ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND PREPAREDNESS IN OIL SPILL AT SELECTED BARANGAYS OF LINAPACAN PALAWAN

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A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering Architecture and Technology Palawan State University Puerto Princesa City

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In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor Of Science in Petroleum Engineering

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By: Dalumpines, Katherine Grace Aminulla, Kim Aldrin Demape, Erwin Malabayabas, Shierra Kristine

March 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE....................................................................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study...............................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem...............................................................................................3 1.3 Objectives of the Study..................................................................................................3 1.4 Significance of the Study...............................................................................................4 1.5 Scope and Delimitation..................................................................................................4 2 3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...........................................................................5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 Research Paradigm.......................................................................................................22 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 Locale of the study.......................................................................................................23 4.2 Research Design...........................................................................................................23 4.3 The Respondents..........................................................................................................23 4.4 Research Instruments...................................................................................................24 BIBLOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................25 GLOSSARY OF TERMS..............................................................................................................27 RESEARCH WORKPLAN...........................................................................................................28

ii CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Palawan is a paradise and sanctuary for the amazing variety of fauna and flora found nowhere in the world. It is composed of 1768 islands and islets surrounded by a coral shelf with exceptionally rich marine life. Palawan is rich in marine products in fact it is the countrys leading province in marine municipal fisheries production in the second quarter of 2011 with 59,806 metric tons (MT) of unloading in major fishing ports, data from the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics show. Its basin is also rich in petroleum reserves in which if recovered would be a great help for the economy of the country. The department of energy is now pursuing companies to buy contracts to increase drilling operations and production in this region. One of the most productive oil zones in Palawan is the northwest area where Galoc, Malampaya, Matinloc and Nido oil fields are found. The increased rate of operation in northwest Palawan might cause disaster like in the Gulf of Mexico were British Petroleum well causes oil spill which destroys the area habitat and threatened the life of many species living in it. Law makers and government organizations create laws and resolution in order to protect the marine and petroleum industry of the province. Even though how tight laws and regulations accident might not be avoided in that case, government and its people must be ready to tackle this problem. The questions to deal with are: when this disaster occurs, how ready is the community? What kind of disaster preparations is in place and who are the lead agents? The answers to these questions are very important in case this disaster happened. The understanding towards oil spill will benefit the community as well as the local government itself. During the actual disaster the people can execute preparedness and therefore do initial response and this knowledge is essential for the community health and safety.

1 LINAPACAN PALAWAN Linapacan is a fifth class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 9,198 people in 1,721 households. In 1954, the islands of Linapacan, Cabunlaoan, Niangalao, Decabayotot, Calibanbangan, Pical, and Barangonan were separated from Coron, Palawan to form the town of Linapacan. Linapacan is politically subdivided into 10 barangays. Barangonan (Iloc), Cabunlawan, Calibangbangan, Decabaitot, Maroyogroyog, Nangalao, New Culaylaya, Pical, San Miguel (Pob.), San Nicolas

Source: An Act to Create the Municipality of Linapacan in the Province of Palawan. LawPH.com. Retrieved 2011-04-11. 2

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM In this study the researchers are enthused to determine the community awareness about oil spill living in a selected Barangay at Linapacan Palawan. Furthermore, determine the occurrence of oil spill in the said area. The researchers aim to provide answers to the following questions: A. Are communities aware of possible oil spill in their area? B. What kind of disaster preparations is in place and who are the lead agents? C. What is the community profile? 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY It has been discovered and proven that the province of Palawan has a good potential source of oil and gas reserves; however effects of drilling like oil spills are unpredictable. This research study was supervised to determine the awareness level of the community living in Linapacan Palawan. Thus the researchers conducted to: A. To know of how aware and prepare the community if theres oil spill occurrence. B. To determine if theres a preparation or if any, what kind of disaster preparations they will do. C. To determine the community profile and well location in the area.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Nowadays petroleum industry plays major role in global economy. Every country that has the capability to be self oil-dependent is getting stable and increasing economy. In order to get these positive effects lot of processes are needed to be done, one of them is drilling. But behind this the government are not more aware about the possible effects of drilling. One of this said effects are oil spills, oil spills can have bad effects on marine life as well as the people living in affected areas. This study will aim to find out if a certain barangay in Palawan is whether prepared if an oil spill disaster occurred. The result of this research study would be beneficial to the government by making more concern about creating laws for the community that will help to inform its people about oil spill especially to those people living the coastal area near the exploration or production wells. Moreover, the results of this study will lead to monitoring measures which is useful to every barangays and Local government unit that will help them to create programs and activities concerning oil spills. 1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The study entitled Assessment of community awareness and preparedness in oil spill at selected Barangay in Linapacan Palawan. It attempts to determine the awareness level of the community and their preparedness in case of oil spill occurrence. Know the community profile and well location in the area. The study also focused the on the determination of oil spill in the research sites near the proposed oil exploration sites in Linapacan Palawan. The study was has no further attempt to determine what are the causes of oil spill. This study will be conducted on School year 2011-2012.

