Assignment 1st - 566 - Computer Application

Department of Business Administration
Block No. 13, Sector H-8, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Computer Application (566)

Assignment No. 01
Submitted to:
Mrs. Sana Akbar Khan
Block No. 13, Department of MBA AIOU, ISLAMABAD (051-905 7141)
Submitted by:
Muhammad Hammad Manzoor MBA (HRM) 2nd Semester
Roll No. 508195394 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC) Block 08, Clifton, KARACHI (0321-584 2326, 0322-555 5901)
Computer Application (566) Question No: 01 (a) What are the various types of computers? Differentiate each type.
Answer) Computer
An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program. Classification of Computers Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog, digital and hybrid computers. Operational Principle 1. Analog 2. Digital 3. Hybrid Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy. Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are suitable for complex computation and have higher processing speeds. Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones. This was the classification of computers based on their style of functioning. Following is a classification of the different types of computers based on their sizes and processing powers. Processing Power 1. Mainframe 2. Microcomputers
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)

Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines. They can substitute for several small servers. Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes do. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called personal computers. Personal computers come in different forms such as desktops, laptops and personal digital assistants. Let us look at each of these Personal Computers types of computers. 1. Desktop 2. Laptop 3. Notebook 4. PDA 5. Minicomputer 6. Server 7. Supercomputer 8. Wearable Computer 9. Tablet Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a desktop computer are readily available at relatively lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily use in the workplace and households. Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries. They are enabled with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display. Notebooks: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively smaller in size. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to regular laptops, at the time they came into the market. But with passing time, notebooks too began featuring almost everything that notebooks had. By the end of 2008, notebooks had begun to overtake notebooks in terms of market share and sales. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.
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Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. Servers: They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a computer network. They have larger storage capacities and powerful processors. Running on them are programs that serve client requests and allocate resources like memory and time to client machines. Usually they are very large in size, as they have large processors and many hard drives. They are designed to be fail-safe and resistant to crash. Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers. Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users' hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers do not have to be turned on and off and remain in operation without user intervention. Tablet Computers: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They use the touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a stylus or a digital pen. Apple's iPad redefined the class of tablet computers.
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Computer Application (566) Question No: 01 (b) How Windows Vista is different from previous versions of Windows? Explain in detail. Answer)
A HISTORY OF WINDOWS 19751981: Microsoft boots up
Getting started: Microsoft co-founders Paul Allen (left) and Bill Gates
Its the 1970s. At work, we rely on typewriters. If we need to copy a document, we likely use a mimeograph or carbon paper. Few have heard of microcomputers, but two young computer enthusiasts, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, see that personal computing is a path to the future. In 1975, Gates and Allen form a partnership called Microsoft. Like most startups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge visiona computer on every desktop and in every home. During the next years, Microsoft begins to change the ways we work. Microsoft focused on a new operating systemthe software that manages, or runs, the computer hardware and also serves to bridge the gap between the computer hardware and programs, such as a word processor. Its the foundation on which computer programs can run. They name their new operating system "MS-DOS."
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19821985: Introducing Windows 1.0

On November 20, 1985, two years after the initial announcement, Microsoft ships Windows 1.0. Now, rather than typing MS-DOS commands, you just move a mouse to point and click your way through screens, or windows.
19871992: Windows 2.02.11More more speed
windows,
On December 9, 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and expanded memory. Windows 2.0 is designed for the Intel 286 processor. When the Intel 386 processor is released, Windows/386 soon follows to take advantage of its extended memory capabilities. Subsequent Windows releases continue to improve the speed, reliability, and usability of the PC.
19901994: Windows 3.0Windows NTGetting the graphics

The popularity of Windows 3.0 grows with the release of a new Windows software development kit (SDK), which helps software developers focus more on writing programs and less on writing device drivers.
Windows NT When Windows NT releases on July 27, 1993, Microsoft meets an important milestone: the completion of a project begun in the late 1980s to build an advanced new operating system from scratch. "Windows NT represents nothing less than a fundamental change in the way that companies can address their business computing requirements," Bill Gates says at its release.
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19952001: Windows 95the PC comes (and don't forget the Internet)
of
age
This is the era of fax/modems, e-mail, the new online world, and dazzling multimedia games and educational software. Windows 95 has built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that make it easy to install hardware and software. The 32-bit operating system also offers enhanced multimedia capabilities, more powerful features for mobile computing, and integrated networking. Catching the Internet wave In the early 1990s, tech insiders are talking about the Interneta network of networks that has the power to connect computers all over the world. In 1995, Bill Gates delivers a memo titled The Internet Tidal Wave, and declares the Internet as the most important development since the advent of the PC.
19982000: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me
Released on June 25, 1998, Windows 98 is the first version of Windows designed specifically for consumers. PCs are common at work and home, and Internet cafes where you can get online are popping up.
Windows Me
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Designed for home computer use, Windows Me offers numerous music, video, and home networking enhancements and reliability improvements compared to previous versions. Windows 2000 Professional Among other improvements, Windows 2000 Professional simplifies hardware installation by adding support for a wide variety of new Plug and Play hardware, including advanced networking and wireless products, USB devices, IEEE 1394 devices, and infrared devices.
20012005: Windows XPStable, usable, and fast

