~UST-IN--TI~ (JI~) PRODOCY~$OM PROCESS U N R E L I A E I L I ~ Y

Menberu Lulu University of South Florida

ABSTRACT. T h e effects of process unreliab{,l,~ty on the p e r f o r m a n c e of a simulation m o d e ~ of a Just-in-Time Production and M a n u f a c t u r i n g System (J!TMPS) is investigated. In a m u l t i - c o m p o n e n t - f a b r i c a t i o n and product-assembly environment, a relatively lowe~ ]~e~e~ of fabrication process unreliability results in a pronou~ced level of lowered s y ~ e ~ utilization. Work-in-Process inventory-induced gains in p~o.d~tion rates in ~he: J I ~ P S a~re ~ t a s si~mi~_~a~ a~ ma~ee~~.is-io~ed i~ ~r~dit/uD~al p r o d ~ c t i ~ s y s t e m s that e s ~ e m ~ - ~ e ~ r a ~ e ~ d e r ~ "~as~

INTRODUCTION The o~erational objective of the Just-in-Time M ~ a c ~ [ i ~ System [3~T~P~] ! ~s to pr~d~c~ the k ~ d a~ Pr~l~ction [i.e.

of units n~ee~ed, at the ti~e needed

Hu:st-in-Time (JIT)], and in the quantities needed. d%ep~

This production system is and

Kooted' i~ Western concepts of quality improvement t e c h n i q u e ~ ~ r a ~ n and in systems-based (Group TechnoIogy) (most notably:

Denning - USA)

rat~o.al~zation of batch

prod~ction--cellular manufacturing U S S ~ and, O~itz - Germany).

Kaling - Sweden, Mirofanov -

~he ~ITMPS employs the "PuIl System" of p r o d ~ c t i o m contr~I that ~as i~%egzated ~mporta~ functions of the production control system with that of the Quality control, inventory control and s h o r t - % ~ r ~ producF~K the J[TMP$, these are

manufacturing system.

tion control have traditionally been staff functio,s. new line functions. The p n e d ~ t ~

worker's ~ob is enlarged to include responThe line foreman's ~ob ~s emIar~ed to a~ c~erol. The

s~bil%ty for ~roduct quality assurance.

include inve~tor~ cmntrol and short-term production p l ~ n i n g

JITMPS management approach and the cellular structure of ~ts manufacturing systems haue generated new forms of worker organization, such as "Quality Circles" q~sality im-

that h a v e led tD~ inm~vations in product design, machine d e s i g n e ~ provements [5].

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LULU In the "Pull System" of production control, the final assembly goes to the for a (i.e.,

preceding process to obtain the necessary parts, at the necessary time, specific product assembly. to replace) these parts,

This signals the preceding process to produce

the parts withdrawn by the following process.

For the production of

the preceding process obtains the necessary parts from the process it. The Kanban system is a manual (nonautomated) implementa-

further preceding

tion of the "pul ! system" of production control. A Kanban is a card usually put in a rectangular vinyl sack and attached to a part container Kanban" (cart). The two primary kinds of Kanbans are the "Conveyance

that is utilized by a succeeding process to withdraw parts from a preced-

ing process, and the "Production Kanban" that is utilized to order production of the portion withdrawn by the succeeding process. detailed explanation of the Kanban system. See references [3,5,7] for

Using Kanbans between all the

processes links the activities of the final process to the remaining preceding processes. This chain-linking is the m e c h a n i s m for synchronizing JIT production. fluctuation at

Kimura and Terada

[2] utilized simulation to show that demand

the final production stage does not induce amplification tory levels in preceding production stages.

in production and invenin each of [i]

The level of fluctuation

the preceding n-i production stages equals that of the last stage.

Kim

analyzed an operating policy for JIT production called Periodic Pull System (PPS). The essence of PPS is to review the status of material intervals. Consequently, flow at all

production stages at regular material

only the exact amount of

that has been consumed at a succeeding stage since the last review time PPS reduces production lead time by replacing manual information processing.

is allowed to be Withdrawn. processing of information

(Kanbans) with computer

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION In a Kanban-linked JITMPS, when a breakdown occurs at a preceding cell (process), cell the conveyance of work parts to the input stock point of a succeeding As a consequence, the succeeding cell

is delayed due to lack of work parts.

is starved and production halts.

Furthermore,

all the d o w n s t r e a m processes a breakdown at a succeed-

eventually halt due to subsequent starving.

