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The hundred years war and the rise of national sentiment o The cause of war The war began in May 1337 and lasted until October of 1453 King Edward III may have begun the war by asserting claim to the French throne England and France were both emergent powers within close proximity Edward was a vassal of the French king holding several fiefs in French territory There was also quarrel over the size of Flanders o The French weakness France should have been the stronger country, having more people and money, but was losing the war for most of its progress They were set back by disunity amongst the people French kings raised money for war efforts by creating the estate general and levied taxes causing backlash from the peasants The British government was superior to Frances and more advanced o Progress of the war The war was divided into three sections The conflict during the reign of Edward III Edward embargoed English Wool to Flanders sparking rebellion by those dependent of the wools o The people of Flanders signed an alliance with England in 1340 On June 23, 1340 Edward III defeated France at the Bay of Sluys during the first battle of the war In 1346 Edward attacked Normany and after a series of battles leading to Battle of Crecy seized Calais The war took a lull after 1347 the black death In 1356 the English won their biggest victory, and took John II captive back to France o French power now layed with the estate general under the leadership Etienne Marcel Unlike the English parliament who had the best interest in mind for the majority, it was usually very divided o The French peasant class had a revolt known as Jacquerie in 1358 The revolt was quickly put down by the nobility class May 9, 1360 The English forced the Peace of Bretiginy, an agreement that ended Edward vassalage, affirmed his sovereignty over English territories in France, and the French agreed to pay 3 million crowns in return for John II o French Defeat and treaty of Troyes The English war efforts were lessened due to an English revolt similar to Jacquerie during the reign of Richard II in 1381

The war intensified during the reign of Henry V, who took advantage of French turmoil created by the rise of duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Burgundy realizing that French defeat would make them easy prey decided to form close ranks between them The unity was helpful to the French while it lasted, but was shattered in September 1419 when the duke of Burgundy was assassinated In 1420 the Treaty of Troyes disinherited the legitimate heir to the throne and proclaimed Henry V as king of France When henry V died just a few months within Charles it left Henry VI in charge of both Thrones and the child of Charles VI went into retreat o Joan of Arc and the conclusion of the war Joan of Arc came to Charles VII and told him God had sent her to retrieve the besieged Orleans Circumstances worked in the advantage of Joan when she faced an exhausted English army, with a fresh French army and was able to take back Orleans Charles forgot his liberator when she was put to trial by the British and sentenced to death 25 years after her original trial Charles reopened the trial and declared her not guilty of all charges The Black Death Preconditions and causes Between 1100 and 1300 the population of Europe doubles in size Between 1315 and 1317 crop failure led to wide spread famine These things along with economic depression left the people weak and vulnerable to attack The plague came through rats from the black sea, and could spread through air once contacted by a person By 1348 the plague became really widespread Bubonic plague made numerous reappearance in succeeding decades and decimated two fifths of the European population Popular remedies People believed that by wearing fragrances around their neck they could wear off the sickness Popular wisdom held that corruption had caused the outbreak Flagellants beat themselves in a ritual for penance Many people used the Jews as escape goats and held pogroms in many towns in which they would have mass genocide of sorts

Social and Economic Consequences The Black Death left a shrunken labor supply, and a decline in the nobility estate value Farms Decline As farm laborers decreased, their wages increased along with the wages of the artisans due to a higher demand of luxury goods The nobility lost the most from the ordeal because they had to pay higher prices for finish products Peasant revolts The upper class passed laws to for the peasants to stay in the farms and froze their wages at low levels In France there was a direct tax on the peasants known as the taille In 1351 thee English parliament passed a statute of laborers which limited wages to preplague levels Medieval medicine o o o There was a major desperation amongst people The sickness caused many side effects There was human examination of blood, urine, and auroscope

What kind of medicine was found in a medieval market place? How did the four humors determine condition? The medicine was usually home remedies such as herbs and aromatherapy. Sickness resulted from an imbalance in the four humors Cities rebound Cities began to create legislation to include the surrounding areas The second half of the 14th century saw a great demand for luxury goods People came from rural areas to be trained as artisans as they saw a great rise in wages for artisans There was also a gain as well as a loss for the church It lost a great amount of land, and political power but received new revenues from the large demand for church service through funerals 1. What did the people do to escape the plague? 2. Was any of it sound medical practice? 3 .What does the study of calamities like the Black Death tell us about people of the past? People used different home remedies, such as wearing large beak like mask filled with incense to avoid breathing the sickness. Others went to church and ask for repentance for their sins because they believed God was punishing them. The more extreme people believed that they should whip o

themselves and punish themselves, they were called flagellants. There wasnt any sound behind their decisions or medical progresses. The reaction showed us that people of the time didnt have advanced medical science and could not understand the disease. New Conflicts and opportunities The increase in importance of a skilled laborer brought more power to local artisans and the trade guild grew rapidly The merchant and patrician class found it increasingly harder to maintain their traditional dominance As guilds won political power they made restrictive legislation to protect local industries Kings took advantage of tensions to centralize government and economies The church suffered as many clergy men passed away from caring for the sickly Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The late Medieval Church The thirteenth century papacy As early as the reign of Innocent III there was ominous developments Innocent elaborated on the plenitude of power, on had declared saints, disposed of benefices, and created a centralized papal monarchy Under Urban IV the papacy established its own court of law There were clerical taxes originally implemented to raise emergency funds for the crusades Political Fragmentation The church began to lose its power due to internal conflict and found itself not being able to be the main resistance to the Italian emperor The church became heavily mixed in politics and many found corruption within the church hard to get rid of Boniface VII and Philip the fair Boniface came to rule when England and france were maturing as nation states