Windows XP Professional brings the solid foundation of Windows 2000 to the PC desktop, enhancing reliability, security, and performance. With a fresh visual design, Windows XP Professional includes features for business and advanced home computing, including remote desktop support, an encrypting file system, and system restore and advanced networking features
20062008: Windows VistaSmart on security
Windows Vista is released in 2006 with the strongest security system yet. User Account Control helps prevent potentially harmful software from making changes to your computer. In Windows Vista Ultimate, BitLocker Drive Encryption provides better data protection for your computer, as laptop sales and security needs increase. Windows Vista also features enhancements to Windows Media Player as more and more people come to see their PCs as central locations for digital media. Here you can watch television, view and send photographs, and edit videos.
New or changed features Instant Search (also known as search as you type) : Windows Vista features a new way of searching called Instant Search, which is significantly faster and more in-depth (content-based) than the search features found in any of the previous versions of Windows.
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Windows Sidebar: A transparent panel anchored to the side of the screen where a user can place Desktop Gadgets, which are small applets designed for a specialized purpose (such as displaying the weather or sports scores). Gadgets can also be placed on other parts of the desktop. Windows Internet Explorer 7: New user interface, tabbed browsing, RSS, a search box, improved printing, Page Zoom, Quick Tabs (thumbnails of all open tabs), Anti-Phishing filter, a number of new security protection features, Internationalized Domain Name support (IDN), and improved web standards support. IE7 in Windows Vista runs in isolation from other applications in the operating system (protected mode); exploits and malicious software are restricted from writing to any location beyond Temporary Internet Files without explicit user consent.
Windows Media Player 11
Windows Media Player 11, a major revamp of Microsoft's program for playing and organizing music and video. New features in this version include word wheeling (incremental search or "search as you type"), a new GUI for the media library, photo display and organization, the ability to share music libraries over a network with other Windows Vista machines, Xbox 360integration, and support for other Media Center Extenders. Backup and Restore Center: Includes a backup and restore application that gives users the ability to schedule periodic backups of files on their computer, as well as recovery from previous backups. Backups are incremental, storing only the changes each time, minimizing disk usage. It also features Complete PC Backup (available only in the Ultimate, Business, and Enterprise versions), which backs up an entire computer as an image onto a hard disk or DVD. Complete PC Backup can automatically recreate a machine setup onto new hardware or hard disk in case of any hardware failures. Complete PC Restore can be initiated from within Windows Vista or from the Windows Vista installation CD in the event the PC is so corrupt that it cannot start up normally from the hard disk. Windows Mail: A replacement for Outlook Express that includes a new mail store that improves stability, and features integrated Instant Search. It has the Phishing Filter like IE7 and Junk mail filtering that is enhanced through regular updates via Windows Update.
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Windows Calendar is a new calendar and task application. Windows Photo Gallery, a photo and movie library management application. It can import from digital cameras, tag and rate individual items, adjust colors and exposure, create and display slideshows (with pan and fade effects) and burn slideshows to DVD. Windows DVD Maker, a companion program to Windows Movie Maker that provides the ability to create video DVDs based on a user's content. Users can design a DVD with title, menu, video, soundtrack, pan and zoom motion effects on pictures or slides. Windows Media Center, which was previously exclusively bundled in a separate version of Windows XP, known as Windows XP Media Center Edition, has been incorporated into the Home Premium and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista. Games and Games Explorer: Games included with Windows have been modified to showcase Vista's graphics capabilities. New games are Chess Titans (3D Chess game), Mahjong Titans (3D Mahjong game) and Purble Place (A small collection of games, oriented towards younger children. Including: A matching game, a cake-creator game, and a dress-up puzzle game). A new Games Explorer special folder contains shortcuts and information to all games on the user's computer.
Windows Mobility Center.