Similarly,

ing stage delays movement of conveyance Kanbans to the output stock point of a preceding cell. ing cell. This, in turn, delays production Kanban movement in the preced-

The net result is that the preceding cell

is prevented from further

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PRODUCTION

AND

PROCESS

UNRELIABILITY

239

production conveyance responding processes

due to blocking Kanban movements absence

by the succeeding between

cell.

The eventual will

absence

of

the upstream

processes Hence,

induce a cor-

of production

Kanban movements. production.

all the upstream

will be prevented production

from further

Western production process higher

managers

have a policy of inserting production approach results irregularity guarantees in higher

buffer that

stocks

between

stages

to protect [6].

against While

is caused by of

unreliability production

their

the maintenance WIP inventory.

rates,

it nevertheless stocks the work

Instead managers

of adding

buffer expose

at points

of irregularity,

JIT production of production irregularity, to settle the

deliberately

force to the consequences the causes of a recent allowed

irregularity. managers

Each time workers inventory. of the status

correct

remove more pattern

The workers guo;

are never

into a

comfortable continually is that WIP

or rather, process.

the pattern thesis

becomes

one of

perfecting inventory

the production hides problems

The

for such an approach irregularity. unreliability System of a

which can cause production the impact of process

This paper single process utilization performance.

focuses

on investigating stage)

(production

on the JITMPS model time are used

performance.

and average product

cycle

as measures

of system

SIMULATION Structure

MODEL DESCRIPTION

The structure microcosm assembly

of the hypothetical system.

JITMPS model It consists cell there

(see Figure

i) constitutes cells

of a manufacturing cell. Within Stock each

of two fabriction is one Input

and an (ISP)

fabrication (OSP).

Stock

Point

and one Output

Point

The ISP holds

part

inventories part

that are waitthat

ing to be processed are waiting control

in the cell.

The OSP holds processed cell.

inventories Kanbans

to be conveyed

to the succeeding of part

Production

(PKs)

and facilitate process.

the movement

inventories control cell

from an ISP to its corfacilitate the m o v e m e n t

responding of part cell.

Conveyance

Kanbans

(CKs)

and

inventories

from the OSP of a preceding that link all

to the ISP of a succeeding

The CKs act as conveyors representation

the cells of the JITMPS. is homomorphic; i.e., each

The model

of the fabrication

processes

process may constitute framework

more

than one machine. cell is isomorphic; correspondence linked.

On the other hand, i.e.,

the modeling (Si, $2, $3) Note

for the assembly

the three-stage

assembly cell has a one-to-one that the assembly stages

with the hypothetical

JITMPS.

are directly

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LULU

RMSP

ISPI

OSPI FABRICATION CELL

~fiP2'

OSP2

FABRICATION CELL ...............................

PRODUCTION, SCHEDULE :' ............................................i

A~'A
PRODUCT

,~.....
' i I
t

~
I

-LISP

:
. I
-I

ASSE~BLY CELL sl, $2, $3 ASSEMBLY ST/LC~ES

{....................................................

~-~-~4h. ~ : ~ __ . ~ ~ ItMSP ISP OS9

CONVEYANCE KANBANS PRODUCTION KANBANS WORKPIECE FLOW SUBASSEMBLY FLOW RAW MATERIAL STOCK POINT I~IPUT ZTQCK POINT OUTP.U~STOCK ~OINT Figure i. Schematic of the Simulation Model

The component 2.

system types,

produces

one

product as A, one A is B

that and of C,

is a s s e m b l e d that are Type is

from

three

different i and Type C Cell :B,

identified

fabricated A, two of at

in C e l l

A product of

is a s s e m b l e d Component Type

from C.

Component at

Component $2, and

and four % at S3. Operation As facility schedule unctiom For tions

added

SI~ ~

added

is a d d e d

is

the

case is

with

"pull is

system" the last

production assembly system

control, state (S3). out

the

only

prod~uction

that is for an

scheduled at S3,

Once

a production control

received the

the

Kanhas

ca{xies

the

production

entire

system. to c o m m e n c e at any stage, the following two condi-

assembly be met.

operation

must I) 2)

A finished Parts added must on

subassembly be available,

must

be at

a preceding

assembly

stage. ready to be

in a s s e m b l y from

requirement stage.

