CHAPTER 2 : FORCE AND MOTION 2.

1 Linear Motion
A student is able to : 2.1.1 Define distance and displacement 2.1.2 Define speed and velocity and state that v = s/t 2.1.3 Define acceleration and deceleration and state that a=v-u t 2.1.4 Calculate speed and velocity 2.1.5 Calculate acceleration / deceleration 2.1.6 Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration using (i) v = u + at (ii) s = ut + at2 (iii) v2 = u2 + 2as

Distance and Displacement A: Fill in the blank with the correct answer 1. Physical quantities can be divided into 2 : (a) (b) 2. 3. 4. B: Scalar quantity vector quantity Distance is scalar quantity which has magnitude and no direction Displacement is a vector quantity which has magnitude and direction The SI unit for both physical quantities is metre / m

Complete the table below : Aspect Definition Type of quantity SI unit Distance Total route by a motion Scalar quantity Metre / m Displacement Distance taken with consideration of direction Vector quantity

Speed and Velocity C: Complete the table below Aspect Definition Type of physical quantity Formula SI unit Speed Rate of change of distance Scalar Speed = Total distance Time m s-1 Velocity Rate of change of displacement Vector Velocity = total Displacement time m s-1

Symbol

u, v u denotes initial speed v denotes final speed Average speed = Total distance Time

u, v u denotes initial velocity v denotes final velocity We usually consider the forward motion ( to the right ) as positive and the backward ( to the left) as negative )

Acceleration D: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. 1. 2. Acceleration is the rate of change of Velocity Acceleration , a = Final velocity - Initial velocity Time taken

a= vu
t 3. 4. 5. 6. E: The SI unit of acceleration is ms-2 Acceleration is a vector quantity Acceleration occurs when an object moves with increasing velocity. Deceleration occurs when an object moves with decreasing velocity

Solve the problem. 1. A car starts from points from point O and moves to U, 50 m to the north in 60 s. The car then moves to B, 120 m to the west in 40 s. Finally, it stops. Calculate the : (a) total distance moved by the car total distance = 120 m + 50 m = 170 m (b) displacement of the car Displacement = Distance OB = (1202 + 502)1/2 = 130 m (c) speed of the car when it is moves to the north Speed of the car when it moves to the north = 50 m = 5 m s-1 60 s 6 velocity of the car
velocity = Displacement

120 m

U
5m 50m

(d)

time = 130 m = 1.3 m s-1 (40 + 60) s

(e)

average speed of the car

= total distance Time = 170 m__ (40 + 60) s = 1.7 m s-1

2.

A bus stops at a station to pick passengers up. It then moves and attains a velocity of 15 m s-1 in 8 s. What is the acceleration of the bus ?
acceleration , a = v u t = 15 0 8 = 1.9 m s-2

F. Complete the table below with the correct answer Increasing Speed Pattern
(a) Direction of motion

short decreasing

increasing Low

far high Explanation

same decreasing

. . . Initial
(b)

.
Final

The distance between the dots is the same It shows that the object is moving with constant speed

Direction of motion

................ . Initial Final

(c) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is short. It shows that the speed of the object is low

. . . Initial
(d)

.
Final

The distance between the dots is far. It shows that the object is moving at a high speed

Direction of motion

. . . . . Initial
(e)

.
Final

The distance between the dots is Increasing. It shows that the speed of the object is increasing.

Direction of motion

. . . Initial
G:

. . . .
Final

The distance between the dots is decreasing It shows that the speed of the object is decreasing.

Determine the acceleration of a trolley from the ticker tape 1. The ticker tape is divided into 5 parts. Every part has 2 ticks as shown in figure below.

Find the acceleration. 1 cm 5 cm

A Solution :

Step 1. Time taken of one part 2. initial velocity, u = s initial t initial 3. Final velocity, v = s final t final 4. Determine the total time
Total time = ( Total parts 1) x time of one part

Solution One part = 2 Ticks = 2 x 0.02 s =0.04 s u = 1.0 cm 0.04 s = 25 cm s-1 v = 5.0 cm 0.04 s = 125 cm s-1 Total time, t = ( 5-1 ) x 0.04 s = 4 x 0.04 s = 0.16 s Acceleration , a = v u t = 125 25 / 0.16 = 750 cm s-2

5. Acceleration, a = v u t

The equations of motion

1. Complete the table below Physical Quantity Displacement Final Velocity Initial velocity acceleration List the equations of linear motion. Symbol s v

u a

2.

