Pysch Chart - Setp 2006

PSYCHROMETRICSSekar R PSYCHROMETRICSSekar R
PSYCHROMETRICS
Goals for this Chapter

To understand the Psychrometric chart To plot a standard cooling process on the Psych chart
Thermodynamics Fundamentals
The physical quantities used to describe air are referred to as variables. The most important of these variables are
Temperature
Humidity
Pressure
Thermodynamics Fundamentals VARIABLES

Temperature : The perceptible heat state of air - can be measured using a thermometer Referred to as DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (C or K or F)
Absolute Humidity (x): The amount of water in grams (g) per kilogram (kg) of air. (g/kg or grains/ lb) [7000 grains make a pound]
Relative Humidity () : Ratio of water vapour carried at a specified atmospheric temperature and condition to the water vapour that can be carried by air at the same temperature when saturated.
= Relative Humidity
x = 100% xS
x = Water vapour in g/kg Xs = Water vapour for saturated air in g/kg Expressed always in %
VARIABLES Density () : Mass per unit volume, expressed in kg/M3 The density of dry air = 1.293 kg/m3 The density of water vapour = 0.804 kg/m3 Specifc Heat (c):The specific heat c of a solid, liquid or gaseous material is the amount of heat required to heat up a mass of 1 kg of the material by 1 K. Specific heat increases with increasing temperature of the material and for gases also with increasing pressure. As a result, for gases, we distinguish between cP, the specific heat at constant pressure and cV, the specific heat at constant volume. Tables generally specify the values for cP at 20 C and 1013 mbar air pressure. These values are also suitable for calculations in heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems and hold for: Dry air: cP = 1.01 kJ/(kg*K) : Water vapor: cP = 1.86 kJ/(kg*K)
VARIABLES
Thermal capacity or enthalpy (h) Kj/kg. Absolutely dry air having a theoretical water content of 0 g/kg at a temperature of 0C has an enthalpy defined as h=0kj/kg Differences in enthalpy h between the beginning and end state of an air modification, can be depicted graphically on a psychrometric chart. If we multiply the mass [kg] of the air to be processed with the graphicallydetermined enthalpy difference h, the result is the required quantity of heat for this state change.
VARIABLES
Pressure: Mass per unit area. The weight of the air on the surface of the earth is called atmosphere pressure. At sea level the average value is 1.013 bar or 760 mm Hg. The pressure unit in the international system of units (Sl units) is: 1 Newton/m2 = 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal) 1 bar = 1000 mbar (millibar) = 105 N/m2 = 105 Pa
Thermodynamics Fundamentals VARIABLES

Flow : Volume flow : M3/s or l/s
Mass flow :
Kg/s or Kg/h
PSYCHROMETRICS Dry air exists only in theory. Atmospheric air is always a mixture of dry air and water vapour.
To keep the air under desired, favourable conditions, air has to be treated. To what levels this air has to be treated can be calculated (in order to maintain desired, favourable conditions) using the PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
PSYCHROMETRICSSekar R
PSYCHROMETRICS
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (KG/KG)
50 c
The chart continues in this region also
Maximum Moisture that air can hold at 25 C, DBT
SATURATION LINE
-15 c
25c
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
PSYCHROMETRICS
Relative Humidity Lines
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (KG/KG)
20 G/KG 10 G/KG
50 c
lpy tha En
SATURATION LINE
50
RH %
-15 c
25c
Wet Bulb Lines
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE
PSYCHROMETRICS
PSYCHROMETRICS
Dew point Temperature That temperature at which further cooling of air causes condensation. If we have to de-humidify a water - vapour air mixture, we have to cool it below the dew point temperature.The lower the temperature to which the mixture is cooled, the greater is the dehumidifying effect. Wet-bulb Temperature The temperature measured by a wet wick thermometer while exposed to a rapid flow of air. The difference between the Dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature is known as the wet bulb depression. Drier the air, larger is the wet bulb depression. When the rh of air approaches saturation values, the wet bulb temperature approaches Dry bulb temperature. At saturation, the air cannot hold any more moisture, the Dry bulb, the wet bulb and the dew point temperature are the same
Sensible & Latent Heat