quantity~

to a s u b a s s e m b l y are met,

a precedi,g

When

these

two

conditions

assembly

operation

commences

at

a succeedLng

stage. Since tially, aa a product assembly rate The times Component requires rate of one of the three of two part types per of B, is that unit and set are fabricated mnst units the sequen&o

one

unit of A,

product units

time four to b e

correspond of sum B~ C, of per the

a fabrication

unit

unit t i m e .
fabriction units of

corresponding for C. one In unit this

assembly of

cycle A,

time two

Component

units

of Component inventory

ar~/] ~ a u r

study,

Work-in-Process

(WIP)

is m e a s u r e d

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PRODUCTION

AND

PROOE~iUNREL~A~ILIT~

241

i~ A s s e m b l y unit

Units

(AU) . i.e.,

One

(i) AU c o r r e p o n d s

to p a r t

requirements

'for one

(i)

of p r ~ . u c t ;

1 AU E iA + 2B + ~C~E In the K a n b a n through system

.one unit

of p r o d u c t . upstream inventory is p u l l e d

of p r o d u c t i o n processes

control,

the m a n u f a c t u r i n g JITMPS

by d o w n s t r e a m

inventory.

To b e o p e r a t i o n a l , level W I P to a s i n g l e system inven-

a Kanban-linked inventory. unit will

requires product

a sys~tem-wide a l l o c a t i o n line, part WIP inventories inventory

of a m i n i m u m

In a s i n g l e

corresponding

of p r o d u c t

constitute

the m i n i m u m inventory

level.

The K a n b a n

not f u n c t i o n

without WIP

at e a c h s t o c k p o i n t .

This minimum Hence,

tory level regard

is an e l e m e n t

of the K a n b a n - L i ~ k e d model, with

U I T M P S ~structure. statement

with

te the h y p o t h e t i c a l JITMPS

the f o l l o w i n g component

is a p p r o p r i a t e . to one (I)

A Kanhan-linked unit of p r o d u c t

inventories

corresponding

at each

stock point

is a ~ z e r o - i n v e n t o r y Dr m i n i m u m

inventory

production

system. model, zero Types inventory corresponds to the al~location of part of

In the h y p o t h e t i c a l three c a r t s tories each each

for c o m p o n e n t of A,

A, B and C, w i t h four units

a capacity of C,

invenat

of one unit

two u n i t s "Zero

of B and

respectively, with "lotless

inventory

stock

point.

inventory"

is s y n o n y m o u s

production"

[5].

Specification Failure ~3 0.2 (Figure

of M o d e l ~a~ramete~s probability parameters For for P r o c e s s Process 1 and a s s e m b l y ~ t a g e s probabilities with Si, S2 and

i) are set

to zero. ~he cycle

2, f a i l u r e (Td)

(p) of ~.i, each failure

and 0 . 3 are cons~i~ered~.. (one p r o d u c t

c:ell d o w n t i m e time).

associated

is 36 m i n u t e s

It is a s s u m e d

dbat ~ r o c e s

fa:~lure o c c u r s

o n l y once .duling the f a b r i c a t i o n P r o c e s s :cycle t i m e Td p WIP Random 27 m o d e l inventory

of a c o m p o n e n t . per per

Specifically, unit

= 36 min. = 36 min. = (0.1,

assembly failure, 0.3) 15, 10,

0.2,

:= (0, 5, 10, 2 render

15,

30)

AU
~A t ~ t a l

failures

of P r o c e s s

the J I T M P S

mode'l ~toch~s~kc~. of levels

of

configurations and WIP

representing were

specific

combinations

of process Each m o d e l ~adh design

reliability

inventory

used

in the simulat~ion e x p e r i m e n t . ~n~ replicated ~ Thus t~ime~..

conEigur~tio~ replication constitutes

was run

500Z simulated, m i n u t e s

yielded

an a v e r a g e

of 7 2 <Observations. design.

the e x p e r i m e n t a l factor

a two-factor

factorial

The ~WIP i n v e n t o r y

is at s e v e n

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levels levels

(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, (0.9, a) b) c) 0.8, Cell Cell 0.7)

30 AOs)

and the reliability factor cycle. Performance measures

is at three used are:

per 36-minute

1 utilization 3 utilization cycle time

(pl), (p3), (Tc). on the analysis Model adequacy of variance checks (fixed ef-

Product

The statistical fects model plots

analyses

are based

- two-way classification). tests) showed

(normal p r o b a b i l i t y

and h o m o s c e d a s t i c i t y with mean

that the residuals

are normally dis-

tributed

zero and common

variance.

