Characteristics and Mathematical Simulation of Stress Field of Upper-Shaximiao Formation Gas-bearing Reservoir at Xinchang Gas Field

Wu zhijun, Chengdu University of Technology, Yang yu, Tang hongjun, Southwest Petroleum Bureau, Deng hui, Chengdu University of Technology Liu yingkai, Southwest Petroleum Bureau, PRC Abstract
Upper-Shaximiao reservoir formation to gas-bearing low-porous, belongs only several Mpa greater than the fracture pressure of sandstone, and the minimum principal stress is -45-52Mpa; its value is low; showing that the structure deformation degree of objective formation is weak. Therefore, the coincidence degrees among simulated results the characteristics of stress field and the stress measured data are high.

low-permeable overpressured gas reservoir; and the stress field plays an important role in its exploration and development. By making full use of the structural configuration, the fracture distribution, the evolution history of structural configuration and cores traces acted by stress field, its characteristic can been obtained as follows: Xinchang gas field has been formed in an extrusion stress field of NNW-SSE direction for a long time, the direction of extrusion stress field had changed into west-east once in the later Himalaya period; the stress value is not big, the maximum principal horizontal stress is slightly bigger than the vertical stress and fracture pressure of rock layers, its main direction is about 150. Based on the test parameters of rock mechanics and the deformation environment of regional structure, referring to the test results of hydraulic fracturing and the characteristics of the stress field, three-dimensional- software is utilized to simulate of the stress the stress field of objective

1. Introduction
Based on making researches on a lot of low-porosity and low-permeability hydrocarbon reservoir, the effect of its exploration and development is determined by the development and distribution of fracture in the reservoir, not by the distribution and change of its permeability. The stress field of objective formation controls the form, extension and closure of fracture. Therefore, the research of the earth stress has very important significance in the exploration and development of low-porosity, low-permeability hydrocarbon reservoir. Earth stress is a kind of internal stress existing in the earth crust, and is an applied force on unit area in medium, and the forces of vertical and horizontal movements, and the force of other factors cause the applied force. Although there are a lot of measuring techniques for the stress, each technique has its definite defect.

formation numerically, and the relationship simulated stress field is: most minimum principal stress, maximum principal stressvertical principal maximum principal stress and minimum principal stress are on the horizontal plane; the maximum principal stress is -53-68Mpa,

sand A kind of comprehensive mathematical simulation of stress field is used in the paper. Its results can more really reflect the stress field of objective formation, mainly because: the cores traces (the shape and distribution of fracture)acted by stress field can be described; its structural configuration and its evolution history can be combined, and finally the characteristics of stress field can be obtained by inductive method; The measuring techniques (hydraulic fracturing and elliptical method of borehole wall sloughing) that can straight and exactly measure the magnitude and the direction of the stress are utilized, based on the test factors of rock mechanics, combined with above results, advanced 3D-software is used to simulate the stress field of objective formation mathematically.

contents;

and

the

changes

of

productivity are different respectively after production. The shape and direction of fracture formed by hydraulic sand fracturing is not only related to characters of objective formation itself, but also closely related to its stress field, which determines the closure of fracture at the same time. Therefore, it is quite necessary to study the stress field of objective formation. Now, the measuring methods of earth stress can be divided into: direct and indirect measurements. The former can only measure some point, the later can get the results of one point or a field. Stress field can only be obtained by simulation method, and if the simulation results can really reflect the stress field of objective formation, the following conditions are necessarily met: Fully understand the stress fields characteristics of objective formation.

2. Background
Xinchang gas field is located at the middle segment of depression in west Sichuan basin, and is a large-scale gas field which has nearly 11011m3 reserves in continental detrital rock of all basin, and in which the Upper-Shaximiao under formation now. gas-bearing Its physical and reservoir is the main gas-bearing reservoir development are

The data of reference stress for simulation should be precise. The simulated software should be reliable and advanced.