4 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Spilled oil has the potential to cause ecological effects, yet crude oil has been seeping into the sea for thousands of years at some locations around the world. These natural oil seeps have not caused major damage and the ecology of these areas has adapted to persistent and chronic oil pollution. Accidental spills of oil can deposit very large volumes into the sea over a short period of time and in a comparatively localised area. This can cause temporary ecological damage, although natural recovery will eventually occur. The physical effects of the spilled oil, plus the less visible effects caused high concentrations of toxic components released from the oil, will affect the some marine resources in a localised area. Shorelines affected by oil spills go through a predictable sequence of affects; dead and dying crabs, lobsters and shellfish will be washed ashore if crude oil or diesel fuel is spilled. In most cases it can take considerably less time. However, this may be too long for some people. A large oil spill can cause extensive disruption to the activities of many people in coastal communities. (Oil spill environmental risk, Oil spill dispersants (page 4 and 5) Alun Lewis). Oil spills can harm wildlife in a number of ways. The toxic effects of inhaling vapour and ingesting oil when grooming or feeding can make animals sick. Oil can also coat an animals fur or feathers, leading to hypothermia and a loss of buoyancy. Preventing spills is the best way to protect wildlife from oil spills. When oil is spilled, however, responders try to (1) prevent it from reaching animals and sensitive environments, (2) keep animals away from the oil, and (3) capture and rehabilitate oiled animals. (Wildlife and oil spill (page 21-26) EPA office of emergency).

5 Most biological communities are susceptible to the effects of oil spills. Plant communities on land, marsh grasses in estuaries, and kelp beds in the ocean; microscopic plants and animals; and larger animals, such as fish, amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, are subject to contact, smothering, toxicity, and the chronic long-term effects that may result from the physical and chemical properties of the spilled oil. The primary effects of oil contamination include loss of the isolative capability of feathers and fur which can lead to hypothermia; dehydration resulting from lack of uncontaminated water; stomach and intestinal disorders and destruction of red blood cells resulting from ingestion of oil; pneumonia resulting from inhalation of oil vapours; skin and eye irritation from direct contact with oil; and impaired reproduction. Animals can also suffer during capture and rehabilitation operations; potential ailments include infectious diseases, skin problems, joint swellings, and lesions. In addition, eggs and juveniles are particularly susceptible to contamination from oil. Very small quantities of oil on bird eggs may result in the death of embryos. (Wildlife and sensitive environments susceptibility to oil spills by Alun Lewis) Oil causes harm to wildlife through physical contact, ingestion, inhalation and absorption. Floating oil can contaminate plankton, which includes algae, fish eggs, and the larvae of various invertebrates. Larger animals in the food chain, including bigger fish, birds, terrestrial mammals, and even humans may then consume contaminated organisms. Initially, oil has the greatest impacts on species that utilize the water surface, such as waterfowl and sea otters, and species that inhabit the near shore environment. Although oil causes immediate effects throughout the entire spill site, it is the external effects of oil on larger wildlife species that are often immediately apparent. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Effects of Oil Spills on Wildlife and Habitat)

6 Oil pollution can damage ecosystems, including plants and animals, and contaminate water for drinking and other purposes. The feathers and fur of birds and marine animals can become coated in oil; when the animals are covered in oil, they can no longer insulate themselves against the cold water, and birds have difficulty flying. Furthermore, when the animals clean themselves, they ingest some of the oil. Most birds that are coated in oil would not survive, if it werent for people cleaning them. In fact, to clean one bird requires a one hour examination from a veterinarian, two people, each working for two days to clean the bird, and then holding the bird in captivity for 20 to 40 days (which requires about two hours each day of work). So a lot of work goes into cleaning one bird. Fish can be suffocated by the thick sludge of oil on the water surface, and bottom-dwelling fish can develop liver disease, as well as reproductive and growth problems. Plants that grow in or near the water can be harmed by oil pollution. An oil spill can block the sunlight that plants need for photosynthesis, which kills plants growing in the water. Oil spills can result in closed beaches and harbours. Oil pollution affects fishing and hunting, which is especially detrimental for people who rely on hunting and fishing, such as many rural communities. Water sources that are intended to provide drinking water can become contaminated. There are some areas that are more sensitive to oil pollution than others. For example, coral reefs, mangroves and marshes are more sensitive than sandy beaches and seagrass beds. Currents and wind can sometimes carry the oil far from the spill location, causing damage to the vegetation, birds and marine animals along the way. (SDWF United State Environmental Protection Agency march 2006 (page 4 and 5))