Methods of Wet Bulb Temperature / Humidity Measurement
1-Thermometers 2 Dry Bulb thermometer 3- Wet Bulb Thermometer
1 (tD C)
Is a Direct Measure of Heat Added
4 Fan
(t H C)
5 - Air 3 thermometer with bulb covered with wet wick Due to air movement, thermometer 3 is cooled by the evaporation of moisture The degree to which thermometer 3 can be cooled depends on the dryness of the air. Drier the air, greater is the temperature difference between 2 and 3
Depends on the Moisture content of air
B22-4
Aspirating Thermometer
PSYCHROMETRICS - PROCESSES
The state of a given atmosphere is represented by a point on the chart, known as the status point. If any two of the three commonly available characteristics DBT, WBT and RH are known, the others can be read from the chart
PSYCHROMETRICS
0.55 0.60
ENTHALPY-50 KJ/KG
0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
WBT 18 DEG C
DPT 14 DEG C ABS HUMIDITY = 10 GRAMS/KG DRY AIR
0.90 0.95 1.00
25 DEG C, DBT
PSYCHROMETRICS
From Psychromteric Chart identify the values of all other important parameters for condition of air defined at 30 Deg C, 40% RH.
Moisture content (ABS HUM) : 10.5 grams / kg Dry air WBT : 20 deg c DPT : 14.9 deg c Enthalpy : 57.5 Kj / KG
0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Psychrometric processes, ie, changes in the condition of the atmosphere, can be represented by the movement of this status point in the following ways
Heating and Cooling

Sensible Cooling
No Moisture Addition Dry bulb Temperature Decreases Wet Bulb Decreases RH Increases Enthalpy Decreases
Sensible Heating
No Moisture Addition Dry bulb Temperature Increases Wet Bulb Increases RH Decreases Enthalpy Increases
Dehumidification by Cooling
At some stage, continuous cooling causes the status point to meet the saturation line. The DBT corresponding to this point is called as the DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
From hereon further cooling causes condensation resulting in moisture being pulled out from air (reduction in absolute humidity dehumidification)
Adiabatic Humidification (Evaporative Cooling)

Evaporative Cooling
Moisture vaporises to the surrounding air without any addition or removal of external heat Latent heat required for this process is taken from the surrounding air thereby bringing down the DBT temperature of air. No change in enthalpy. WBT remains same Absolute Humidity increases (moisture added) RH goes up (air moves towards saturation)
Adiabatic De-Humidification (Chemical dehumidification)

Sorbent (Chemical) Dehumidification
Chemical having high affinity for moisture (silica gel) absorbs moisture form surrounding air. Latent heat required for this process is released to the surrounding air thereby increasing the DBT temperature of air. No change in enthalpy. WBT remains same Absolute Humidity decreases (moisture removed) RH comes down (air gets drier)
Mixing Process
Mixing
The status point of the final air mixture always lies on the line connecting the status points of the initial conditions of the two airstreams The location of the final status point is inversely proportional to their masses. (If m1 is greater than m2, the final point is closer to m1)
For the mixing of 2 equal substances (Specific Heat being same)
Tmix = (m1T1 x m2T2) / (m1+m2)

Steam Humidification
Evaporative Cooling
Sensible Cooling
Sensible Heating
Cooling and De-humidification Chemical Dehumidification
Psychrometrics
Initial Condition Final Condition Find Final RH Moisture Added Enthalpy Added
~ 80% RH
0.55
10 C / 50% rh 30 C / 27 C WBT
~ 21.5 g/kg
kj /k g
0.60 0.65 0.70
85 -1 9. 8= 65 .2
17.7 g/kg
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
~ 3.81g/kg
PSYCHROMETRICS - Mixing of Air

Mixing of air 10 % of Outside air @ 45C DBT and 16 g/kg mixes with 90% re-circulated air @ 25C and 50 % rh
(10 * 45) + (90 * 25) Mixed air temperature = (10+90)
= 27C
PSYCHROMETRICS - Mixing of Air