3. Simulation of stress field

3.1 Characteristics of stress field in

Xinchang gas field 3.1.1 Characteristics of structural

characteristics

low-porosity

low-permeability, the natural productivity of its gas well is within the range of 0.045.87 104m3/d. Hydraulic sand fracturing is utilized to increase the productivity of its gas wells and the economic benefits of exploration and development. During devising and carrying out the fracture, different sand contents of 3080 m are applied, but the growth rates of productivity are different after fracturing. The growth rates of productivity are not definitely high for fracturing of big sand contents, while they are not definitely low for fracturing of small
3

configuration and formation history The position of the structure of Xinchang gas field is at the east semi-segment of Xiaoquan anticline in NEE; its spread azimuth is nearly east by west. After twoand three- dimensional seismic explorations repeatedly, the structural configuration and fracture distribution have been found out at different depths in this field, where the structure of upper-Shaximiao formation gas-bearing reservoir is gentle, the fracture of nearly south by north exists only at the

east segment, some small fractures of nearly south by north are formed at the medium-deep and deep formations in

fractured by overpressure fluid. Structural fractures are found in CX170, CX168, CX376, CX154 and CX165-1 (see chart 1~2). There are 15 shearing fractures of about 15dip angle and of about 2angle between fractures and bedding planes in medium and lower sections of CX373 wells JS21 sand. The surfaces of fractures are smooth, between which there is no packing, but there are steps, and whose densities are 2~5 streak/m, and the underlying shale has obvious slickenside. Bedding isnt well developed in the medium and lower section of CX170 wells JS23-1 sand, but there are 3~6 shearing fractures of about 15~21dip angle, whose surfaces are smooth. There is no packing between two fractures, but there are steps, and whose densities are 1~2 streak/m, and the underlying shale has stepped slickenside. There is a shearing tensile fracture in JS23-2 sand of CX154 well, which is of 43dip angle, is flat, straight and rough, and there is no packing. There are 5 shearing tensile fractures in lower Shaximiao siltrock of CX168, which are of 34~45dip angle and whose densities are 2 streak/m, the surfaces of which are irregularly ripple-like and have stepped fine slickenside. White calcite has been packed in the fractures. The width of which are 1mm, and the underlying shale has wave-like sliding mirror surface. Conditions mentioned above show that cores traces acted by stress field are rare. The shearing fractures of CX170 and CX376 show that weak interlayer sliding and shear action exist in the axle of the gas field. A few shearing tensile fractures of CX168 and CX154 show only that the extrusion pressure exists. The development of structural fractures in this gas field is very poor, which coincides with gentle structure and the low maximum principal horizontal

Xinchang area, and low saddle of nearly south by north is formed in shallow layers of CX158 and CX163. Based on these results and the formation history of the structure, the characteristics of stress field can be obtained as follows: Xinchang gas field has been formed in the extrusion stress field of NNW-SSE direction for a long time, the direction of extrusion stress field had changed into west-east once in later Himalaya period; the stress value is not big, the maximum principal horizontal stress is slightly bigger than the vertical stress and fracture pressure of rock layers, and its main direction is the extrusion stress of nearly south by north or NNW-SSE. 3.1.2 Cores traces acted by stress field Coring has been done by 40 wells at each sand of Shaximiao formation in Xinchang gas field so far, and the average core recovery is more than 95%. About 750 meter long of 33 wells having been observed, described in detail and photographed section by section, it has been found that cores of different sand formation in 14 wells among them have very developed bedding fractures or laminations of low angle to horizontal one, whose density is as high as 680 streak/m. Cores of CX129, CX370, L101 and X804 in the axle of structure had been taken the shape of 1 4cm thick cake, the surfaces of fractures are smooth, between which there is no packing, but concentrated mica pieces. The fractures are mainly distributed in the medium and lower sections of JS21and JS24 sand formations in the axle and the south limb of structure. Form this it is inferred that the reason why the fractures are formed may be mainly the structural offloading or

