18-759: Wireless Networks Lecture 16: Cellular

Peter Steenkiste Departments of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering Spring Semester 2010
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS10/
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Outline
Traffic engineering g g Cellular landscape AMPS GSM

Some slides courtesy Rui Aguiar, University of Aveiro

2

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 1

Traffic Engineering
If the cell has L subscribers.. and can support N simultaneous users. If L<=N, nonblocking system If L>N, blocking system If blocking:
What is the probability of a call being blocked? What N do I need to upper bound this probability? If blocked calls are queued, what is the average delay? What capacity is needed to achieve a certain average delay?

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Trunking Theory Terminology

Set-up Time: The time required to allocated a p q trunked radio channel to a requesting user. Blocked Call (Lost Call): Call that cannot be completed at time of request, due to congestion. Holding Time: Average duration of a typical call. Denoted by h (in seconds). Trafc Intensity: Measure of channel time utilization, which is the average channel occupancy measured in Erlangs.

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 2

Trunking Theory Terminology

Load: Trafc intensity across the entire y trunked radio system, measured in Erlangs. Grade of Service (GOS): A measure of congestion specied as the probability of a call being blocked (for Erlang B), or the probability of a call being delayed beyond a certain amount of time (for Erlang C). Request R t Th average number of call R t Rate: The b f ll requests per unit time. Denoted by calls per second.

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Trunking Theory
Traffic intensity: y A = h (average number of calls received during the average holding time) If channel capacity is N system can be seen as a multiserver queuing system h = N is server utilization, fraction of time server is busy A also average number of channels required
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 3

Simple Example
A cell has a capacity of 10 channels p y In 1 hour it received 97 calls lasting 294 minutes in total The rate of calls per min = 97/60 The average holding time = 294/97 A = (97/60) x (294/97) = 4.9 Erlangs Mean number of calls in progress is 4.9 Mean number of channels engaged is 4.9

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Cellular Network Design

Sized to sustain the average demand in the busy hour (not peak demand!) Based on carried traffic and not offered! Model depends on:
How are blocked calls handled? Could be put in a queue (lost calls delayed) Rejected or dropped y g p y g 1. user may hang up and try again after some random time interval lost calls cleared (LCC) 2. User repeatedly attempts lost calls held (LCH) Number of traffic sources Finite or infinite? Infinite source assumption reasonable when sources at least 5 to 10 times the capacity of the system
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 4

Infinite Source LLC Grade of Service

AN P = N N! x A x! x= 0

Erlang B formula

A = offered traffic, N = #servers, P = blocking probability

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Example Erlang B
N

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

10

Page 5

Example Erlang B
N

A larger capacity system is more efficient than a smaller-capacity one for a given grade of service
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

11

Example Erlang B
N

30%

10% A larger capacity system is more susceptible to an increase in traffic

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

12

Page 6

Overview
Traffic engineering g g Cellular landscape AMPS GSM CDMA

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

13

The Cellular Landscape

FDMA 5-10 bps/Hz 0.15bps/Hz 0.30 bps/Hz Max. rate ~ Max.rate 64Kbps Max.rate 2 Mbps 100Mbps/1Gbs p TDMA &CDMA TDMA CDMA and WCDMA TDMA,CDMA d WCDMA
2G Digital Modulation Convolution coding Power Control 2.6G/3G Hierarchical cell structure Turbo-coding 4G Smart antennas? MIMO? Adaptive Systems OFDM Modulation

1G Analog

AMPS TACS NMT C-450

PDC GSM HSCSD GPRS IS-54/IS-136 IS-95/IS-95A/IS-95B PHS

EDGE Cdma2000 WCDMA/UMTS 3G 1x EV-DO 3G 1X EV-DV 14

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 7

Cellular Standards
2G systems: digital voice y g
GSM - FDMA/TDMA, most widely deployed, 200 countries, a billion people IS-95 - rst CDMA-based cellular standard, developed by Qualcomm IDEN - TDMA, Nextel, merged with Sprint, being phased out for CDMA2000 IS-136 - uses FDMA/TDMA, North America, Cingular and US Wireless, being phased out for GSM, CDMA2000

2.5G systems: voice and data channels

GPRS - evolved from GSM, packet-switched, 170 kbps (30-70 in practice) CDMA2000 1xRTT - evolved from IS-95, 144 kbps 15

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Cellular Standards
2.75G - almost 3G in speed p
EDGE - another enhancement of GSM, 384 kbps, 2.75G Thanks to new modulation scheme (8PSK) may coexist with GMSK

3G: voice (circuit-switched) and data (packetswitched)