7 Oil spills kill wildlife and cause ecosystem damage that can last for generations by forcing changes in reproduction and compromising complex food webs. The impact scientists worry about most in a major spill is more subtle than the presence of oil on feathers or fur. It is the long-term exposure to dispersants and oil that have the potential to trigger dramatic die-offs and population declines. Scientists are not yet able to address these large-scale effects, and will require new methods to monitor and assess the impact of deep, massive leaks far offshore, like the one that resulted from the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Scientists, volunteers and other responders are, however, prepared to deal with oiled wildlife and shoreline effects, because those are the usual problems. While experts agree on the most viable methods for cleaning oiled wildlife, they disagree about whether rescuing individual animals impacted by a spill is worthwhile. (Shigenaka (2003) Oil and Sea Turtles: biology, planning and response. NOAA Office of response and Restoration). Oil spills kill wildlife and cause ecosystem damage that can last for generations by forcing changes in reproduction and compromising complex food webs. The impact scientists worry about most in a major spill is more subtle than the presence of oil on feathers or fur. It is the long-term exposure to dispersants and oil that have the potential to trigger dramatic die-offs and population declines Scientists, volunteers and other responders are, however, prepared to deal with oiled wildlife and shoreline effects, because those are the usual problems. . While experts agree on the most viable methods for cleaning oiled wildlife, they disagree about whether rescuing individual animals impacted by a spill is worthwhile. This Discovery Guide bypasses the argument for euthanasia and concentrates on techniques for cleaning and rehabilitating oil-impacted wildlife. (Graham: Oil Spill Cleanup Had hazy, Adam. Gulf Oil Spill Is Testing Ground for Future Cleanup Tech News Daily, April 2010 (page 9-12)) 8

Sorbents can be used on small oil spills in calm conditions, but need to be recovered and disposed of. Using booms and skimmers to contain and recover oil at sea is only suitable for small oil spills in relatively calm conditions. Booming operations from ships to recover larger amounts of oil at sea are difficult. The ship deploying the boom cannot sweep the sea surface at relative velocity of more than about one knot. The area of sea surface that is swept can be increased by using pairs of ships with a boom between them in various configurations, but very large numbers of ships would be needed to recover large oil spills. Some small areas of shoreline resources can be protected by protective booming, but it is not feasible to use huge lengths of boom, even if they are readily available and can be deployed in time. Oil spill dispersants do have real capabilities and limitations (and these will be described later), but more than any other oil spill response technique there are misconceptions about their use and this can cause their use to be controversial. (Oil spill dispersants (Pages 5-7) Alun lewis) The natural environment can effectively remove contaminants from the water and soil. There are microorganisms that are present in the environment that can break down many harmful chemicals, including gasoline and oil. To increase the rate at which the microorganisms work, nutrients, such as nitrogen or phosphorus, are often added. In sensitive areas that would cause too much damage if people were to attempt to clean up the oil, these biological processes, together with evaporation, oxidation, weathering and other natural processes, will break down the oil and naturally clean up the environment. (Estimating cleanup costs for oil spills allen, A.A., and R.J. Ferek. 1993. Advantages and disadvantages of burning spilled oil. Proceedings of the 1993 International Oil Spill Conference: pp. 76572.)

