Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
[1]
26/11/12
Lecture 2
Determining Factors
Human body
Comfort
clothing
Environment
Interaction
Continuous interaction among human body,
Human body
A complex system
Needs intake to produce heat
Heat is used as energy to keep running the
Food energy is converted into thermal Activities increases energy by using stored
fat energy
Consumption of food is similar to combustion but not exactly Combustion produces heat as by product of combustion Human body needs a constant temperature for smooth running Higher temperature increases the reaction rate and causes discomfort Shivering increases the heat production process by utilizing stored energy (fats) Not heat, no required temperature result is death
Conti
Source of heat is burning of glucose
Human body breaks the glucose and gets
energy
required
Conti
Chemical reaction in human body are
environment, through radiation, conduction and convection share is small human body is around 37 C
Dog has fewer sweat glands, keep mouth open to release extra heat
Humans are bipedal while animals are quadruped. Human has 40% less expose to radiation as compared to animals Human head is at height and experiences cool and wind blowing more than other parts of body. Human skin has four layers and the inner parts are bones, muscle, fat and finally skin. More than 80% heat is produced in muscle Occurrence of heat production and its consumption is concurrence process Always difference in heat production and consumption Heat production and consumption is regulated by the brain. Skin quality, thermal receptors, radiation, evaporation, sweat glands, shivering process, metabolism rate, and experience affect this regulation.
Amount of Heat
Human body produces heat depends upon
Average human takes 2400 Kilocalories, It is equal to 2791.2 Watt or 116.3 Watts per
Hr
Commonly 100 Watts is taken in general Human body area is between 1.6-1.8 m2 116/1.6= 72 W/hr or 116/1.8= 64 W/hr
1.8*58=104 W/hr
Commonly 100 W/hr for whole body or 70 W/hr
[11]
exchange heat with environment through conduction, radiation, convection and evaporation is also a method to dissipate heat
Sweat generation
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/ imgheat/bodycool4.gif
Neural feedback mechanisms controls the temperature of human body through the hypothalmus It is based on sensors attached with hypothalmus
Sweating and shivering are two main action which body takes after sensing the variation of temperature Vasoconstriction to decrease the flow of blood in case of winter Vasodilation to increase the blood flow in case of high temperature Sweating to decrease the skin temperature and shivering to increase the skin temperature Erection of hairs on skin increase the thermal resistance under cold conditions [3]
[5]
Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature, ranging from about 37.5 C from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and falling to about 36.3 C from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m.
People adjust clothing to have a better Every clothing has a distinct nature to control
Schematic diagram of liquid water and moisture transfer of clothing system [10]
environment
Protection from radiation Social satisfaction Safety of human body from injuries Facilitate for better functioning
It is zero for a naked person and 1 for an It depends upon the moisture, structure and
[11]
[12]
Environment
Environment is third factor in clothing
comfort
Environment Temperature
Heat flow due to temperature difference
through conduction. Human body remains in touch with adjacent things directly or through clothing Air wind affects the heat transfer through convection process through radiation
Humidity Ratio
Humidity affects the moisture transfer from skin to environment Higher humidity will reduce the difference in humidity level between skin and air Skin becomes unable to transfer heat through evaporation and human body temperature increases Clothing also reduces the moisture flow Clothing having ability to transport moisture from skin to environment are much liked
Summary
Thermal comfort is highly dependent upon the
production (activities and food, increasing ambient temperature, heavy clothing to provide insulation), or heat loss (decreasing ambient temperature, high wind to take moisture, minimum clothing)
Activities
Calculate total clo of your clothing and
References
[1]Robert E. Peary in the clothes he wore when he explored the North Pole, Source: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=clothing+of+north+pole +&view=detail&id=1E6D08E67DD13306D836128EE217E4094FCC9E75&first=61&FORM=IDFRIR [2] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/imgheat/bodycool4.gif [3] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatreg.html [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_diencephalon_.jpg [5] Gersak, J., & Marcic, M., Development of a mathematical model for the heat transfer of the system man clothing environment. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2007. 19: p. 234-241. [6] Bartiz, M., et al., Human Body Tempertaure to Analyze the Comfort during Manufacturing Process, in International Conference 6th Workshop on European Scientific and Industrial Collaboration on promoting Advanced Technologies in Manufacturing WESIC082008: Romania. [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation [8] http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=heat+and+mass+transfer+through +clothing&view=detail&id=C36BC550AAF5B04C53030467CB0F6E90063CF386&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR [9]Gersak, J., & Marcic, M., Development of a mathematical model for the heat transfer of the system man clothing environment. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2007. 19: p. 234-241. [10] Satsumoto, Y., Murayama, C., and Takeuchi, M. , Effect of Moisture Sorption of Underwear Material on Clothing Microclimate in a Hot Environment. Heat Transfer-Asian Research, 2009. 38(1). [11]Source: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/clo-clothing-thermal-insulation-d_732.html [12] Source: INNOVA Air Tech