Windows Mobility Center is a control panel that centralizes the most relevant information related to mobile computing (brightness, sound, battery level / power scheme selection, wireless network, screen orientation, presentation settings, etc.). Windows Meeting Space replaces NetMeeting. Users can share applications (or their entire desktop) with other users on the local network, or over the Internet using peer-to-peer technology (higher versions than Starter and Home Basic can take advantage of hosting capabilities, Starter and Home Basic editions are limited to "join" mode only) Shadow Copy automatically creates daily backup copies of files and folders. Users can also create "shadow copies" by setting a System Protection Point using the System Protection tab in the System control panel. The user can be presented multiple versions of a file throughout a limited history and be allowed to restore,
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delete, or copy those versions. This feature is available only in the Business, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista and is inherited from Windows Server 2003.
Windows Update with Windows Ultimate Extras
Windows Update: Software and security updates have been simplified, now operating solely via a control panel instead of as a web application. Windows Mail's spam filter and Windows Defender's definitions are updated automatically via Windows Update. Users who choose the recommended setting for Automatic Updates will have the latest drivers installed and available when they add a new device. Parental controls: Allows administrators to control which websites, programs and games each Limited user can use and install. This feature is not included in the Business or Enterprise editions of Vista. Windows SideShow: Enables the auxiliary displays on newer laptops or on supported Windows Mobile devices. It is meant to be used to display device gadgets while the computer is on or off. Speech recognition is integrated into Vista. It features a redesigned user interface and configurable command-and-control commands. Unlike the Office 2003 version, which works only in Office and WordPad, Speech Recognition in Windows Vista works for any accessible application. In addition, it currently supports several languages: British and American English, Spanish, French, German, Chinese (Traditional and Simplified) and Japanese. New fonts, including several designed for screen reading, and improved Chinese (Yahei, JhengHei), Japanese (Meiryo) and Korean (Malgun) fonts. Clear Type has also been enhanced and enabled by default. Improved audio controls allow the system-wide volume or volume of individual audio devices and even individual applications to be controlled separately. New audio functionalities such as Room Correction, Bass Management, Speaker Fill and Headphone virtualization have also been incorporated.
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Problem Reports and Solutions, a control panel that allows users to view previously sent problems and any solutions or additional information that is available. Windows System Assessment Tool is a tool used to benchmark system performance. Software such as games can retrieve this rating and modify its own behavior at runtime to improve performance. The benchmark tests CPU, RAM, 2D and 3-D graphics acceleration, graphics memory and hard disk space. Windows Ultimate Extras: The Ultimate edition of Windows Vista provides, via Windows Update, access to some additional features. These are a collection of additional MUI language packs, Texas Hold 'Em (a Poker game) and Microsoft Tinker (a strategy game where the character is a robot), BitLocker and EFS enhancements that allow users to back up their encryption key online in a Digital Locker, and Windows Dreamscene, which enables the use of videos in MPEG and WMV formats as the desktop background. On April 21, 2008, Microsoft launched two more Ultimate Extras; three new Windows sound schemes, and a content pack for Dreamscene. Various DreamScene Content Packs have been released since the final version of DreamScene was released. Reliability and Performance Monitor includes various tools for tuning and monitoring system performance and resources activities of CPU, disks, network, memory and other resources. It shows the operations on files, the opened connections, etc. Disk Management: The Logical Disk Manager in Windows Vista supports shrinking and expanding volumes on-the-fly. Windows Anytime Upgrade: is a program that allows a user to upgrade their computer running Vista to a higher edition. For example, a computer running Windows Vista Home Basic can be upgraded to Home Premium or better. The advantages of using Anytime Upgrade are that your programs and data aren't erased, it just installs the extra features of the edition you're upgrading to, and the price is less to upgrade than to replace your installation of windows with the edition you wish to upgrade to. Anytime Upgrade is no longer available for Vista.
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Computer Application (566) Question No: 2 (a)