One of the greater downsides of bioremediation for marine oil spills is that it is a slow process (Venosa). Oil spills can pose a great threat to many different habitats, environments, and industries, and depending upon the urgency of cleanup, bioremediation may not always be the best available option. Depending on where the spill takes place and the conditions of the water there, it may be very difficult to provide proper nutrient concentrations to the oil degrading microorganisms. If an oil spill occurs offshore, there is typically much more energy and waves, and this can cause for the quick loss and dilution of nutrients provided by bio stimulation (Venosa). Another disadvantage of bioremediation is that it is a very difficult process to conduct field tests on. This is due to the many factors and conditions which cannot be controlled in the field, but only in laboratory tests. (Matt Radermacher (page 4-6) Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills). Chemical dispersants can be successful in cleaning up oil spills. Dispersants are chemicals that are applied to the surface of the water, usually by a low-flying plane. Oil can eventually break down naturally, and chemical dispersants act to speed up the natural process. The oil binds to the dispersant, and is able to move further down the water column, meaning that the oil disperses into the water. The water dilutes the oil to a concentration that is less harmful to aquatic life in the region. The following diagram illustrates how chemical dispersants can be applied to an oil spill. The red substances are the chemicals that are applied to the region with a low-flying plane; the black substance is the oil that binds to the dispersants and becomes suspended and diluted in the water. However, chemical dispersants are not applied to shallow water near shores, marshes, near coral reefs, or other sensitive areas. (Oil spills SDWF United state protection agency) 10

The Oil Pollution Act was signed into law in 1990 by U.S. President George Bush. The Act was an almost immediate reaction to the crash of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez near Alaska, which sent more than ten million gallons of crude oil spewing into the Pacific Ocean. Realizing the need for penalties, clean-up plans, and federal funding, the Oil Pollution Act was passed. The OPA did a number of things designed to prevent oil spills in the future. It established a federal liability system for all spills; it developed a trust fund to assist in the cost of spill clean ups; it reinforced penalties against spills; and it required companies to create spill-scenario plans before being allowed to operate. All oil tankers and facilities must have such plans, including solutions for the worst possible spills, and they must set out the details for training people and testing the equipment to be used. Another new requirement in the OPA is that all new tankers must be built with double hulls as extra protection in the case of a crash. According to the law, single-hulled tankers must be phased out by the year 2010. The OPA deemed oil spillers responsible for virtually all cost attributed to a spill. Previously, they had only been charged with the costs incurred by the federal government. However, the law broadened that scope to include local government and private parties. The Act also created the Federal Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund for use when the spiller is undetermined, not liable, or not of the United States. This fund came with a $1 billion per incident cap, but this amount covers the entire expense of most spills. The OPA does not replace state oil spill laws. It is within a state's power to enact stricter laws in addition to the federal regulations put in place by the OPA. The passage of this law was seen as a victory for environmentalists. However, many activists are not yet satisfied and would prefer the federal government to go father to ensure safety from oil spills.

(http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Politics/oil_pollution_act.html)
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Estimates of occurrence rates for offshore oil spills are useful for analysis of potential oil spill impacts and for oil spill response contingency planning. As the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (U.S. Public Law 101380, 18 August 1990) becomes fully implemented, estimates of oil spill occurrence will become even more important to natural resource trustees and to responsible parties involved in oil and gas activities. Oil spill occurrence rate estimates have been revised based on U.S. Outer Continental Shelf platform and pipeline spill data (19641992) and worldwide tanker spill data (19741992). These spill rates are expressed and normalized in terms of number of spills per volume of crude oil handled. The revisions indicate that estimates for the platform spill occurrence rates declined, the pipeline spill occurrence rates increased, and the worldwide tanker spill occurrence rates remained unchanged. All estimates of spill occurrence rates were restricted to spills greater than or equal to 159 m3 (1000 barrels). (Comparative occurrence rates for offshore oil spills by cheryl mcmahon anderson.) Crude oil released to the marine environment through accidental spillage or drainage from land causes serious damage to the environment and marine life. Sorption is a popular technique applied for treatment of oil spillage. In this paper, the potential of fly ash, a thermal power plant waste organically modified using the cationic surfactant,

hexadecyltrimethylammonium to remove crude oil and weathered oil contaminated seawater was investigated. The efficacy of the surface modification of fly ash (FA) by HDTMA is demonstrated. The results presented and discussed in this work pointed out that the modified fly ash (HDTMA-FA) could successfully be used to remove fresh as well as weathered crude oil . (Treatment of oil spills using organo-fly ash by shashwat s. Banerjee and milind v. Joshi). 12

