Experiment No.

1
Title: Material Properties.

Object: To study of engineering properties of materials & their definition. Theory: Mechanical properties of materials: - mechanical properties include those characteristics of material that describe its behaviors under the action of that force. Mechanical properties can be determined by conducting experimental tests on the material specimen mechanical property determine the behaviors of engineering materials under applied forces and loads. The response of the materials to applied forces will depends on types of bonding, the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules a and the type and number of imperfections which are always presents in solids except in rare circumstances. Various mechanical properties are:1. Strength 4. Ductility 7. Tongues 10. Malleability 12. Creep. 1. Strength: - it may be defined as the maximum resistance offered by a material to the extremely applied force or load. When a component is subjected to external forces internal forces are developed in the materials of the component which resists the external forces applied. This maximum resistance which any material component offers to the external force is called the strength. 2. Elasticity 5.brittleness 8. Impact strength 3.Plasticity 6.Stiffness 9. Hardness

11. Fatigue and endurance limit

2. Elasticity: - it is the property by which a body regains its original shape after the removed of external load. The tendency of a deformed solid to seek its original dimensions upon unloading is described to a property called elasticity. 3. Plasticity: - it is the property of a material by which a body retains its deformation produced under external load. Or in other words plasticity is that property of a material by virtue of which it may be permanently deformed when it has been subjected to an externally applied force great enough to exceed the elastic limit. 4. Ductility: - the capacity of a material to deform plastically without failure under tension. Ductility is the ability of the material to be drawn form a large section to a small section such as in wire drawing. 5. Brittleness: - The property of breaking of a material without deforming plastically. Or in other words, brittleness is defined as tender by to fracture without appreciable deformation and is therefore the opposite of ductility or malleability. The dimension can be made before fracture occurs, it is brittle. 6. Stiffness: - It is the ability of material to resist elastic deflection. 7. Tangerines: - It is the ability to with stand high stress together with the capacity to deform plastically without failure so toughness. Toughness= strength + ductility. In other words toughness refers to the ability to withstand bending or the application of shear stress without fracture. 8. Impact strength: - The ability of a material to with stand shock loading. 9. Hardness: - it is the resistance of a material to plastic deformation usually by indention in other words it is the property of a material which enables it to resists abrasion machining & screeching.

10.Malleability: - capacity of material to deform plastically without failure under compression. 11.Fatigue & endurance limit: - fatigue when a material is subjected to repeated stress it fails at stress below the yield point stress, such type of failure of material is known as fatigue. Endurance limit- it is the maximum value of the complete reverse stress which can be applied for infinite no of cycle without causing failure. 12.When a material subjected of a constant stress at high temp. For long period of time it will under go a slow permanent deformation called creep. Stress- strain diagram: - the mechanical proportion mostly used in mechanical engineering practice our commonly after mined for a standardize test. This test consists of gradually loading a slandered load and corresponding value of load unit the response. The original distance between the two points is known as gauge length. The strain is determined by dividing elongation values by the gauge length. The values of the stress & corresponding strain are used to draw stress- strain diagram of the material tested. For ductile material: - For a ductile material we see that from the diagram from O to A the curve is in straight line which represent that the stress is proportional to strain. Thus the point A is known as proportion unit. Beyond point B the material goes to the plastic stage until the point C is reached. At this point the cross- sectional area of the material start decreasing & the stress decreases to lower value towards point D. point C is known as upper yield point and corresponding stress is upper yield stress. Between point D and E the materials continue to flow at almost constant stress from points E on words the strength of material increases there by requiring more stress for deformation unit point F is reach. At point F a neck is joint which decrease the cross sectional area of the specimen. The stress is therefore reduce until the specimen breaks away at point G the stress corresponding to point G is known as breaking stress.

Yield stress= Ultimate stress= Reduction in area Elongation in length = X 100 X 100