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

AND ANALYSES

EFFECT OF WIP Table

INVENTORY

LEVEL ON AVERAGE for a given

PRODUCT CYCLE

TIME T c is a nonincreas(see Figure 2).

1 reveals of WIP

that,

level of reliability, the curve

ing function When the WIP

inventory. level

Consider

for R = 0.8

inventory

is lowered

to 15 AU, T c jumps 15 AU (20, 25,

from 72.65

to 78.95

minutes. remains lowering problems

For WIP unchanged of WIP

inventory

levels beyond

30),

the value of T

c the

at 72.65 minutes.

The jumps

in T c that are associated of process

with

inventory

can be equated hidden

to the exposing inventory.

reliability

that are effectively

by WIP

Table

Product Cycle Time in Minutes Work-In-Process Reliability R = 1.0 R = 0.9 R = 0.8

R = 0.7

Inventory 20 36 57.14 72.65 87.48 25 36 30 36

0 36 60.94 84.70

5 36 57.14 78.95

i0 36 57.14 78.95 93.46

15 36 57.14 72.65 93.46

57.14 57.14 72.65 72.65 87.48 87.48 as R is lowered below, with an exthe 2,

I[05.59 I00.~i

The large

increase

in T c from 36 minutes the reader.

to 84.70 minutes as discussed

from 1.0 to 0.8 may surprise amination stochastic justified of the component processes

However,

requirement

for assembly

in conjunction

that result large

from failure increase

probability

of 0.2 for Process time, T c.

the corresponding

in product

cycle

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PRODUCTION

AND PROCESS

UNRELIABILITY

243

105.59

I00.01

93.46 87.48 85.56 84.70 I R = 0.7

L
Rffi0.8

%
78.95
E

72.65

60.94 -. R = 0.9 57.14

Ideal T

R=

1.0

36.0 O. 0---[0

WIP Inventory in A s s e m b l y Units Figure 2 . Effect of Process Reliability and WIP Inventory on Product Cycle Time

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To a s s e m b l e fabricate

one-.uni~t of "product

eveny, 366 m~ute~s~,, t h e ~preced-i~ng c e l l s

must B

seven. (7,)~ eom~pD~nents': of C o m p o n e n t C,

1 un~.t off Chmpor~ent ~A., 2 ~units of~ Cbmpen'ent .If R r o c e s ~ cy~clie~ t i m e 2_ 9aiil, o n c e s

and 4 units during

in:.exac~l~y 36 minutes.. f~l~i~a~tion

component

fab~rica~i~n;, ~the a c ~ u a ~

is len~the%ne~ ,13,y.

36 m/ilnu~s~ (~T[d))., Two,, ~t~ree,, etc..., ~process seven tion components cyc'le ~t~mes w o u l d .result

f_ai,lu~..u~during '~.ro-d,uc.cri~n,o ~ - t h e s e lerrg~hening of a c t u a l -fabrica-

in a co~Tre.sponding

by 76..,..I~12, e tc%. minutTes~., the fabricat'ion process

Basedi on t h e

assumption

of o n e

process

failu.r~e~dhring and

off a component~,

t h e :pr.o'b~ab~:li1~y o f . e a a c t l y :fabribs~ti~)n o f distribut.ibn, the- sev.en~ i.e.,

x process~ failures components

(7-x)

~ne'nfailures d u r i n g

can be cacula~ed,

(~m~.d~l:e~]),b Z rising .binomial fa~ilu~es)

P ,(off e.xaCtly~ x m a c h i n e

Table of pzocess

2_ gi~ve, s ~ne ,theoz.,et-kca.,l: ~'is~n$~u.~ci~on ~fai'lures and correspo'nding

a:s:s_ocia.t~d: .wi~t~~ t h e , o c c u r r e n c e s '

cycle times in Cell 2.

act~a-l" f~br!i~e~tion

Table Eail.uKe D i s t r i b u t i o n

and Corresponding

X P'(N = x)

-4

!5

-6

__

TF

36 1

76

II'~ ~ 148',! 18~ ~ 2 2 0

256 I 292 ,

The

resul~ting avemage E [ T F]

fabriica%i~owcye%/e-.t~ime, l.s.:. = 88.84.