Bioremediation is being increasingly seen as an affective, environmentally friendly treatment for contaminated shorelines from marine oil spills. Oil bioremediation is limited by the availability of nitrogen and phosphorous, which are needed by the bacteria and are not present in sufficient amounts for the biodegradation of the spilled hydrocarbons. These include the rapid dilution of the salts in the large volumes of polluted sea water as well as their utilization by other bacteria that do not degrade oil. In addition, by increasing the concentration of mobile nitrogen further environmental problems could potentially be created. As an alternative, hydrophobic sources of nitrogen and phosphorous have been used that have a low solubility in water and hence, they can overcome these problems, however, many of these bioremediation agents have proven to be somewhat toxic. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of lipophilic fertilizers of natural origin (uric acid and lecithin) on the degradation of crude oil hydrocarbons in comparison with the degradation that is achieved by commercial bioremediation agents. Biodegradation was quantified by GC/MS analysis of selected components. Petroleum degraders were measured by MPN analysis. From a series of 18 days long experiments it was found that the saturated fraction of the residual oil was degraded more readily and extensively than the aromatic fraction and the bacterial growth of the bio stimulated solutions is much greater compared to the control. The results showed that the treatment of oil spills with uric acid and lecithin is very effective in a period of almost 7 days. Uric acid and lecithin can stimulate microbial growth from 3.65 to 1.9104 MPN/mL within 7 days and thus lead to extensive degradation of oil hydrocarbons in comparison to the control and S200 solutions. Uric acid and lecithin proved to be excellent bio stimulant agents in combating oil spills. (Enhanced bioremediation of crude oil utilizing lipophilic fertilizers M. Nikolopoulo) 13

The sensitivity of nitrifies to crude oil released by the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in Gulf of Mexico was examined using characterized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Achaea to develop a bioassay and to gain further insight into the ecological response of these two groups of microorganisms to marine oil spills. Inhibition of nitrite production was observed among all the tested ammonia-oxidizing organisms at 100 ppb crude oil. Nitrosopumilus maritimus, a cultured representative of the abundant Marine Group I Achaea, showed 20% inhibition at 1 ppb, a much greater degree of sensitivity to petroleum than the tested ammonia-oxidizing and heterotrophic bacteria. The differing susceptibility may have ecological significance since a shift to bacterial dominance in response to an oil spill could potentially persist and alter tropic interactions influenced by availability of different nitrogen species. (A sensitive crude oil bioassay indicates that oil spills potentially induce a change of major nitrifying prokaryotes from the Achaea to the Bacteria by: Hidetosgi Urakawa) In order to evaluate the risk of pollution related to the petroleum industry in Llancanelo saltwater lake. The study area is located in the south of the Mendoza province (Argentine). This site represents a special environmental area for wild life, and it covers a diversity of habitats which can support many types of resident migratory species. Nearby of the occidental coast of this shallow body of water, there are many active oil fields. Contaminants from oil spills can enter the lake from river inflows, from runoff and from adjacent lands influenced by water body dynamics. Within the lake, contaminants are transported by convective currents, dispersive processes and many other complex phenomena that finally kill sensitive individuals or disturb nesting zones. (Modelling the behavior of crude oil spills in shallow bodies of water A. Maure, M. Cerrolaza) 14

We have all seen pictures and videos of wildlife covered in black, sticky oil after an oil spill. These pictures are usually of oiled birds. Many people are not aware that it is not just birds that get oiled during a spill. Other marine life such as marine mammals can also suffer from the effects of an oil spill. Even small spills can severely affect marine wildlife. Not all oils are the same. There are many different types of oil and this means that each oil spill is different depending on the type of oil spilt. Each oil spill will have a different impact on wildlife and the surrounding environment depending on the type of oil spilled the location of the spill, the species of wildlife in the area, the timing of breeding cycles and seasonal migrations, and even the weather at sea during the oil spill. Oil affects wildlife by coating their bodies with a thick layer. Many oils also become stickier over time (this is called weathering) and so adheres to wildlife even more. Since most oil floats on the surface of the water it can affect many marine animals and sea birds. Unfortunately, birds and marine mammals will not necessarily avoid an oil spill. Some marine mammals, such as seals and dolphins, have been seen swimming and feeding in or near an oil spill. Some fish are attracted to oil because it looks like floating food. This endangers sea birds, which are attracted to schools of fish and may dive through oil slicks to get to the fish. Oil that sticks to fur or feathers, usually crude and bunker fuels, can cause many problems. Some of these problems are: hypothermia in birds by reducing or destroying the insulation and waterproofing properties of their feathers; hypothermia in fur seal pups by reducing or destroying the insulation of their woolly fur (called lanugo). Adult fur seals have blubber and would not suffer from hypothermia if oiled. Dolphins and whales do not have fur, so oil will not easily stick to them; birds become easy prey, as their feathers being matted by oil make them less able to fly away; marine mammals such as fur seals become easy prey if oil 15

