University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy A.Y.

2012-2013 GROUP #5 Members: * (26) Lee, Sharmaine Margaret C. (27) Loterte, Edwin A. (28) Lumbao, Jicah Mae A. (29) Monsalud, Miguel M. (30 )Montalbo, Lora Jean (31) Nano, Lizette A. Section: 2B-PHARMACY

Date performed: Date submitted:

November 23, 2012 November 23, 2012

Experiment No. 1: The Vernier and Micrometer Calipers I. Abstract:

The group is provided with a copper metallic cube, a steel washer, and a marble. The first objective of the experiment is to use the Vernier and Micrometer Caliper in measuring lengths and dimensions of geometric objects to be able to determine their density ( = ) with the use
3 of a triple beam balance (we use vcube = s3, vsphere = , vwasher= h(r02 ri2), vcylinder= r2h ). The second objective is to compare the measured densities with the standard references by calculating the percentage error ( | x 100%). The percentage error from this experiment is 0.4476%. To conclude its validity, it did not yield an answer above 10%, an answer above the said value is considered erroneous.

II.

Questions & Problems:

1. Differentiate the Vernier and Micrometer scales. The Vernier and Micrometer Scales function is to measure the proportions of geometric figures. They both differ in their parts and mode of function. The Vernier caliper is composed of internal jaws, external jaws, tail-depth probe, and a retainer. It has two important scales: the main scale and the vernier scale. The main scale is used to determine the main reading of a dimension; its indicator is the zero value of the vernier scale. The vertical line alignment between the main scale and vernier scale would be the indicator for the vernier scale.

The Micrometer Caliper is then composed of a frame, spindle, and ratchet stop. Its two important scales are the main scale on the sleeve and the circular scale on the thimble. An additional uncertain digit is added at the end of the circular scale reading to include uncertainty in the readings between the lines. The main scale on the sleeve has 25 short vertical lines above and below a long horizontal line that visibly ends at edge of thimble. There are 50 divisions on the circular scale where each division on the scale represents 0.01mm. The Micrometer Caliper can only measure the outer dimensions of an object while the Vernier Caliper is capable of measuring the outer and inner dimensions including depth.

2. Draw the figure for the micrometer readings below:

i.

3.685 mm

ii.

1.596 mm

3. State some of the errors one might make in measuring length using both the Vernier and MicrometerCalipers. Miscalculations may arise from first, the possible damage of the device or incorrect setting. Second is the inaccurate interpretation of the measurement or human errors. The most mutual inaccuracy is the Zero Error. When the jaws are closed, the vernier zero mark must coincide with the zero mark on its fixed main scale. If not, one must note the reading called Zero Error. It can either be a Positive Zero Error or Negative Zero error. Positive zero error refers to the fact that when the jaws of the vernier caliper are just closed, the reading is a positive reading away from the actual reading of 0.00mm..The method to use a vernier scale or caliper with zero error is to use the formula 'Actual reading = Main scale + Vernier scale - (Zero Error).' Positive zero error occurs when the zero on the Vernier scale is to the right of the main scale. Negative zero error refers to the fact that when the jaws of the Vernier caliper are just closed, the reading is a negative reading away from the actual reading of 0.00mm.Negative zero error occurs when the zero on the Vernier scale is to the left of the main scale.

4. Determine the percentage error for an observed value of 1.112x10-5 if the standard value is 1.117x10-5

% error= % error=
( ) ( )

x 100%

% error= 0.4476%