i. ii.
Explain the following elements of Microsoft Word screen. Office button Ribbon Ruler Status bar Title bar View Options
iii. iv.
v.
vi.
Answer)
Microsoft Office Button

The Office Button replaces the File menu. The Office Button is located
in the upper-left corner of the following 2007 Microsoft Office system programs: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, and Outlook
After you click the Office Button , you can also see the new location where you can set your preferences. The Options command that was on the Tools menu has been moved to be under the Office Button . The new location for the Options command is in the lower-right corner under Word Options, Excel Options, Power Point Options, or Access Options. The following shows the location in Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
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Ribbon
The Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to complete a task. Commands are organized in logical groups, which are collected together under tabs. Each tab relates to a type of activity, such as writing or laying out a page. To reduce clutter, some tabs are shown only when needed. For example, the Picture Tools tab is shown only when a picture is selected.
Ruler
The horizontal and vertical rulers in Word are often used to align text, graphics, tables, and other elements in a document. To view the horizontal ruler across the top of your Word document and the vertical ruler along the left edge of your document, you must be in Print Layout view.
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The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of your window and provides such information as the current page and the number of words in your document. You can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an item means it is selected.
The Title Bar Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. The Title bar displays the title of the document on which you are currently working. Word names the first new document you open Document1. As you open additional new documents, Word names
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them sequentially. When you save your document, you assign the document a new name. View Options The Word 2007 View tab consists of five groups: Document Views Show/Hide Zoom Window Macros
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Computer Application (566) Question No: 2 (b) Describe the function of the following spelling and grammar dialog box buttons: i. Autocorrect ii. Change All iii. Ignore Rule iv. Add to Dictionary Answer)
CHECK SPELLING AND GRAMMAR Autocorrect in Microsoft Word Turn on the autocorrect feature in Microsoft Word. From the "Tools" menu, choose "Options." Then, select the "Spelling and Grammar" tab. Select "Check spelling as you type" in the spelling section of the tab. With this option checked, Microsoft Word now underlines any words that might be misspelled with a wavy red line. Right-click on words Microsoft Word points out as potentially misspelled. A menu drops down presenting you with several options of how to deal with the potential misspelling. Note the suggested replacements at the top of the drop down menu. These are the words in Microsoft Word's dictionary closely related to the underlined word. To replace the underlined word with one of the suggestions, left-click the correctly spelled word. Choose "Ignore All" if you want Microsoft Word to stop underlining a particular word. Microsoft Word won't underline this word in the rest of the document, but does underline it in future documents. Add the word to the dictionary if it is correctly spelled and you intend to use it again. Click "Add to Dictionary" and Microsoft Word recognizes it as a correctly spelled word in the future. Click "Autocorrect" and then the correctly spelled word from the menu to have word automatically correct the word in the future. In all future documents, if you make the same spelling mistake, Microsoft Word automatically changes the spelling instead of underlining the word. See and edit a list of your autocorrect words and other autocorrect options by choosing "Autocorrect Options" from the "Tools" menu. Change All
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Use the suggested word to change all instances of this word. Add to Dictionary Include words in the program's dictionary. Ignore rule This rule consists of two sub types. Ignore once Ignore the word once, but check it again. Ignore All Ignore word throughout the sheet.
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Computer Application (566) Question No: 3 (a) Using an example, explain how to create and format a table, convert text to a table, and then AutoFormat the table. Answer)
Create a table Microsoft Word offers a number of ways to make a table. The best way depends on how you like to work, and on how simple or complex the table needs to be. 1. Click where you want to create a table.
2. Click Insert Table
on the Standard toolbar. 3. Drag to select the number of rows and columns you want.
The Insert Table button on the standard toolbar gives you a quick way to add a table. You can also do any of the following: Use the Insert Table command Use this procedure to make choices about the table dimensions and format before the table is inserted into a document. 1. Click where you want to create a table.
2. On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table. 3. Under Table size, select the number of columns and rows.
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The dialog box method gives you a few extra options. We'll look at some of these later. There is a third way that you can create a table in Word as well: Draw it. Using the draw method. To use the drawing method, you need to enable the Tables And Borders toolbar by going to View | Toolbars | Tables and Borders.
Formatting your table Just like everything else in Word, your table can be formatted with different fonts, colors, line styles, and more. Changing the line weight, color, and style Most tables have some kind of grid. But in Word, you can keep the table and remove the grid, change the grid line style to some other type, and change the color of the lines altogether. On the toolbar, the four options to the right of the Eraser button handle the line styles in your table.
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In order, these four buttons control the line style, line weight/thickness, color, and borders. To make a change to borders, change these options using the down arrow next to each selection. For example, if you click the down arrow next to the Borders button, you get options shown in
After you decide on a line style, weight, and color, you can choose which borders you want to apply the new style to. below shows you an example of what different borders might look like in your table.
Change your line style, weight, and color to match your needs. Changing the alignment in each cell You can also change the position of the text in each individual cell in your table. In some cells, you might want the text centered both horizontally and vertically, while in another cell, you might want the text aligned at the bottom-right corner. This is where the cell alignment options come in
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The alignment options let you position text in your cell anywhere you like. Using this drop-down list, you can quickly change the position of text in your table. Take a look at Figure to see an example of what you can do. Figure M shows you all of the available alignment options.
This shows you each alignment option in action... along with a couple of unique border styles. Distribute rows and columns Are you a neat freak? Or do you just want to make sure that your table looks professional? One way you can do that is to make sure your rows and columns are sized appropriately. For example, if you're showing monthly budget information, your column widths for each month should look the same rather than being all different sizes. Take a look at Figure to see what I mean. It's actually easy to make your table look neat: Use the Distribute Rows evenly and Distribute Columns Evenly buttons on the toolbar
These buttons make it easy for you to make your rows and columns equal in width.
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Let's suppose you want to make your month columns equal in width. Select the columns with month headings and then click the Distribute Columns Evenly button (the second button). You can do the same thing for the rows using the Distribute Rows Evenly button. You can also manually change the width of a column or the height of a row . When you're in your table, take a look at both your horizontal and your vertical ruler bars. Each one is broken up with a control that just happens to be at the break point for each row and column.
The width and height controls provide you with a place to change how tall your rows are and how wide your columns appear. When you move your mouse over one of these controls, it changes into a line with two arrows signifying that if you click and drag the control, you can change the width of a column or height of a row. Convert text to a table
1. Insert separator characters such as commas or tabs to indicate where you
want to divide the text into columns. Use paragraph marks to indicate where you want to begin a new row. For example, in a list with two words on a line, insert a comma or a tab after the first word to create a two-column table. 2. Select the text that you want to convert.
3. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table, and then click Convert
Text to Table.
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4. In the Convert Text to Table dialog box, under Separate text at, click the
option for the separator character that is in your text.