sticks their flippers to their bodies, making it hard for them to escape predators; birds sink or drown because oiled feathers weigh more and their sticky feathers cannot trap enough air between them to keep them buoyant; fur seal pups drown if oil sticks their flippers to their bodies, birds lose body weight as their metabolism tries to combat low body temperature, marine mammals lose body weight when they cannot feed due to contamination of their environment by oil, birds become dehydrated and can starve as they give up or reduce drinking, diving and swimming to look for food, inflammation or infection in dugongs and difficulty eating due to oil sticking to the sensory hairs around their mouths, disguise of scent that seal pups and mothers rely on to identify each other, leading to rejection, abandonment and starvation of seal pups, and damage to the insides of animals and birds bodies, for example by causing ulcers or bleeding in their stomachs if they ingest the oil by accident. Oil does not have to be sticky to endanger wildlife. Both sticky oils such as crude oil and bunker fuels and non-sticky oils such as refined petroleum products can affect different wildlife. Oils such as refined petroleum products do not last as long in the marine environment as crude or bunker fuel. They are not likely to stick to a bird or animal, but they are much more poisonous than crude oil or bunker fuel. While some of the following effects on sea birds, marine mammals and turtles can be caused by crude oil or bunker fuel, they are more commonly caused by refined oil products. Oil in the environment or oil that is ingested can cause: poisoning of wildlife higher up the food chain if they eat large amounts of other organisms that have taken oil into their tissues, interference with breeding by making the animal too ill to breed, interfering with breeding behaviour such as a bird sitting on their eggs, or by reducing the number of eggs a bird will lay, damage to the airways and lungs of marine mammals and turtles, congestion, pneumonia, 16

emphysema and even death by breathing in droplets of oil, or oil fumes or gas, damage to a marine mammal's or turtle's eyes, which can cause ulcers, conjunctivitis and blindness, making it difficult for them to find food, and sometimes causing starvation, irritation or ulceration of skin, mouth or nasal cavities, damage to and suppression of a marine mammal's immune system, sometimes causing secondary bacterial or fungal infections, damage to red blood cells, organ damage and failure such as a bird or marine mammal's liver, damage to a bird's adrenal tissue which interferes with a bird's ability to maintain blood pressure, and concentration of fluid in its body, decrease in the thickness of egg shells, stress, damage to fish eggs, larvae and young fish, contamination of beaches where turtles breed causing contamination of eggs, adult turtles or newly hatched turtles, damage to estuaries, coral reefs, sea grass and mangrove habitats which are the breeding areas of many fish and crustaceans, interfering with their breeding, tainting of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and algae, interference with a baleen whales feeding system by tarlike oil, as this type of whale feeds by skimming the surface and filtering out the water; and poisoning of young through the mother, as a dolphin calf can absorb oil through its mothers milk. Animals covered in oil at the beginning of a spill may be affected differently from animals encountering the oil later. The weather conditions can reduce or increase the potential for oil to cause damage to the environment and wildlife. The impact of an oil spill on wildlife is also affected by where spilled oil reaches. For example, fur seal pups are affected more than adults by oil spills because pups swim in tidal pools and along rocky coasts, whereas the adults swim in open water where it is less likely for oil to linger. Dugongs als feed on seagrass along the coast and therefore be more affected by oil spills. (The Effects of Oil on Wildlife Promoting safety and protecting the Environment Australian Maritime Safety Authority) 17

The Eastern Mediterranean basin has one of the most important ecosystems in the Mediterranean Sea. This oil spill has now impacted Lebanon but it is fast becoming a regional problem, endangering the Eastern Mediterranean basin as a whole. The impact of this oil spill has been growing in magnitude due to the fact that after more than a month (since the start of the spill) no cleanup operations have started yet. The environmental impact of the oil spill on marine biodiversity is expected to be devastating. It is too early to assess what the long term impacts will be. From previous studies we know that at least six years are required to reach a balanced ecosystem. Oil spills affect marine life by either physical contamination or smothering, or by the bioaccumulation of the toxic components of oil in animal and plant tissues. The economic cost of the oil spill requires long term monitoring of the different sectors impacted by the oil spill. The estimated cost for the cleanup is between 100 million and 200 million dollars. This cost depends on how thorough the cleanup is. However, the indirect cost of the oil spill on different sectors increases everyday and the current value is more than 250 million dollars. The exact social