Note and 0)., the

the c l o s e n e s s : of t h e

88.84-minu,d~

theoretical

fabr:i~ation _Z,~ ~R =

cycle

time =

84!.30~mi~nute .empi~rilcal produc.~_ c y c l e

,t;/Tme (:see T a b l e

0.8, W I P

Besi~]es_ verii~yi!~ ~ h e

seeming~l,~ , ~n~Idina~ce

i~.n,crease, thi-s ~er~:~.a~ti.on .(of

average system failure

fahr;ication ,cycle ~t:ime .fox ~Pzseess [~)~ i:l~ik~s~t.r~a~es~a, ~e~y~ ~i~mportant K a n b a n function. free, can Cell 1 (fabrication under the cell) and Cell cycle 3 (assembly ce'll)~, b e i n s per w~de, AU. as

operate

theoretical

,time o ~

3~ m i n u t e s

However,. t h e K a n D a n dictated Two the by

.s~st.~m i m p o s e s

.-a~c~e~e~ ~i~Ime-.Of:~ . 7 1 f l b ,mi~r~u,t~s. s y s t e m

t h e .slowes~t J~ITMP.S c e l l . o~ the p r a c t i c a T limit of WIP-ir~%aced T c reducti;ons in

aspects are:

JITMPS

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3UST-IN-TIME 1. For a given beyond in T 2. C .

PRODUCTION

AND P R O C E S S

UNRELIABILITY
the W I P inventory decreases

245

!eve1 of reliability, level does

R, i n c r e a s i n g

a certain

not result

in c o r r e s p o n d i n g

For two different corresponding

levels

of process cycle

reliability, times cannot

the g a p b e t w e e n be c l o s e d by in-

average

product

jecting more WIP These observed tion control.

inventory

i n t o the s y s t e m . a r e d u e to " p u l l s y s t e m " produc-

system characteristics

This phenomenon

is f u r t h e r a n a l y z e d

in t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .

EFFECTS OF PROCESS

RELIABILITY factors

AND WIP

INVENTORY 3 reflect

ON S Y S T E M U T I L I Z A T I O N actual differences in cell 2) and W I P

The utilization utilization inventory.

in T a b l e

induced by various Figure

l e v e l s of p r o c e s s

reliability

(Process Table 3.

3 is

corresponding

p l o t of the d a t a

i.

Table 3 Cell Utilization Factors

WIP Inventory + Cell 1

0
1.0

5 1.0 1.0 .60

10 1.0 1.0 .60

15 1.0 1.0 .60

.62

20 1.0 1.0 .60

.62 .42

25 1.0 i.0 .60

.62 .42 .50 34

30 1.0 1.0 .60

.62 .42 .50 .34 .42

R=

1.0
Cell

I.Q
.60 .60 .42

Cell 1 R=0.9 Cell

.62 .42

.62 .42

Cell 1 R=0.8 Cell 3 Cell R= 0.7 Cell 3 1

.42

.42
.34
.34

.45
.34 .35

.45
.34 .38

.47
34
.40
'

.50
.34
.40

40

The

following

JITMPS model behavior

are r e v e a l e d :

I.

Cell

utilization

decreases

rapidly

as the r e l i a b i l i t y

level d e c r e a s e s . -- r e f e r to

A 10% d e c r e a s e

in R c a u s e s

a 40% d e c r e a s e (Table 3).

in u t i l i z a t i o n

R = I.@ and R = 0.9 a n d ~ A ~ 2. Utilization system. 3. Utilization increases. increasing (Table 3). factors A 23.5% WIP for C e l l increase of C e l l

I is i n d e p e n d e n t

of the W I F

inventory

level

in the

3 improve

somewhat

as W I P

inventory is o b t a i n e d by 3

in u t i l i z a t i o n (0 to 30)

{34 to 42) -- r e f e r

inventory

by 600%

to R = 0.7,

Cell

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1.0

R=I.0

Cell 3 KEY: Cell I

o
Iq -4 -,~

R=0.9

0;60

R_ = 0_.9_

0.50
0.47 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.38

R = 0.8~

r
R=0.8

----_
R=0.71
[

J
1"0 15

0.34 0.0 0

R=

0.7

g
3.

20

2'5

30

Figure

Effect of WIP Inventory and Process Reliability on Cell(s) Utilization

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247

Item 1 is a general verification of the effect of decreased process reliability on system downtime. As process reliability decreases, total cell

downtime increases, thus causing lower cell utilization. Item 2, however, illustrates a corollary of the central essence of "pull Process 2 failure and downtime (Td) delay conveyance In turn, the corthus, preventing Cell

system" production control.