M1 = 45 deg C, DBT, 16 g/Kg M2 = 25 deg C, DBT, 50 % RH Mixture Conditions W (Moisture content) : ~ 10.5 g/Kg DBT : 27 deg C WBT : ~ 19 deg C RH : ~ 47 % DPT : ~ 14.8 deg C H : ~ 54.2 KJ/KG
0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE LOAD IN A BUILDING

EXTERNAL
Temperature difference between Outside and Space Thermal resistance / conductance / thickness of material separating two zones Solar Radiation Orientation Geographical location of area to be conditioned Adjacent Buildings and shading available
INTERNAL
Number of People / activity of People Equipment and nature of heat dissipation (dry heat / moisture) Machines Leakages
OTHER
Ventilation Requirement Process Requirement
SAMPLE - HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS
IMPORTANT EQUATIONS
SENSIBLE HEAT : 1.08 X CFM X T(F) LATENT HEAT : 0.68 X CFM X W (gr/LB) TOTAL HEAT : 4.45 X CFM X H (BTU/LB) (Btu/Hr)
1.23 X M3/S X T(C) 3010 X M3/S X W(kg/kg) 1.20 X M3/S X H(KJ/KG) (Kw)
PSYCHROMETRICS
1.2 = density of air in kg/m3 1.006 specific heat of dry air kj/kgK w = absolute humidity = kg/kg (=0.01kg/kg for most A/C applications) 1.84 = specific heat of water vapour kj/kgK 3010 kj/kg = 1.2 x 2500, where 2500 is the approximate heat content of 50% rh vapour at 24C, less the heat content of water at 10C. 50%rh / 24C is a common design point for conditioned space, and 10C is normal condensate temperature for cooling & dehumidifying coils.
DERIVATION OF AIR CONSTANTS Sensible Heat = 1.20 (1.006+1.84W) x m3/s x t(C) ~ 1.23 x M3/S x t(C) Latent heat = 3010 x m3/s x W (kg/kg) Total Heat = 1.20 x m3/s x H(kj/kg)
DERIVATION OF CONSTANTS
PSYCHROMETRICS
DERIVATION OF AIR CONSTANTS 1.08 = 0.244 X 60 13.5 0.68 = 60 X 1076 13.5 7000 4.45 = 60 13.5
0.244 = specific heat of moist air at 70F db and 50%rh Btu/lb F 60 = min/hour 13.5 = specific volume of moist air at 70F db and 50%rh (Ft3/lb) 1076 = average heat removal required to condense one pound of water vapour from the room air (Btu/lb) 7000 = grains / pound
SAMPLE PROJECT FOR PSYCHROMETRICS

N Ht = 3.2M
Conditioned space
Exposed
3.8 M
2 M (W) x 2.4 M (H)
Conditioned space
3.8 M
Exposed
SAMPLE PROJECT FOR PSYCHROMETRICS

1 ACPH = 1 Air Change Per Hour Rate of air circulation = Room Volume per unit time 1 ACPH in LPS 1 ACPH in M3/s = Room Volume in M3 / 3.6 = Room Volume in M3 / 3600 = 3.8 x 3.8 x 3.2 / 3.6 = 12.84 lps
Consider 12 ACPH as total circulation

Room Air circulation = 12.84 x 12 = 154 lps Inside Design Conditions = 23 deg C, 50 % RH Sensible Heat Latent Heat Sensible Heat Factor = 1845 watts = 231 watts = Sensible Heat / Total Heat = 1845 / 2076 = 0.89
The Cooling Process on the PSYCH Chart Reference Circle

Q Sensible(watts) t in room Temp of air entering room = 1.23 x lps x t = 1845/(1.23*154) = 9.74 deg C = 23 9.74 = 13.26 deg C
Enthalpy of air Entering room = 34.8 kj/kg Room Design Enthalpy = 45.8 kj/kg Enthalpy gain in room = 1.2 x 154 x (45.8-34.8) = 2033 watts
Coil Entering Condition = 23.8 deg C
0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
RSHF = 0.89
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Room Condition at 23 C / 50% Coil Leaving Temperature = 13.26 deg C