impacts of the spill are also yet to be determined due to the war, which has greatly affected social life in Lebanon. Several unexpected social problems are expected to surface due to the oil spill. The main social impact will obviously be on local fishermen, who many of them have not been able to fish for the past month. Some fishermen have had their boats and gear damaged by the oil. The impact of the spill on fish resources will also reflect on the fishermens income. Beachbased tourism is a major economic activity in Lebanon and constitutes a major part of the Lebanons gross domestic product (GDP). Many public and private beaches have been affected by the oil spill. Many private boats, ships or yachts, that were once used to transport tourists, on water trips and to off land islands, currently lie idle in their ports. Other social groups that 18

depend on the sea, such as seafood restaurants, will suffer from loss of livelihoods, consequent unemployment, poverty due to absence of compensation and the long term inability to use the coastal areas due to pollution. Oil has a direct effect on people through direct contact or inhalation of oil fumes. Short term adverse effects can include nausea, headaches and dermatological problems in fishermen, residents living close to the affected areas and beach visitors. Long term adverse effects of oil contact include cancer, pulmonary disease, skin diseases and hormonal disruptions. Fish coming from the quays and wharfs along the coast from Jieh to Heri-Chekka, as well as, plant crops and animal products from coastal farms close to the oil spill sites need to be tested for hydrocarbon content and other oil impurities before being declared safe for consumption. (The Impact of the oil spill,

http://greenline.org.lb/new/index.html greenline@greenline.org.lb) Oil Booms are most commonly used as spill-response booms. Also called oil spill containment boom, it is designed with semi-flexible internal foam flotation and a flexible fabric skirt. These are available in different sizes and strengths to contain spills in conditions from quiescent waters to open ocean waves.

Calm water booms

Fast water booms

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Open water booms Absorbent boom has been used to both absorb and skim oil off the surface of water during spills. Deploying quickly to your location, these booms have often been used for cleanup near ocean shores, lakes, and wetlands.

Absorbent for clean up

Absorbent rolls

Spill kit

Skimmers are designed to help recover oil in water based areas. Available skimmers include those with in disc, brush, and drum models.

Skimmer
(The Nature Conservancy Granite Environmental, Inc)

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Linapacan is in the Palawan province, an island province within Region_IV-B with Land Area 19,544 hectares. Linapacan Population (as of Aug 1, 2007) = 11,688, Registered Voters (2009 COMELEC) = 7,255. Linapacan, Palawan, supports Cycling, it helps promote bike races, cycling clubs, bicycle tours, and the development of bicycle trails. Activities are coordinated with bike shops and cycling clubs throughout the Philippines to promote the fun of riding bikes. Philippine Cycling will be coordinating events with tour of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Road biking and mountain bikings will be promoted by Philippine Cycling. Elected officials of Linapacan for the term of 2010-2013 are as follows: Mayor: Bienvenido Reyes Cabiguen, Vice-Mayor: Angel Magura Rey,

Councilors: Emil Tabique Neri, Rafael Catubay Rodriguez Jr., Pablo Rafael Palanca Jr., Freddie Odasco Tejada, Henry Agnes Liao, Darwin Tabique Alaska, Ruin Quintero Abin, Perlito Abrina Mendoza. (http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1020.html) REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER. 1020 AN ACT TO CREATE THE MUNICIPALITY OF LINAPACAN IN THE PROVINCE OF PALAWAN. Section 1. The islands of Linapacan, Cabunlaoan, Niangalao, Decabayotot, Calibanbangan, Pical, and Barangonan are hereby separated from the municipality of Coron, Province of Palawan, and constituted into a municipality to be known as the municipality of Linapacan with the seat of government in the barrio of San Miguel in the island of Linapacan. Section 2. The elective officials in the new municipality shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines and shall hold office until their successors shall have been elected and shall have qualified.

Section

3.

(http://www.zamboanga.com/z/index.php?

title=Linapacan,_Palawan,_Philippines)

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CHAPTER III CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 Research Paradigm

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Oil spill presence Drilling operations Barge and tanker

Marine Life Livelihood Income

Fig. 3.1 The Research Paradigm of the study The above paradigm tells that while drilling operations is ongoing there is a possibility that oil spill is present, also when oil is transport through barge and tanker. Oil spill occurrence can directly affect marine life which will ruin the living of the people that may lead to be short in

their incomes. Table shows that Oil spill presence, drilling operations and barge and tankers works as our independent variable. These said variables as our cause, which may take effect in marine life, livelihood and income which in the other hand working as our dependent variable. 22 CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the Location of the study, Research design, Research Respondents, Research instrument that will utilize in this study.

