A folder appears with a temporary file name. Type the new name and press enter. SELECT FILES AND FOLDERS. You will often select files and folders before executing file management commands, such as delete, cut, copy and move. How will you select the file and folders will depend on the browse style you use. a) Selecting items on web style(single click) When you select an item, windows highlight it. To select Mouse action
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- 15 Any item Point to the item Consecutive items Point to first item, press shift key while pointing to last item in the range. Multiple items Point to an item, keep Ctrl key pressed while pointing at other items. (b) Selecting items on classic style(double click) When you select an item, windows highlight it. To select Mouse action Any item Click the item Consecutive items Click at first item, press shift key while pressing the last item in the row. Multiple items Click an item, keep Ctrl key pressed while clicking at other items. COPY FILES AND FOLDERS: You can copy files and folders from one location to another using menu commands or by drag and drop. When you copy a folder all the items in the folder will be copied to the new location. By the process of copying, the data will be available in the source as well as the destination. a) Copy by right clicking. 1. Open the source folder that contains the file/ folder to copy. 2. Right click the item. Then click on the copy option. 3. Open the destination folder. 4. Right click on any blank area of the destination. And choose Paste. 5. The file/ folder is now is copied to this destination. b) Copy by drag n drop: 1. Arrange the source and the destination folders, in view. 2. Select the file/ folder to copy. 3. Keep the Ctrl button pressed and drag the file/ folder to its destination folder. 4. Release the mouse button to complete the process. NOTE: To undo a copy, right click any blank area of any folder(including desktop), then click undo copy from the menu that appears. MOVE FILES AND FOLDERS: You can move files and folders from one location to another using menu commands or by drag and drop. When you move a folder all the items in the folder will be moved to the new location. By the process of moving, the data will be available only in the destination not in the source. Move by right clicking. 1. Open the source folder that contains the file/ folder to move. 2. Right click the item. Then click on the cut option. 3. Open the destination folder. 4. Right click on any blank area of the destination. And choose Paste. 5. The file/ folder is now is moved to this destination. Move by drag n drop: 1. Arrange the source and the destination folders, in view. 2. Select the file/ folder to move. 3. Keep the Shift button pressed and drag the file/ folder to its destination folder. 4. Release the mouse button to complete the process. NOTE: To undo a move, right click any blank area of any folder(including desktop), then click undo move from the menu that appears. RENAME FILES AND FOLDERS You can rename files and folders stored on the desktop, in a folder window, in a windows explorer contents pan or in a common dialog box. By right clicking. 1. Open folder containing file or folder to rename. 2. Right click the item to be renamed.
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3. 4. 5. Using file menu. 1. 2. 3.

- 16 Click rename from the short cut menu that appears. Edit or type over the new name as desired. Click on any blank area to finish the work.

Open the window contains the file or folder to rename. Select the item to rename. Click at file menu, then click at rename on the menu that appears. Window highlights the entire file/ folder name. 4. Edit or type over the name as desired. 5. Click on any blank area to finish the process. DELETE FILES AND FOLDERS Except for the files deleted through MS DOS command and from floppy disks, windows stores the deleted items in the Recycle bin from where they can either be restored to its original location or permanently deleted. a) Open the folder that contains the item to be deleted. b) Select the file/ folder to be deleted. c) Press Del button or right click item and select delete from the menu. RESTORE DELETED ITEMS FROM THE RECYCLE BIN. a) Open the recycle bin by double clicking the recycle bin icon on the desktop. The recycle bin folder opens. b) Select the file/ folder to restore. c) Right click any selected item and choose restore from the menu. Alternately: a) Open the recycle bin. b) Select the file / folder to restore. c) Click at file menu and select Restore. Empty The Recycle Bin: Permanently deletes the items. a) Right click the recycle bin on the desktop. b) Click empty the recycle bin from the menu that appears. Note: You can permanently delete items, by passing the recycle bin, by pressing shift button while deleting an item. FIND ITEMS ON YOUR COMPUTER You can use the built in find facility to search for files/ folders on your computer. Find also support searches for people on the internet, web sites and computers( if you are in a net work). a) Click the start button on the taskbar. b) Point to find and click on the files and folders submenu that appear. c) Find dialog box appears. d) In the Name & Location tab, In the Named box, type the file( item) name. e) In the containing text box, type the heading or key words of the text, if known. f) In the look in box, type the location to search at. Say, local drives, network name, folder name etc. g) Click at the find now button. A result window appears with the result. Note: You can make use of wild characters, in the file name box. You can even omit the file name and type the text words to find your files. OTHER TABS ON THE FIND WINDOW. a) Date tab. There are many options on this tab. You can set conditions to find all files or files; modified, accessed or created between; so and so dates, or during previous so many months or days. b) Advanced tab. To narrow down your search, click at the advanced tab and select type of file you are searching for and its size, if known. PRE VIEW DATA FILES You can use the quick view options to view contents of the file selected on the desktop, folder,
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- 17 Explorer or in a common dialog box. Pre view a file. 1. open the folder that contains the file for preview. 2. Right click the file, and select quick view from the short cut that appears. 3. A quick view window appears showing the selected file data. To have a quick view of any other file when the quick view window is open, just drag the file icon to the quick view window. The content of the dragged file will be displayed. Preview from file menu. 1. Select file to preview. 2. Click file menu and select quick view. UNIT V : CUSTOMIZE AND USE WINDOWS FEATURES Change Date And Time Windows 98 displays the current time in the Notification area of the taskbar, and provides a Control panel applet that lets you easily change the time, date and time zone. To change Date, Time or Time zone A) Click at Start button, point to Settings and choose Control panels. B) Double click the Date/ Time icon. The Date/ Time property icon appears. C) To change Date or Time, click at Date & Time tab. (D) Select necessary Month, Year or Day from the calendar box provided and do the changes as required. You can make use of the scrolling arrows provided in the boxes to change the values. (E) Select and type in the time box, the new time, in the given format. Or select each part of the time and make use of the arrows to make the changes. (F) To change time zone. Click the Time Zone tab. (G) Select the Time zone from the list box provided. NOTE: You can quickly access the Time & date properties by double clicking the Time icon in the notification area. CHANGE DESKTOP APPEARANCE Windows 98 makes it easy to change the appearance of screen elements, such as desktop colour, icon size, and menu colours and fonts. You can also make scheme of your choices and save it as a scheme. Change desktop appearance: a) Right click desktop and select Properties. b) Click the Appearance tab. c) Make necessary changes you want in the appropriate boxes. You can very well play around with all the options on this tab, as until you click at Apply button none of the effect will take place. But at the same time you can watch the changes in the pre view box. CHANGE DESKTOP BACKGROUND Windows 98 makes it easy to display a wall paper and a pattern on your desktop. The wall paper can be an HTML document or a picture file. Change Desktop Background: a) Right click desktop and select Properties. b) Click the Background tab. c) Select an HTML document from the list. You can very well play around with all the options in this list, as until you click at Apply button none of the effect will take place. But at the same time you can watch the changes in the pre view box. You can use Browse button to search for a picture file. CHANGE DESKTOP EFFECTS Windows 98 has grouped miscellaneous desktop and screen effects in this display property Effects tab. It includes option to change icons for system folder. It also includes variety of visual effects such as setting to show window content while dragging. Change the Icon for the system folder. a) Right click desktop and select Properties.
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- 18 b) Click the Effects tab. c) Click the system folder icon in the desktop icon list box. Click the change button. d) Select an icon from the current icon list and click OK. e) You can also use Browse button to locate any particular icon file. CHANGE DESKTOP SCREEN SAVER Windows 98 screen saver feature will start when your computer is idle for a specified number of minutes. If you Password your screen saver , you can ensure that others are not using your system when you are away. Change the desktop screen saver. a) Right click desktop and select Properties. b) Click the Screen saver tab. c) Select a screen saver from the list. d) Set the idle period after which the screen saver should appear. e) If you want, check the Password box and apply a password for the screen saver. f) Click the pre view button and see the effects of your screen saver. If it is upto your likeness, click OK button or make the necessary changes and click OK button.