5. In the Number of columns box, check the number of columns.
If you don't see the number of columns that you expect, you may be missing a separator character in one or more lines of text. 6. Select any other options that you want. AutoFormat One of Word's most useful table formatting features is AutoFormat, which lets you quickly apply a completely new look and feel to your table with just a couple of clicks. We'll use AutoFormat on the mini-budget table you saw earlier. To get to AutoFormat, either click the AutoFormat button on the Tables And Borders toolbar or choose Table | Table AutoFormat. Either way, you'll see the window shown in .
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From this window, you can peruse the multitude of styles provided by Word, make a modification to one of the templates, or even create your own style. The AutoFormat option allows you to specify which areas you will apply to your table. For example, if you don't have a header row on your table, you might now want to have the special boldfaced heading text, so you can deselect the Heading Rows option. Figure shows you the results of using AutoFormat on the mini-budget table.
AutoFormat applied a number of different styles to this table very quickly.
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Question No. 3 b) How to change one column of text to two columns, format both columns, and insert a column break? Explain.
Answer) Use Columns in Microsoft Word Give your business newsletters, manuals and brochures a designer look by arranging the text in them in a columnar layout. The shorter lines and punchier look of a twocolumn layout maximizes the use of space on the page and aids readability. Benefits of Using Columns When you lay out page text in columns you will generally fit a little more text on the page than if you laid it out so the lines stretch full width of the page. The shorter lines of text are also easier to read, as the reader's eye doesn't need to travel so far across the page before returning to read the next line of text. A document laid out in columns can look more approachable too, as there is white space within the page, which offers readers a place to rest their eyes.
Format Text in Columns