The Cooling Process on the PSYCH Chart
The Cooling Process on the PSYCH Chart Example with Addition of 1 ACPH Fresh Air for Ventilation
Process through Coil ADD 1 ACPH OA FOR VENTILATION
He = 49.2 kj/kg
0.55
OA
0.60 0.65
Hleave = 34.8 kj/kg
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Room Gain (dehumidified raise)
Mixture Temperature (air entering coil) = 24.7 deg C
The mixed condition of air lies somewhere along this line
14 deg C
Air leaving coil (entering room) = 14 deg C PSYCHROMETRICSSekar R
H = 46 kj/kg
He = 49.2 kj/kg
0.55 0.60 0.65
Hleave = 34.8 kj/kg
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Latent Heat removed by coil : 1.2 x 167 x (49.2 - 46) = 641 Sensible Heat removed by coil : 1.2 x 167 x (46 - 34.8) = 2244 Coil GSHF = 2244 / (2244 + 641) = 0.79
Cross verify Air Leaving Temperature = {(24.7 9.9) x 0.277} + 9.9 = 14 deg C (matches exactly With our earlier values) Apparatus Dew Point Temp (ADP) = 9.9 deg C
0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
The ratio of air that does not make contact with cooling coil (bypass). In our example this is approximately 27.7%
IMPORTANT POINTS
A High Sensible Load application often requires large airflow quantity to off set the loads Increasing the number of rows of cooling coil decreases bypass factor and increases contact over the coil. High latent loads require more rows of cooling coil. SHF approaches 1, when the sensible heat gets higher and higher Greater the Latent Load, larger is the deviation of SHF from Unity. High Latent Load Application often results in a low ADP. It may not be possible to achieve such a low ADP with a normal chilled water application. We have to select an ADP within permissible levels. In doing so, the equipment must be selected with a re-heat coil as well as additional air quantity to offset this reheat.
Summary Psychrometrics & Heat Load Calculation

Representation of the condition of air in a psych chart Representation of various processes in the Psych Chart What is cooling capacity and Air Quantity Effect of Varying Bypass Factor Plotting the sample project on the Psych Chart

Pysch Chart - Setp 2006

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PSYCHROMETRICSSekar R PSYCHROMETRICSSekar R

Goals for this Chapter

Thermodynamics Fundamentals VARIABLES

Thermodynamics Fundamentals VARIABLES

The chart continues in this region also

Maximum Moisture that air can hold at 25 C, DBT

Sensible & Latent Heat

1-Thermometers 2 Dry Bulb thermometer 3- Wet Bulb Thermometer

Depends on the Moisture content of air

0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85

DPT 14 DEG C ABS HUMIDITY = 10 GRAMS/KG DRY AIR

0.90 0.95 1.00

Heating and Cooling

Adiabatic Humidification (Evaporative Cooling)

Adiabatic De-Humidification (Chemical dehumidification)

For the mixing of 2 equal substances (Specific Heat being same)

Tmix = (m1T1 x m2T2) / (m1+m2)

Cooling and De-humidification Chemical Dehumidification

0.60 0.65 0.70

0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

PSYCHROMETRICS - Mixing of Air

(10 * 45) + (90 * 25) Mixed air temperature = (10+90)

PSYCHROMETRICS - Mixing of Air

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE LOAD IN A BUILDING

SAMPLE - HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE PROJECT FOR PSYCHROMETRICS

2 M (W) x 2.4 M (H)

SAMPLE PROJECT FOR PSYCHROMETRICS

Consider 12 ACPH as total circulation

The Cooling Process on the PSYCH Chart Reference Circle

Coil Entering Condition = 23.8 deg C

0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75

0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Room Condition at 23 C / 50% Coil Leaving Temperature = 13.26 deg C

The Cooling Process on the PSYCH Chart

Hleave = 34.8 kj/kg

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Room Gain (dehumidified raise)

Mixture Temperature (air entering coil) = 24.7 deg C

The mixed condition of air lies somewhere along this line

Air leaving coil (entering room) = 14 deg C PSYCHROMETRICSSekar R

Hleave = 34.8 kj/kg

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Summary Psychrometrics & Heat Load Calculation

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