stress. 3.2 Measurement of earth stress There are a lot of measuring methods of earth stress for oil-gas fields. Comparatively speaking, hydraulic fracturing method is a kind of comparatively reliable one, which may be considered as direct measuring within a certain precision. Therefore, the research is mainly established on the basis of the data of earth stress measured by hydraulic fracture, and to which the elliptical method of borehole wall sloughing is added. 3.2.1 Measurement of hydraulic fracture Two kinds of measurements of hydraulic fracture are done in Xinchang gas field, one is small-scale hydraulic fracture, and the other is large-scale hydraulic fracture. After the small-scale hydraulic fracture tested, closure (minimum principal horizontal stress) and fracture pressure can be gotten. The measuring data of pressure drop are used to draw the curve of pressure drop-time after pump stop in the hydraulic fracture, and so closure and fracture pressure can been given. The obtained closure and fracture pressures are used to calculate maximum principal horizontal stress by classic formula of Hamison: H=3h-Pf -Pp + St Where:
H

tensile strength. Fracturing data of sand 19 are wells utilized in to

upper-Shaximiao

calculate stress value; their results are listed in Table 1. There are the data of stress measured by hydraulic fracture only in two wells (X801 and CX133) in JS21, of them the calculated value of maximum principal horizontal stress in CX133 may be a little larger. The reason is that the value of formation pressure (only 34.46Mpa) is obviously lower than that of the same formation, which may relate to the fact that the well has been fractured after producing a period of time. The range of minimum principal horizontal stress is 47.08~52.07 Mpa in JS23-1 and JS23-2, the range of maximum principal horizontal stress is 50.20~61.75Mpa, and the range of vertical stress is 58.29~59.59Mpa, part of which goes beyond the maximum principal horizontal stress. The range of minimum principal horizontal stress is 48.87~57.70 Mpa in JS24, the range of maximum principal horizontal stress is 50.15~74.88Mpa, and the range of vertical stress is 60.06~63.31Mpa. In CX156, CX169 and X810 wells vertical stresses are bigger than maximum principal horizontal stress. The maximum principal horizontal stresses of the three wells are obviously lower than the normal one, which deserves to be further discussed. The state relationship of three stresses is that: the vertical stresses are larger than the maximum principal horizontal stress in 9 wells, in others the state relationship ishVH . 3.2.2 Elliptical method of borehole wall sloughing By using the data of formation dip logging, it is possible to determine the elliptical section and long axial azimuth of borehole

(1)

maximum principal horizontal Closure pressure minimum

stressMpa
h

principal horizontal stressMpa Pf fracture pressureMpa Pp formation pressureMpa St tensile strength of rockMpaSt =3.48(average value of 18 measured data), if tensile strength is larger than difference value between closure and fracture pressures, the difference value may be considered as the approximate value of

wall sloughing, to further determine the direction of stress field nowadays, and to forecast the fracture extension direction formed by artificial fracturing. Tetra- and hexagon-arm formation dip loggings have been done in the upper-Shaximiao formation in two wells of Xinchang gas field. The measuring results of stress direction by tetra-arm formation dip logging are listed in Table 2. The range of maximum principal horizontal stress direction is 150~169in upper-Shaximiaos stress field in CX167, whose main direction is about 156, which is identical with the analysis results of stress fields characteristics in Xinchang gas field. Hexagon-arm formation dip logging has been done at 2150~2505m section of Shaximiao formation in X815, in which six elliptical sections sloughed by stress are explained. The long and short axial