Edward I, Henry III and parliament along with a parliament a system of government in England while Philip the fair did the same and France and had intentions to destroy England The royal challenge to the papal authority As both countries mobilized for war they used the pretext of preparing for a crusade to heavily tax the clergy Boniface refused to pay the tax because Innocent III declaration that no taxes could be implement on the clergy without prior consent Phillip the fair struck back in August 26 1296 by forbidding the exportation of currency from France to Rome Innocent gave in and allowed France to tax the clergy under emergency situations Innocent was also under siege by powerful Italian enemies Boniface had better luck during jubilee year were millions of pilgrims traveled to Rome He once again confronted the King of France when he arrested Saisset, his Parisian Legate, and found him guilty of heresy Philip declared that Boniface must accept the judgment and by doing so lose his jurisdiction Boniface refused and called off all previous agreements with Philip Unam Sanctam (1302) Philip released a ruthless anti-papal campaign Boniface made his last stand when he issued the bull Unam Sanctam Philips army surprised the pope on his retreat and beat him nearly to death After Bonifaces humiliation popes never argued with the crown again

The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377) Avignon papacy was under strong French influence for most of its tenure The papacy expanded taxes especially annates, or benefice They also began the practice indulgences or pardons for sins Pope John XXII Tried to restore papal independence and return to Italy Led him to a costly war with ruling family of Milam and a contest with Louis IV John had questioned Louis IVs election as emperor without legal justification Defender of the peace, a pamphlet cried out against the churchs as practices of buying spots in heaven As the church grew more concerned with money it lost confidence National Opposition to Avignon Papacy Charles VII published Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges allowing the French government to appoint their own clergy without the churchs approval Does Marsiliuss argument, if accepted, destroy the worldly authority of the church? Why was his teaching condemned as heretical? It does not destroy the worldly authority of church because it still gives them the allowance to preach and give the holy word of God. It was heretical because it took power away from the Catholic Church and it opposed the current believe that people could buy their way into heaven. John Wycliffe and John Huss Wycliffe and the Lollards Wycliffe was an oxford theologian and philosopher He became a spokesman for the rights of royalty against the secular pretensions of popes After 1350 the English kings greatly reduced the power of the Avignon a position Wycliffe strongly supported Wycliffe maintained that personal merit was the only basis of religious authority

Lollards originally came from every social status and practiced thee scriptures of the bible John Huss His followers believed in the vernacular translation of the bible but were critical of traditional ceremonies and allegedly superstitious practices Huss was a follower of Wycliffe and read his teachings Huss was sentenced to death at the stake on July 6th 1415 After a decade of protest the Hussites won significant religious reforms and control over the Bohemian church from the Council of Basel The great Schism and the Conciliar Movement Urban VI and Clement VII Urban VI announced his intention to reform Curia This was an unexpected challenge to the cardinals, most of which were French, so they responded by calling the papacy back to Avignon The French king Charles V who wanted to keep the papacy within French influence lent his support to the Schism On Sept 20, 1378, thirteen cardinals formed their own conclave and elected pope Clement VII as pope The council of Pisa (1409-1410) Cardinals representing both popes convened a council on their own authority in Pisa in 1409 and deposed both the popes and elected pope Alexander V as pope but the others refused to step down The council of Constance Another council was called to Constance Elected a new pope after the three other contenders had stepped down or been deposed The council was to see each other every few years The council of Basel (1431-1449) Negotiated church doctrine with heretics

In 1432 the Hussites of Bohemia presented the four articles of Prague 1. 2. 3. 4. Giving the laity the Eucharist with a cup as well as bread Free, itinerant preaching Exclusion of the clergy from holding secular office Just punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins

The council agreed to three of the four articles (1,2,4)

Medieval Russia Politics and society After the death of yaroslav the wise Russias people divided into three sections The Great Russians , the White Russians, the Little Russians Government was a mix of a democracy, a monarchy, and an aristocracy The biggest social divided was between freemen and slaves, slaves including clergy, army officers, boyars, townspeople, and peasants, were often prisoners of wars Mongol Rule In 1223 the Mongols invaded Russia and Kiev fell in 1240 Liberation The prince of Moscow actually helped collect the taxes and grew wealthy under the Mongols Prince Dimitri defeated the tartar