UMTS - W-CDMA, successor to GSM networks, 384 kbps - 2 Mbps, European, some Japan, Cingular in U.S. CDMA2000 1xEV - CDMA2000 with high data rates - 3.1 Mbps up, 1.8 Mbps down, U.S., Japan, Korean, Canada Verizon, Sprint

4G: 10 Mbps and up, seamless mobility between dierent cellular technologies, mesh, etc.
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

16

Page 8

Evolution of mobile technologies

Deployment 2000-2006 Mobility Vehicular Future Deployment

2G

2.5G

UMTS FDD
Large Area coverage up to 384 kbit/s

Beyond 3G

GSM Pedestrian

GPRS EDGE UMTS TDD Bluetooth

Indoor I d up to 2 Mbit/s

MMAC
BWA
Pedestrianportable up to 20Mbit/s

Portable

Cordless DECT

Wireless LAN
Hyper an 2, IEEE 802.11a/b

BRAN, Hyperaccess

Fixed

FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)

0.1
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

10

Information Rate (Mbit/s) 100

17

Evolution of Mobile Wireless

Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) ( ) FDMA 824-849 MHz (UL), 869-894 MHz (DL) U.S. (1983), So. America, Australia, China

European Total Access Communication System (E-TACS) FDMA 872-905 MHz (UL), 917-950 MHz (DL) Deployed throughout Europe
18

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 9

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

In North America, two 25-MHz bands were allocated (DL: 869-894 MHz, UP: 824-849 MHz) 869 894 824 849
Deployed since early 80s Shared by two providers

Channels are spaced by 30 KHz, allowing for 416 channels (21 control, 395 for voice calls)
Control channels are full duplex data channels at 10 Kbps Includes preamble, word sync, and Digital Color Code identifying the base station Can send urgent control in data channels

Conversations carried in analog using frequency modulation Cell size = 2-20Km, frequency reuse is exploited
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

19

AMPS Operation
When units wakes up, it send telephone and p, p serial number to MTSO
Both stored in read-only memory Used for billing purposes and to detect stolen phones

Steps in placing a call:

1. 2. 3. 3 4. 5. 6. User dials in a number sent to the MTSO MTSO verifies validity of service request MTSO notifies user of channels to use for send/receive MTSO sends ring signal to the called party MTSO completes circuit when party picks up When either party hangs up, MTSO releases circuit and wireless channels, and completes billing 20

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 10

Evolution of Mobile Wireless

Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) TDMA Different frequency bands for cellular and PCS Developed in 1990, expected >1B subscriber by end of 2003

IS-95 CDMA 800/1900 MHz Cellular/PCS U.S., Europe, Asia

21

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

From Analog to Digital

Motivation for switch: Higher quality Compression Encryption Error Detection and Correction Multiplexing channels by different users
I.e. TDMA

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

22

Page 11

Design Requirements for GSM-like 2G Systems

Degree of multiplexing: at least 8 g p g
Not worth the added TDMA complexity otherwise

Maximum cell radius: ~35km

Needed for rural areas

Frequency: around 900 MHz Maximum speed: 250 km/hr hs train Maximum coding delay: 20 msec
Do not want to add too much to network delay

Maximum delay spread: ~10 sec Bandwidth: up to 200 KHz, ~25 kHz/channel
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

23

Global System for Mobile telecommunication (GSM)

GSM is a set of ETSI standards specifying the p y g infrastructure for a digital cellular service
European Telecommunications Standards Institute

The standard is used in approx. 109 countries around the world including Europe, Japan and Australia Order 44 million subscribers
For 2G only 2-3 Billion if you include all versions

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

24

Page 12

GSM System Hierarchy

GSM Network N t k MSC Region Location Area
BS Controller Cel l Cel l Location Area BS Controller

MSC Region

MSC Region

BS Controlle r

Location i Area

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

25

GSM SIM
Users have a Subscriber Identity Module ( y (SIM) ) a smart card The user identity is associated with a mobile through the SIM card The SIM is portable and transferable All cryptographic algorithms (for authentication and data encryption) can be realized in the SIM yp ) May also store short messages, charging info, .. SIM implications:
Equipment mobility and user mobility are not the same International roaming independent of the equipment and network technology
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

26

Page 13

Equipment Identifier
International Mobile Station Equipment q p Identity (IMEI) uniquely identifies the mobile equipment internationally Allocated by manufacturer and registered by the network operator in the Equipment Identity Register (EIR) IMEI allows the detection of obsolete, stolen and non functional equipment d f ti l i t

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

27

GSM phone system

PSTN

EIR Equipment identity register VLR Visitor location register HLR Home Location register PSTN Public Sw. Tel. Network BSC Base station controller MSC Mobile Switching Center

TSC Transit Switching Center AuC Operations Center Authentication Center EIR

VLR

HLR MSC

VLR

MSC BSC BSC BSC

28

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 14

Base Transceiver Station

Radio transmission/reception management (modulation/demodulation, equalisation, interleaving ...) Physical layer management (TDMA transmission, SFH, coding, ciphering ...) Link layer management y g Received signal quality and power measurement

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

29

Base Station Controller

Radio resource management:
channel allocation, h l ll ti BTS measures processing, BTS and MS power control, handover ...