The so-called finite elements inversion of regional stress field deduces all objective regional stress field from the method of the finite element on the basis of the measured data of earth stress and characteristics of stress field. The method is first to establish the model of geomechanics in the region under study based on the results of regional geological investigation, then the acting mode and value (including magnitude and direction) of boundary force is constantly changed in order to get simulation between the magnitude and direction of the stress field, and the measured results of earth stresses and characteristics of stress field (the magnitude and direction of maximum principal stresses). Thus, the real situation of present stress deformation field can be reflected in the region under research. Because the main purpose is to calculate the present stress field, the characteristics of specific stress field in each deformation period are not calculated in detail, only one boundary force is acted on during the calculating model, and the extrusion stress of NNW is considered as the main one. As there are some measured data of stress field in the the research region, during is calculating, reference. 3.3.1 The range of computational model The computational model is established on the theses <hypothetical structural map of two-dimensional seismic response T2 in Xiaoquan structure Deyang city, Sichuan province> and <hypothetical structural map of two-dimensional seismic response T4 in Xiaoquan structure Deyang city, Sichuan province> and on well depth data of layering by drilling. In the north, the model takes geodetic coordinates, as its standard, boundary condition

directions of sloughing ellipse are used to deduce the direction of the minimum and maximum principal horizontal stresses (see Table 3). It is found that the range of minimum is 72 , principal horizontal stress direction is 60~90 , whose main direction while the range of maximum principal horizontal stress direction is 150 ~180, whose main direction is 162, which is identical with the analysis results of stress fields characteristics. Great changes of stress directions have taken place in 2490~2505m section. Its range of minimum principal horizontal stress direction is 180 ~190 , and its range of maximum principal horizontal stress direction is 270 ~280. Compared with several formations mentioned above there is 90 difference between them. The reason may be that vertical stresses are bigger than principal horizontal stress. 3.3 Simulation of stress field

regulated to fit the measured data as

whose boundary coordinates of east, south, west and north are 18447500m, 3450000m, 18430000m and 3466250m respectively. In order to overcome the boundary effect of finite elements computational model, on the basis of the original one, the elongation length in north and east are 3750m and 2500 m separately, the gross area of which is 2000020000=4.0108m2 and the total thickness is 4000m. model is Thus, a rectangular the formation composed;

9.35103+0.022041H12% is acted on the east face, thus making the maximum principal stress be about N20W, which is the same as the direction of the actual field. The normal stress of stress

1.213887+0.021637H is acted on the east face. Because the top surface of the model is the earths surface, it is assumed to be a free surface. 3.3.4 Physical mechanical parameters Elastic constitutive model is used for calculation, the breakdown state of rock materials is judged by the breakdown approach degree of Mohr-Coulomb principle. Physical mechanical parameters needed in computation mainly include elasticity modulus, Poissons ratio, density, residual cohesion force, residual internal friction angle and tensile strength of rock. Because of the difference between physical

morphology of model interior is determined mainly by the drilling data and the structural maps of seismic response. 3.3.2 The model of geologic configuration According to drilling data, the model is divided into nine formations of K, J3p, J3sn, upper JS, sand JS, lower JS, J2x-q, J1z, T3x. Upper-Shaximiao objective subdivided according into to sand several formation, research, material our is units

formation the

under physical

mechanical parameters of rock and rocks stratum and the difference in their different circumstances, the determination principle is mainly established according to the results measured by tests and by the analogy method of engineering geology. The selected results of each parameter are seen in Table 4. 3.3.5 Discretization of model The whole computational model is separated into 44423 node points and 9900 units by hexahedron of 20 node points and tetrahedron of 10 node points.

mechanical

parameters measured. Because ruptures do not develop in the region under study, fracture structures are not considered, but fold structures are strictly established on the real forms of formations. The model reflects the material one of geological prototype objectively and really. 3.3.3 Boundary condition The region under research is in the extrusion stress field of NNW-SSE direction from Indosinian to late Yanshan epoch for a long time, and the direction of the extrusion stress field had changed into west-east in later Himalaya period. Thus, the south, west and bottom faces of the model are regarded as one-way restraint, the normal stress of 9.35103+0.022041H (where H is the depth of formations) is acted on the north face, and the shear stress of

