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The compounds, which are formed by the covalent bond, are called covalent
compounds.
Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron in its outermost shell.
When 2 hydrogen atoms approach each other then valence electron of
each hydrogen atom form a shared pair of electron and attain a noble gas
configuration [Helium (He) = 1s2]
Similarly 2 chlorine atoms combine with each other and form a chlorine
molecule. Both the chlorine atoms have 7 electrons in their valence shell
(Ne 3s23p5) and have one electron less than the nearest noble gas
configuration i.e. Argon. So they contribute 1 electron each to form a
shared pair between 2 atoms and attain stable electronic configuration i.e.
Octet.
3) Formation of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
In this, Hydrogen atom has only one electron and Chlorine atom has 7
electrons in their valence shell. So both the atoms will share one pair of
electron between themselves and form a covalent bond after acquiring a
nearest noble gas configuration.
4) All the atoms in a formula should have 8 electrons in their valence shell
except hydrogen atom. This hydrogen atom has 2 electrons and
resembles the first noble gas i.e. Helium.
When atoms share more than 1 electron pair then they form multiple
covalent bond. When atoms share 2 electron pairs then the bond formed is
double covalent bond, if the atoms share 3 electron pairs then it is called
triple covalent bond.
For example:
Covalency
It is defined as the number of electrons in which the atom of an element
contributes for sharing while forming a covalent bond. For example:
The covalency of
1) Calculate the total number of electrons required for writing the structure
by adding the valence electrons of the combining atoms,e.g. in CO2
molecule there are 16 valence electrons,4 from carbon and 12 from two
oxygen atoms (6 each).
3) Write the skeletal structure of the compound and distribute the total
number of electrons as bonding shared pairs between the atoms in
proportion to the total bonds.
5) After distributing the shared pairs of electrons for single bond the
remaining electron pairs can be used either for multiple bonds or as
lone pairs.
4) This does not complete octet on carbon atom and hence we have triple
bond between C & O atoms.
This satisfies octet rule condition for both atoms.
The atom, which contributes the electron, is called the donor while the
other atom, which shares the electron pair, is called acceptor. This bond is
represented by an arrow → pointing from donor to the acceptor atom. This
bond is also called dative bond, donor acceptor bond, semi-polar bond or
co-ionic bond.
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