By: M. Hammad Manzoor, MBA HRM-II, 508, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton 08, . Karachi. (Roll No. 508195394)
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To format an entire document in columns, choose Format >Columns and select the number of columns to create. If you choose Two, the document will be laid out in two equal size columns arranged between the current page margins. In most cases, you wont format the entire document in columns, just part of it, such as everything below the heading and introductory paragraph. To do this select only the text you want to place in columns and choose Format > Columns. Select the number of columns two is a good choice for a standard letter size page. The Apply To dropdown list will show Selected Text indicating that only the text you have selected will convert to columns. To add a line between the columns check the Line Between checkbox and click OK. The text in the columns will snake around the page similar to print in a newspaper. It will fill the first column on the page and then the second column. If you have more text than can fit on a single page it will scroll over to the first column on the next page and so on. Managing the Last Page If you have a long document formatted into columns, you may find that the last page is unbalanced, and that the text fills only part of one column. If you prefer the columns to be even, click after the last piece of text on the page and choose Insert > Break, and from the Section Break options choose Continuous and click OK. This evens out the text dividing it evenly to fill the two columns on the page.
Converting Columns to Text
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If you have some text in your document thats laid out in columns but you want it to stretch across the full page, you can undo the columns. To do this, select the text and choose Format > Columns, select One column and click OK. This returns the selected text to a single page-wide column. When you convert text to columns or back to regular page-wide text, Word inserts continuous-section breaks into the document each time the column formatting changes. You can see these section breaks by clicking the Show/Hide button on the toolbar. Starting a New Column If you are typing text in a column and if you want to start a new one before you have completely filled the first, you can insert a column break. To do this, click after the last piece of text that you want to appear in the current column and choose Insert > Break > Column Break and click OK. This moves the following text to the top of the next column even though you havent yet filled the previous column. Adding Images and Objects
When you add an image or textbox to a document, you can choose to place it in a column so that it moves with the text in the column or keep it independent of the text so that it remains in place as the rest of the text moves around it. Heres how: click the image or text box and choose Format > Picture or Format >TextBox. From the Layout tab select In line with text to place the image inside the flow of
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text, or chooseSquare to move it out of the flow of text so that you can place it anywhere on the page. Text Formatting Options When you are working with columns of text, you will find that left-justified text and headings generally looks neater than fully justified text and centered headings. If you format text as fully justified, you will often see unsightly rivers of white space because the text will be stretched to fill the space between the column margins. You can reduce this effect if you hyphenate the text to do this, choose Tools > Language >Hyphenation and select the Automatically Hyphenate document checkbox. You will also find that bullet points and numbering look best left aligned in columns of text so the bullets or numbers are flush with the left margin of the column instead of inset in from the margin.
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Computer Application (566) Question No. 4) Explain the terms used in MS Excel: absolute cell reference, relative cell reference, arithmetic operator, pie chart, data series, constant value, rounding, worksheet grid, sheet tabs, and vertical window split box.
Answer) Absolute Cell Reference In Excel and other spreadsheets, an absolute cell reference identifies the location a cell or group of cells. Cell references are used in formulas, functions, charts , and other Excel commands. An absolute cell reference consists of the column letter and row number surrounded by dollar signs ($). Relative Cell Reference In Excel and other spreadsheets, a relative cell reference identifies the location of a cell or group of cells. Cell references are used in formulas, functions, charts , and other Excel commands. By default, a spreadsheet cell reference is relative. What this means is that as a formula or function is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell references in the formula or function change to reflect the function's new location. Arithmetic Operators An arithmetic operator is the symbol or sign that represents a mathematical operation in an Excel spreadsheet formula. The arithmetic operators used in Excel formulas are similar to the ones we use in math class. Subtraction - minus sign ( - ) Addition - plus sign ( + ) Division - forward slash (/ ) Multiplication - asterisk (* ) Exponentiation - caret (^ ) If more than one operator is used in a formula, there is a specific order of operations that Excel follows in deciding which mathematical operation occurs first. Excel Pie Chart Pie charts, or circle graphs as they are sometimes known, are used to show percentages.
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The circle of pie charts represents 100%. The circle is subdivided into slices representing data values. The size of each slice shows what part of the 100% it represents.
Data Series A data series is a group of related data entries. In a worksheet an individual data series is located in a column or row under a common heading such as Month or Average Temperature. Individual data series are often plotted in charts and graphs. In charts or graphs where multiple data series are plotted each data series is identified by a unique color or pattern.
Constant Values Using the Name tool, you can define a constant, such as a tax rate, that you frequently use in Excel formulas. Go to Insert | Name | Define and type a name TaxRate, for example. In the Refers to area, type the constant value and click on OK. For a 7 percent tax rate, you would enter 0.07. Now you can write a formula like =SalePrice*TaxRate and Excel will use the constant value you defined for TaxRate. ROUND Function The ROUND function is used to reduce a given value to a specific number of decimal places. The syntax for the ROUND function is:
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= ROUND (Number, Num_digits ) Number - the value to be rounded. Num_digits - the number of decimal places to reduce the above number to.
Gridlines on a worksheet Open a worksheet that contains data or quickly add data to the first four or five columns and rows of a blank worksheet. 2. Click on the Page Layout tab. 3. Check the Print box under Gridlines on the ribbon in order to activate the feature. 4. Check the Print box under Headings in order to activate this feature as well. Click on the print preview button on the Quick Access Toolbar in order to preview your worksheet before printing it. 5. The gridlines appear as dotted lines outlining the cells containing data in print preview. 6. The row numbers and column letters for those cells containing data will also be present along the top and left side of the worksheet in print preview. Excel sheet tab
1.
A sheet tab appears at the bottom of your worksheet. It has the name of the worksheet on it, which can be changed and you can also change its colour. This can be done by right clicking on it and picking the option from the shortcut menu that appears. By clicking a sheet tab, you can make that sheet the active sheet so that you can work on it. You can click on the sheet tab to move its position by dragging on it, or also from the shortcut menu.
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Split Box Splitting the screen is an alternative to freeze panes to keep worksheet titles or headings on screen as you scroll. Excel Split Screen Options There are two ways to use split screens in Excel: Use the split box located at the top of the vertical scroll bar (horizontal split) or the far right end of the horizontal scroll bar (vertical split) to divide the screen into two parts Use the split option located on the View tab of the ribbon to divide the screen into four parts
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Question No. 5) Using the data of a public or private organization in Pakistan, list the steps to design a worksheet for what-if analysis; perform what-if analysis; and then compare that data with a line chart
Answer) WHAT IF ANALYSIS By using what-if analysis tools in Microsoft Office Excel, you can use several different sets of values in one or more formulas to explore all the various results. What if Analysis with data tables Question: I'm thinking of starting a store in the local mall to sell gourmet lemonade. Before opening the store, Im curious about how my profit, revenue, and variable costs will depend on the price I charge and the unit cost. Most worksheet models contain assumptions about certain parameters or inputs to the model. In our lemonade example, the inputs would include:

The price for which a glass of lemonade is sold. The variable cost of producing a glass of lemonade. The sensitivity of demand for lemonade to price charged. The annual fixed cost of running a lemonade stand.
Based on input assumptions, we can compute outputs of interest. For the lemonade example, the outputs of interest might include:

Annual profit Annual revenue Annual variable cost
Despite best intentions, assumptions about input values can be in error. For example, our best guess about the variable cost of producing a glass of lemonade might be $0.45, but it's possible that our assumption will be in error. Sensitivity analysis determines how a spreadsheet's outputs vary in response to changes to its inputs. For example, we might want to see how a change in product price affects yearly profit, revenue, and variable cost. A data table in Office Excel 2007 makes it easy to vary one or two inputs and perform a sensitivity analysis. With a one-way data table, you can determine how changing one input will change any number of
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outputs. With a two-way data table, you can determine how changing two inputs will change a single output. Our three examples will show how easy it is to use a data table and obtain meaningful sensitivity results. The work required for this analysis is in the file shown in Figures 1, 2, and 4. Our input assumptions are given in the range D1:D4. We're assuming that annual demand for lemonade (see the formula in cell D2) equals 650009000*price. I've created the names in C1:C7 to correspond to cells D1:D7. I computed annual revenue in cell D5 with the formula demand*price. In cell D6, I computed the annual variable cost with the formula unit_cost*demand. Finally, in cell D7, I computed profit by using the formula revenuefixed_costvariable_cost.
Figure 1 The inputs that change the profitability of a lemonade store Suppose that I want to know how changes in price (for example, from $1.00 through $4.00 in $0.25 increments) affect annual profit, revenue, and variable cost. Because we're changing only one input, a one-way data table will solve our problem. The data table is shown in Figure 2. To set up a one-way data table, begin by listing input values in a column. I listed the prices of interest (ranging from $1.00 through $4.00 in $0.25 increments) in the range C11:C23. Next, I moved over one column and up one row from the list of input values, and there I listed the formulas we want a data table to calculate. I entered the formula for profit in cell D10, the formula for revenue in cell E10, and the formula for variable cost in cell F10. Now select the table range (C10:F23). The table range begins one row above the first input; its last row is the row containing the last input value. The first column in the table range is the column containing the inputs; its last column is the last column containing an output. After selecting the table range, display the Data tab of the Ribbon. In the Data Tools group, click What-If Analysis, and then click Data Table. Now fill in the Data Table dialog box as shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 2 One-way data table with varying prices
Figure 3 Creating a data table As the column input cell, use the cell in which you want the listed inputs that is, the values listed in the first column of the data table range to be assigned. Because the listed inputs are prices, I chose D1 as the column input cell. After clicking OK, Excel creates the one-way data table shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 4 One-way data table with varying prices In the range D11:F11, profit, revenue, and variable cost are computed for a price of $1.00. In cells D12:F12, profit, revenue, and variable cost are computed for a price of $1.25, and on through the range of prices. The profit-maximizing price among all listed prices is $3.75. A price of $3.75 would produce an annual profit of $58,125.00, annual revenue of $117,187.50, and an annual variable cost of $14,062.50. Suppose I want to determine how annual profit varies as price varies from $1.50 through $5.00 (in $0.25 increments) and unit variable cost varies from $0.30 through $0.60 (in $0.05 increments). Because we're changing two inputs, we need a two-way data table. (See Figure 5.) I list the values for one input down the first column of the table range (I'm using the range H11:H25 for the price values), and the values for the other input in the first row of the table range. (In this example, the range I10:O10 holds the list of variable cost values.) A two-way data table can have only one output cell, and the formula for the output must be placed in the upper-left corner of the table range. Therefore, I placed the profit formula in cell H10.