4.1 Locale of the Study The research study will be conducted in the island province of Linapacan Palawan barangay 4.2 Research Design This research employed a Descriptive design which according to Hopkins (cited by Borg & Gall, 2005) is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behaviour of a subject. This is utilized to determine whether the people living at certain barangay in linapacan are aware of oil spill. Descriptive design is the most appropriate to use in this kind of this study because it aims to find out what kind of preparedness does the community have and determining if theres any program being managed by Local Government Unit regarding oil spill.

4.3 Research Respondents

The respondents of the study will be most fishermen and the residents of the research site living in the shoreline. The LGU officials and workers with coastal activities will be also considered as respondents. 23 4.4 Instrumentation and Materials The study will be using a personal survey- interview questionnaire prepared for the people in selected Barangay in Linapacan particularly those living near the shoreline. The interview questionnaire will be composed of questions leading to the purpose of the study. Doubtful questions will be selected to avoid duplication of questions during the person to person interview.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY I-Books Modelling the behavior of crude oil spills in shallow bodies of water A. Maure, M. Cerrolaza The Effects of Oil on Wildlife Promoting safety and protecting the Environment Australian Maritime Safety Authority Oil spill environmental risk, Oil spill dispersants (page 4 and 5) Alun Lewis. Wildlife and oil spill (page 21-26) EPA office of emergency and remedial response Wildlife and sensitive environments susceptibility to oil spills by Alun Lewis U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Effects of Oil Spills on Wildlife and Habitat SDWF United State Environmental Protection Agency march 2006 (page 4 and 5) Shigenaka (2003) Oil and Sea Turtles: biology, planning and response. NOAA Office of response and Restoration Graham: Oil Spill Cleanup Had hazy, Adam. Gulf Oil Spill Is Testing Ground for Future Cleanup Tech News Daily, April 2010 (page 9-12) Oil spill dispersants (Pages 5-7) Alun lewis Estimating cleanup costs for oil spills allen, A.A., and R.J. Ferek. 1993. Advantages and disadvantages of burning spilled oil. Proceedings of the 1993 International Oil Spill Conference: pp. 76572. Matt Radermacher (page 4-6) Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills.

Comparative occurrence rates for offshore oil spills by cheryl mcmahon anderson. Treatment of oil spills using organo-fly ash by shashwat s. Banerjee and milind v. Joshi. Enhanced bioremediation of crude oil utilizing lipophilic fertilizers M. Nikolopoulo

25 II-Electronic References http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1020.html http://www.zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Linapacan,_Palawan,_Philippines http://www.experiment-resources.com/descriptive-research-design.html#ixzz1qNza10mh http://greenline.org.lb/new/index.html greenline@greenline.org.lb/The Impact of the oil spill http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Politics/oil_pollution_act.html http://An Act to Create the Municipality of Linapacan in the Province of Palawan. LawPH.com. Retrieved 2011-04-11.

26 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Allochtohonous -is a geological term that describes rocks that are found in a region that differs from where they were formed. Bioassay - appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard Biodegradation- refers to the natural process whereby bacteria or other microorganisms alter and break down organic molecules into other substances, such as fatty acids and carbon dioxide. Bioremediation -is the act of adding materials to contaminated environments, such as oil spill sites, to cause an acceleration of the natural biodegradation process. Dispersants -are chemical formulations composed of solvents, surfactants and other additives that disrupt the solid surface of an oil slick by reducing the surface tension between oil and water. Fertilization- is the bioremediation method of adding nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to a contaminated environment to stimulate the growth of indigenous microorganisms. Lipophilic- Having an affinity for, tending to combine with, or capable of dissolving in lipids. Oil spill-is the leakage of petroleum from an oil tanker or other vessel. Seeding- refers to the addition of microorganisms to a spill site.

Surfactant- is defined as a material that can greatly reduce the surface tension of water when used Tasks in very low concentrations. November December January February March

Review of literature Groupings Final topic December 20,2011 Research adviser Chapter 1 ROUGH DRAFT Chapter 1 FINAL Chapter 2 & 3 Draft First full draft February 16 Final draft February 25

January 17 January 28

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RESEARCH WORKPLAN

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