1. Solve the following problems using the equations of linear motion

(a) A car moves from rest to a velocity of 10 ms-1 in 5 s.Calculate the acceleration of the car Solution : Given : u = 0 , v = 10 ms-1 , t = 5 s . a = ?

1 (u + v)t 2 ii) v = u + at 1 2 iii) s = ut + at 2 iv) v 2 = u 2 + 2as

(i) s =

a=vu t = 10 0 5

= 2.0 m s-2

(b) A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3 m s-2 for 20 s. Calculate the displacement of the car. Solution : given : u = 10 m s-1 , s = ut + at s = 800 m
2

a = 3 m s-2 , t = 20 s.

s=?

s = (10)(20) + (3)(20)2

(c) A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to a stop.If the
distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van. Solution : given : u = 16 m s-1 , v2 = u2 + 2 as 02 = 162 + 2 a(8) a = -16 ms-2 v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m a=?

2.2

ANALYSING MOTION GRAPH

A student is able to : 2.2.1 Plot and interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs 2.2.2 Deduce from the shape of a displacement-time graph when a body is: i) at rest

ii) moving with uniform velocity iii) moving with non-uniform velocity 2.2.3 Determine distance, displacement and velocity from a displacement-time graph 2.2.4 Deduce from the shape of a velocity-time graph when a body is: i) at rest ii) moving with uniform velocity iii) moving with uniform acceleration 2.2.5 Determine distance, displacement and velocity and acceleration from a velocity-time graph 2.2.6 Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration A: Describe the motion of an object as shown in the following motion graphs.

(a) The Displacement-Time Graph Graph of s against t s/m Explanation

The displacement of the object from a fixed point is constant Therefore, the velocity of the object is zero

t/s

s/m

The gradient of the graph = Velocity of the object. The gradient of the graph is constant , therefore the velocity of the object is constant

t/s

s/m

The gradient of the graph increases with time. Therefore the velocity of the object increases with time

t/s

(b) The velocity time graph Graph of v against t Explanation

v/m s-1 Velocity of object is zero The object is stationary

t/s v/m s-1 The object is moving with uniform velocity

t/s v/m s-1 The gradient of the graph = acceleration The gradient of the graph is constant. Therefore, the acceleration of the object is constant t/s v/m s-1 Area under the graph = displacement

t/s

B. Describe the motion of a runner who is running in a straight line s/m 25 20 15 10 5 O 5 10 12 D 15 t/s A B C

Solution : Motion of the runner Running with a uniform velocity of 3 m s-1

O-A

A-B B-C C-D C:

At rest / velocity is zero Uniform velocity of 5.0 m s-1 Running with a velocity of -8.3 m s-1 and return to starting point v/m s-1

Study the velocity-time graph.

10 B 5 C

D A 5 10 15 20 25

t/s

Calculate:(i) the acceleration, a, for sections AB, BC and CD (ii) Displacement (i) Acceleration , a for AB = 10 0 = 1.0 m s-2 10 Acceleration, a for BC = 0 Acceleration , a for CD = 0 10 25 - 20 = -10 m s-2 5 (ii) Displacement = Area under the graph = ( x 10 x 10) + (10 x 10) + ( x 5 x 10 ) = ( 50 ) + ( 100 ) + ( 25 ) = 175 m

2.3 UNDERSTANDING INERTIA A student is able to : 2.3.1 Explain what inertia is 2.3.2 Relate mass to inertia

2.3.3 Give examples to reduce the negative effects of inertia

A.

Fill and underline the correct answer 1.

When the bus stops suddenly our feet are brought to rest but due to inertia, our body

tends to continue its (forward/backward) motion. This causes our body to jerk forward. (thrown forward) 2.