Interfaces management:
with the MSC (gathers the traffic towards the MSC) and with the BTSs.
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

30

Page 15

Mobile Switching Center

MSC = local switching center
Contains:
Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Autentication Center (Au) Equipment Identity Registry (EIR)

Connects the BSS (base station subsystem)

(Master of the cell, define channels and access to them...)

Contains the registers for their mobile terminals Specific signalling channels
MT-BS (MSC): location, call setup, received call answer BS (MSC)-MT: cell identification, location update, received call setup
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

31

Mobile Switching Center

Management of the communications between the mobiles and the f fixed network.
Handover management. Interconnection with the fixed network (switching features) Management of the visiting users with the VLR GMSC function (Gateway MSC): gateway for the calls coming/going towards an external network.
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

32

Page 16

Handover
Executed by BSC (channels) and by MSC (routing) BS-initiated:
BS monitors the signal coming from the MT Low signal => HO! BS is very large in this case!!

MT-aided:
BS transmit beacon MT hearing better beacon request join MT, beacon,
Sent to the new BS, the identity of the old BS

BS accepts the MT, calls are then forwarded

Inter-system:
~MT-aided, with extra connections to the HLR/VLR
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

33

Home Location Register

1 per Public Land Mobile Network p Contains entries for every subscriber and every mobile ISDN number that is homed in the respective network Permanent subscriber data and relevant temporary information Current MS location All administrative activities of the subscriber happen here!

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

34

Page 17

Visitor Location Register

1 per MSC p Stores data on all mobile stations which are currently in the administrative area of the respective MSC 1 VLR could be responsible for more than 1 MSC A roaming MS may be registered in a VLR of g y g its home network or the foreign network depending on its location MS registers upon entering a LA. The MSC passes the identity of the MS and LAI to VLR
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

35

Channels
Traffic Channels (TCH) ( )
For transmission of user payload (data, speech). No control information Communication may be circuit or packet switched

Signaling Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH) radio channel configuration, synchronization, registration identifiers (LAI, etc.) Common Control Channel (CCCH) assignment of dedicated channel and paging Dedicated/Associated Control Channel (DCCH/ACCH) Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) BS identification, frame synchronization of the MS 36

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Page 18

GSM Multiple Access

Combination of FDMA and TDMA 890-915 MHz for uplink 935-960 MHz for downlink Each of those 25 MHz bands is sub divided into 124 single carrier channel of 200 KHz In each uplink/downlink band there is a 200 KHz guard band Each 200 KHz channel carries 8 TDMA channels

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

37

FDMA/TDMA

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

38

Page 19

GSM Frame Structure

Time slots are 15/26 = 0.577 msec
Includes trail bits encryption training guard data bits bits, encryption, training, guard, Stealing bit indicates data or urgent control

8 time slots form a frame Group of 26 frames form a multi-frame

24 data frames, 1 control frame, and 1 unused

This means that 200 KHz supports 8 logical channels with a bandwidth of 22.8 Kbps 22 8
114 x 24 bits / 120 msec Also support channels at half this rate Speech is encoded at 260 bits/20 msec, or 13 kbps; the rest of the bandwidth is used for error detection/correction Also supports data at 9.6, 4.8, and 2.4 Kpbs
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

39

Additional GSM Features

GSM uses GMSK modulation
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

Slow frequency hopping: successive TDMA frames are sent over a different frequency
Switches every 4.615 msec Spreads out effect of multipath fading Also helps with co-channel interference

Delay D l equalization li ti
Mobile stations sharing a frame can be at different distances from the base station Tail bits and guard bits provide margin to avoid overlap

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

40

Page 20

GSM Services
Telephony p y Facsimile group 3 (E1) Emergency calls Short Message Service messages up to 160 alphanumeric characters Fax mail Voice V i mail il

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

41

Disadvantages of GSM
Each radio channel uses a frequency guard q yg band (inefficient) Complex frequency planning needed to avoid co-channel (CCI) and adjacent channel (ACI) interference Certain radio channels unavailable due to interference Each time slot needs a time guard band (inefficient) A time slot is occupied even when there is a pause
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

42

Page 21