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- 19 PART V USING PRINTERS CUSTOMIZE PRINTER SETTINGS From the printer property dialog box, you can set a number of printer options. For example, color management, sharing, paper, graphics etc. However, the options shall vary according to the printer selected. OPEN PRINTER PROPERTIES From My computer, select Printer folder and right click the printer icon. Click the properties option. On the properties dialog box, click at each tab to view its contents. Make changes, if needed. If you need any help, click the Help button (Question mark) on the dialog box . And click at box for which you need help. CANCEL OR PAUSE A PRINT DOCUMENT Double click the printer icon on the notification area. A printer dialog box appears. Select the document to be Paused/ cancelled printing. Click on the Document menu and select Pause/ cancel printing option.

PART VI SPECIAL FEATURES

DISK TOOLS Windows 98 provides a variety of tools for optimizing and maintaining disks, and safe-guarding the data stored on the disks of your computer. This topic provides an over view of these tools. BACKUP To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ---- System tools---- Backup Backs up files to a local or network drive. Restores backed up files to your hard disk. Verifies data during back ups. Contains options to compress during back up. COMPRESSION AGENT To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ---- System tools---- Compression agent Works with drives compressed with Drive space3. Provides compress options (level) that you can use to free additional space on a compressed drive. Displays disk space status for the compression levels. DISK CLEAN UP To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ---- System tools---- Disk clean up Disk clean up provides option to free disk space by deleting temporary Internet files, down loaded program files, files stored in the recycle bin, and other temporary files. The More options tab provides options to remove Windows components, remove installed program, or convert your file system into FAT 32 which uses disk space more efficiently. The setting tab contains an option to run disk clean up if your disk drive runs low on space. DISK DEFRAGMENTER To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ---- System tools---- Disk Defragmenter Moves fragmented files so they are stored contiguously (in one piece) on a disk. Improves disk performance. Lets you work while it defragments files. Provides option to re arrange programs so they start faster.

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- 20 SCAN DISK To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ---- System tools---- Scan disk Checks and fixes logical errors in files and folders. Checks and fixes physical surface errors found on disk. Runs automatically at start up, if you fail to shut down your computer properly, or, if Windows detects a disk error. ENTERTAINMENT Windows 98 provides a variety of games, entertainment features and support for multimedia devices. CD PLAYER: To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ---- Entertainment ---- CD Player Play audio CDs Change tracks, edit and name the play list Set random and continuous play of music MEDIA PLAYER: To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ---- Entertainment ---- Media Player Play video, sound, MIDI Play multimedia files embedded in the documents Copy or link a multimedia file into a document FREE CELL To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ----Games ---- Free cell A strategy to test your ability to plan moves and think ahead. It also helps you to learn mouse controls. HEARTS To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ----Games ---- Hearts You can play against the computer or with other players. Aim is to achieve lowest score using tricks that includes hearts. MINESWEEPER To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ----Games ---- Minesweeper A strategy that tests your ability to discover patterns and uncover mines without blowing up yourself. SOLITAIRE To start: Click Start----Programs----Accessories ----Games ---- Solitaire A classic card game that utilizes basic mouse actions. Such as double click, drag etc to move cards into the home positions in suit order.

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