When the bus moves suddenly from rest our feet are carried (forward/backward) but due to inertia of our body tends to keep us (rest/moving) . This causes our body to fall backwards. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The inertia of an object is the. tendency of the object to remain at .rest or if moving to continue its uniform motion in a straight line The mass of an object is the amount or quantity of matter contained in the object. The SI unit of mass is kg The mass of an object is constant wherever it is measured. It is different from weight which is affected by the force of gravity. An object with a larger mass has a larger Inertia.

Effects of inertia B. Explain the positive effect by using the clues given.
The umbrella is rotated and stopped abruptly to shake off the droplet of water
Clue : Drying a wet umbrella

Clue : Pour out tomato sauce

The chili sauce inside the bottle move together with the bottle. When the bottle stops suddenly, the chili sauce flow out

Positive effect Of inertia

Clue : Tightening a hammer head The hammer head can be tightened by hitting the wooden handle on the floor

Clue: Running zig-zig when chased by a bull. This is because the inertia of the bull is large due to its big mass. This makes the bull difficult to change directions suddenly.

C . Match the correct explanation to each of the characteristics.

Characteristic (a) The tank which carries liquid in a lorry should be divided into smaller tanks (b) the part between the drivers seat and load should have strong steel structure (c) Safety belts (d) Airbag

Explanation Hold the passengers to their seat during collision Prevent the driver from hitting the steering in an accident Prevent the load from being thrown to the front To reduce the effects of inertia when stopped suddenly.

2.4

ANALYSNG MOMENTUM

A student is able to : 2.4.1 Define the momentum of an object 2.4.2 Define momentum(p) as the product of mass (m) and velocity(v) ie p=mv

2.4.3 State the principle of conservation of momentum 2.4.4 Describe the applications of conservation of momentum 2.4.5 Solve problems involving momentum

A.

Fill in the blank with the correct answer 1. 2. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity The formula of momentum is given by : Momentum = mass x velocity p 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. = mv Momentum is a vector quantity The SI unit of momentum is kg m s-1 Momentum increases/decreases , when the speed increases/decreases The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum in a closed system of object is constant The total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision if no external force acts on the system The principle of conservation of momentum can be applied in (a) elastic collision (b) inelastic collision (c)explosion

B.

Fill in the blank 1. Collision I : Both bodies separates after collision. Momentum is conserved. u1 m1 u2 m2 m1 v2 m2

Before collision Momentum : m1u1 + m2u2

after collision

m1v1 + m2v2

2.

Collision II : Both objects move together after collision. . Is conserved. u1 m1 u2 = 0 m2 v

m1 + m2

Before collision Momentum : m1 u1 + m2 u2 = (m1 + m2) v

after collision

3.

explosion : Before the explosion, the objects are at rest Two or more object in contact will be separated after the explosion (m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2 m2
after explosion

Before explosion Momentum :

(m1 + m2)u = m1 vv + m2 v2

Therefore m1 vv + m2 v2 = 0

B.

Complete the table below Elastic collision (a) Both object will separated after collision (b) Total momentum is Conserved (c) The total kinetic energy is conserved (c) Total energy is Conserved Inelastic collision Both object will join together or separated after collision The total momentum is conserved Total kinetic energy is not conserved Total energy is conserved

Please note that separation of objects after a collision does NOT mean an elastic collision, it can be inelastic as well. Only when kinetic energy is conserved, then the collision is elastic.

Explosion Two or more objects in contact will be separated after the collision The total momentum is conserved Total kinetic energy is not conserved Total energy is conserved

C.

Solve the problem

1. Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20 m s-1 in the same direction. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A moves at 25 m s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision. Solution : Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, vA = 25 m s-1, mB = 90 kg, -1 = 20 m s , vB = ? mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB (100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB) vB = 25.56 m s-1 A trolley of mass 4 kg moves at 3 m s-1 and collide with a trolley of mass 2 kg which is moving in the opposite direction at 1 m s-1. After the collision, both trolleys move together with the same velocity. What is their common velocity ?

2:

Solution :

m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v 4)(3) + (2) (-1) = (4 + 2 ) v v = 5/3 m s-1

3:

A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate The velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing. Solution : Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg, vg = ? 0 = mgvg mb vb, 0 = (1)(vg) (0.002)(150), mg = 1 kg, u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1

vg = 0.3 m s-1