Kanban movement to the output stock point of Cell 1 (OSPi). responding production Kanban movement to Cell 1 is delayed, 1 from further production. Cell 1 utilization factors

(see Figure 2) are insen-

sitive to WIP inventory increases.

Therefore, given a succeeding cell that is

subject to random failures, the production rate in a preceding cell depends on production Kanban availability, not on input WIP inventory availability. Item 3 points out that WIP inventory has a different effect on the utilization of Cell 3. Upon arrival of a conveyance Kanban at the output stock point of

Cell 2 (OSP2), components are moved to the input stock point of the assembly cell (ISPA). Simultaneously, a corresponding production Kanban is dispatched Process 2. to

If Process 2 is down, subsequent production Kanbans are queued at the Thus, as long as components are available at Therefore, the observed WIP de-

input stock point of Cell 2(ISP2).

ISPA, the assembly cell production continues. pendent decreases in product cycle time

(Section 3.1, Figure I) are due to Based on that empirical the following inference is

increases in the production rate of the assembly cell. observation of WIP inventory and process reliability, presented.

Given a process subject to random failures, WIP inventory does not effect production rate increases in preceding cells. does effect production rate increases On the other hand, WIP inventory

in succeeding cells.

A 0.2 unreliability value for Process 2 (see Figure 2, R = 0.8, WIP = 0 AU) results in a 0.42 system utilization. This implies a 0.42 probability of producHence, a 0.2

ing an assembled product within the specified 36-minute cycle time. process unreliability However,

(Process 2) resulted in a 0.58 system unreliability. increase (decrease) as

the gap in process and system unreliability will (decreases).

T d increases unreliability operation

This large difference between system and process

is attributable to the component requirements of the assembly fabrication and subsequent product assembly

in a multicomponent

environment.

Annual Simulation Symposium.

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248 Also, clusively the research findings

LULU reported

and analyzed

in this chapter

con-

show that ~IP inventory This leaves

has minimal

impact on system

utilization of process failures factors

improvements.

the m i n i m i z a t i o n

of the likelihood as decisive

(preventive maintenance) in assuring higher

and process

downtime

andsignificant

system utilization.

CONCLUSION If an individual inventory process effect process is subject to random rates. failure, increases in WIP level of in WIP

increases

in production

However, beyond

for a given which

unreliability,

a practical

threshold

exists

increases rates. in product

inventory do not result

in corresponding gains

increases

in production (decreases

WIP inventory-induced time) in the JITMPS

in production

rates

cycle MPS

ar not as significant under "push

as may be envisioned production

in traditional The Kanban a

that essentially system process tion

operate

system"

control.

automatically that

prevents

production

in upstream

processes

preceding

is idled by failure. processes,

On the other hand,

it does not prevent

produc-

in downstream

if these processes

are not starved.

Observed inventory in

increases

in the system's processes.

production

rate are due to the role of WIP

the d o w n s t r e a m

In a m u l t i c o m p o n e n t tively lower level

fabrication

and product

assembly

environment,

a rela-

of fabrication

process

unreliability

results

in a pronounced the JITMPS not

level of lowered production

system

utilization.

The principal

factors

enhancing

rate are minimized of WIP

process downtime

and preventive

maintenance,

the injection

inventory.

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JUST-IN-TIME P R O D U C T I O N AND PROCESS U N R E L I A B I L I T Y

249

REFERENCES I. Kim, T. M., "Just-In-Time Manufacturing System: A Periodic Pull System,"

International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 23, No.3, March 1985, pp.
553-562. 2. Kimora, O., and Terada, H., "Design and Analysis of Pull System," International Journal of Production Research, Vol. pp. 241-253. 3. Monden, Y., "Adoptive Kanban System Helps Toyota Maintain Just-in-Time Production," Industrial En@ineerin@, Vol. 4. 13, No. 5 (Hay 1981), pp. 29-46. State 19, No. 3 (March 1981),

Pegden, C. D., Introduction to SIMAN, Systems Modeling Corporation, College, PA, 1982.

5.

Schonberger, R. J., Japanese Manufacturing Techniques. 1982.

The Free Press,N. Y.,

6.

Schonberger, R. J., "Integration of Cellular Manufacturing and Just-in-Time Production, N Industrial En@ineering, Vol. 15, No. ii (Nov. 1983), pp. 66-71.

7.

Sugimori, Y., "Toyota Production System and Kanban System," Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Production Research, August 1977, pp. 185-196.

Annual Simulation Symposium