4. Simulated results
Based on the geological model depicted above, the numerical analysis of the model is made by three-dimensional finite element computational trial software and 3D- of Japan of software company. After about a hundred computations adjustments

boundary conditions, the results of objective formation are as follows (the stress field calculated follows the appointment of elastic plastic mechanics, namely the tension is positive, while pressure is negative). 4.1 Characteristic of stress distribution The contour diagram of the maximum and minimum principal stress, the vertical stress, and the shearing stress within XZ plane are shown in Figure1~4 based on computational results. From computational results, it can be seen that the maximum and the minimum principal stresses are nearly horizontal, the vector direction of maximum principal stress is mainly the development of NNW-SSE, and the vector direction of minimum principal stress is mainly the development of NEE-SWW, which is coincident with the direction of geological analysis and real measurement. The range of maximum principal stress is usually -53~-68Mpa, the characteristics of its total distribution are coincident with those of the structure. The maximum principal stress is lower, about -57~-59Mpa, nearby CX373 of nose-like anticlines top, but it is a little bigger, about -66~-68Mpa, in low position of structure. The maximum principal stress of objective formation is very close to the vertical stress, whose direction is identical with the direction of vertical stress in individual position. Because measured parameters of materials are different at different positions in objective formation, there appear some stress concentration region: the high value of stress arises nearby CX136, which is about 67Mpa, and the low value of stress arises nearby CX162 and CX152-2, which are about 54~-57Mpa (see Fig. 1). The range of minimum principal

stress is normally -45MPa~-52Mpa, the characteristics of whose distribution is close to those of maximum principal stress ones, but the high value region of minimum principal stress is larger than that of maximum principal stress. The vertical principal stress results mainly from the dead weights action of rocks stratum, which generally is -52MPa~64Mpa. The characteristics of its distribution and those of the structural configuration of objection formation are identical. The vertical principal stress is lower in high position, but it is higher in low position (see Fig. 3). During the course of computation, the majority of measured stresses are contrasted with computational stresses; the results obtained are listed in Table 5. From this table it can be seen that the computational and measured results of maximum principal stress is relatively close to each other, and the characteristics of their distributions are coincided very well. This shows that the computational results obtained reflect the distributions of stress field in the region under study on the whole, and which is real and acceptable. Because part of the sampling depths of computational stresses is deeper than that of simulated one, the computational results are smaller than those of measured stress, but the characteristics of their distributions and their variation trends are identical in the main. The shearing stresses within XZ maximum shearing stresses, plane are so the

less (see Fig. 4), and the plane is not one of characteristics of their distributions are not very obvious, too. 4.2 Analysis of deformation characteristic The calculated contour diagram degree of in breakdown approach

upper-Shaximiao sand is shown in Figure 5. From this figure it can be seen that the breakdown approach degree of objective formation in the region under research is less generally, 0.275 or so, which shows that the possibility of fracture breakdown in upper-Shaximiao sand to happen is less, where plastic deformation mainly takes place, thus forming some wide and gentle folds.

data of earth stress is very small, and its simulated results are comparatively close to the characteristics of earth stress, which can reflect the stress field of objective formation more really.

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Southwest Petroleum Bureau for providing technical information and material, professor feng wenguang in Chengdu University of Technology for fruitful technical discussions, vice professor Ming Lab of petroleum department core. in Chengdu University of technology for measuring mechanics of

5. Conclusion
1. Xinchang gas field has been formed in the extrusion stress field of NNW-SSE direction for a long time, the direction of the extrusion stress field had changed into west-east once in Later Himalaya period; the stress value is not big, the maximum principal horizontal stress is slightly bigger than the vertical stress and fracture pressure of rock layers, its main direction is about 150. 2. The present stress field is simulated by three-dimensional computational upper-Shaximiao finite software formation, element in whose