Figure 5 A two-way data table showing profit as a function of price and unit variable cost I select the table range (cells H10:O25), and display the Data tab. In the Data Toolsgroup, click What-If Analysis, and then click Data Table. Cell D1 (price) is the column input cell, and cell D3 (unit variable cost) is the row input cell. This ensures that the values in the first column of the table range are used as prices, and the values in the first row of the table range are used as unit variable costs. After clicking OK, we see the two-way data table shown in Figure 5. As an example, in cell K19, when we charge $3.50 and the unit variable cost is $0.40, our annual profit
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equals $58,850.00. For each unit cost, I've highlighted the profit-maximizing price. Note that as the unit cost increases, the profit-maximizing price increases as we pass on some of the cost increase to our customers. Of course, we can only guarantee that the profit-maximizing price in the data table is within $0.25 of the actual profitmaximizing price. Here are some other notes on this problem:
As you change input values in a worksheet, the values calculated by a data table change, too. For example, if we increased fixed cost by $10,000, all profit numbers in the data table would be reduced by $10,000. You can't delete or edit a portion of a data table. If you want to save the values in a data table, select the table range, copy the values, and then rightclick and select Paste Special. Then choose Values from the Paste Special menu. If you take this step, however, changes to your worksheet inputs will no longer cause the data table calculations to update. When setting up a two-way data table, be careful not to mix up your row and column input cells. A mix-up will cause nonsensical results. Most people set their worksheet calculation mode to Automatic. With this setting, any change in your worksheet will cause all your data tables to be recalculated. Usually, you want this, but if your data tables are large, automatic recalculation can be incredibly slow. If the constant recalculation of data tables is slowing your work down, click the Microsoft Office Button, click Excel Options, and then click the Formulas tab. Then select Automatic Except For Data Tables. When Automatic Except For Data Tables is selected, all your data tables recalculate only when you press the F9 (recalculation) key. Alternatively, you can click the Calculation Options button (in the Calculation group on the Formulas tab), and then click Automatic Except For Data Tables.
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Mrs. SANA AKBAR KHAN Block No. 13, MBA Dept AIOU, Sector H-8 ISLAMABAD. (0519057141)
M. Hammad Manzoor 508195394 # 508, 5th Floor, CTC Continental Trade Centre, Block-08 08, KARACHI. (0321Clifton 584 2326) Computer Application 01 566
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Assignment 1st - 566 - Computer Application

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Department of Business Administration

Computer Application (566)

Computer Application (566)

Computer Application (566)

A HISTORY OF WINDOWS 19751981: Microsoft boots up

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19821985: Introducing Windows 1.0

19871992: Windows 2.02.11More more speed

19901994: Windows 3.0Windows NTGetting the graphics

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19952001: Windows 95the PC comes (and don't forget the Internet)

19982000: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me

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20012005: Windows XPStable, usable, and fast

20062008: Windows VistaSmart on security

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Windows Media Player 11

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Windows Mobility Center.

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Windows Update with Windows Ultimate Extras

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Computer Application (566) Question No: 2 (a)

Microsoft Office Button

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The Status Bar

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option for the separator character that is in your text.

Computer Application (566)

AutoFormat applied a number of different styles to this table very quickly.

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Format Text in Columns

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Converting Columns to Text

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Annual profit Annual revenue Annual variable cost

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Figure 2 One-way data table with varying prices

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