References
1. Li, zhiming and Zhang, jinzhu: In-situ Stress and Petroleum Exploration & Development, Petroleum Industry Publishing House, Beijing, 1997.9 2. Li, Daoping: The Development of the Low Permeability Sandstone Oil Field, Petroleum Industry Publishing House, Beijing, 1997.9 3. Yarlong Wang, M. B. Dusseault: Hydraulic Fracture Stress Measurement in Rocks with Stress-Dependent Youngs Moduli, Rock Mechanics as a Multidisplinary Science, Roegiers (ed.), 1991 Balkerma, Ralkema, Rofferdam, 4. L. W. Teufel, D. W. Rhett & H. E. Farrell: Effect of Reservoir Depletion and Pore Pressure Drowdown on In-situ Stress and Deformation in the Ekofisk Field, North Sea, Rock Mechanics as a Multidisplinary Science, Roegiers (ed.), 1991 Balkerma, Ralkema, Rofferdam, 5. N. R. Warpinski and L. W. Teuful: In-situ Stresses In Low Permeability, Nonmarine Rocks, SPE/DOE 16402 6. T. Ito, K. Kurosawa, and K. Hyashi:

relations arethe majority of them are maximum principal stress > vertical stress > minimum principal stress; both maximum and minimum principal stresses are on the same horizontal plane; the range of maximum principal stress is 53-68Mpa, whose is several Mpa bigger than fracture pressure of sandstone; the range of minimum principal stress is 45 -52Mpa, the value of which is lower, and is identical with the weak structural deformation of Xinchang gas field. 3. According to the contrast and analysis of the characteristics of stress field, measured data and simulated results, it is believed that the difference between the simulated value and the measured

Stress Concentration at the Bottom of a Borehole and Its Effect on Borehole

Table 1
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Well No: X801 CX133 CX159 X811 X804 CX168 C152-2 L101 CX167 CX166 CX162-B X815 CX153-2 CX156 CX136 X810 CX155 CX164 CX169

Breakout Formation, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1998 31(3), p153

The measured and Calculated Data of Earth Stresses

H m 2170.0 2282.0 2307.0 2328 2333 2336 2340 2340.8 2342 2346 2358 2376.5 2394 2400 2407 2407.5 2420 2444 2504 h MPa 53.31 50.04 49.67 47.72 48.99 53.96 49.15 50.4 49.73 52.07 47.08 54.64 54.14 49.8 57..9 48.87 56.1 57.7 50.26 Pf MPa 55.51 52.42 51.57 53.4 52.16 56.36 52.18 51.2 50.78 55.02 48.88 58.97 58.26 53.3 61.1 54.8 59.6 60.4 51.64 40.92 45.25 43.85 48.39 46.04 3.20 3.59 3.50 2.70 1.38 37.4 40.00 44.19 1.80 3.59 3.59 43.13 40.00 47.67 40.65 40.60 Pp MPa 39.00 34.46 St MPa 2.20 2.38 1.90 3.59 3.59 2.40 3.03 0.80 H MPa 67.62 65.62 57.41 50.20 58.40 60.25 57.65 60.20 56.15 61.75 56.76 68.54 63.56 54.40 74.88 50.15 68.35 67..90 54.48 v MPa 54.80 57.66 58.29 58.83 58.96 59.03 59.13 59.15 59.18 59.55 59.59 60.06 60.51 60.66 60.84 60.84 61.17 61.78 63.31

Formation JS21 JS2 JS2 JS JS JS2

1 3-1 4

3-1 2 3-1 2 3-1

JS2 JS2 JS2

JS23-2
3-2 3-2

JS23-2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2

4 4

JS24
4 4

JS24
4 4

Table 2 The Measured Results of Stresss Direction Using Tetra-arm Formation Dip Logging in CX167 Well Section (m) 2085-2105 2150-2175 2200-2265 2275-2320 2330-2350 2370-2390 2395-2425 Formation JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 Hole diameter C1-3 (inch) 8.08 9.31 9.62 8.23 8.31 9.15 8.23 Hole diameter C2-4 (inch) 9.00 8.08 8.38 9.62 9.46 8.15 9.10 Azimuth of NO:1 Arm 150 252 66 338 155 252 150 Direction of h 60 72 66 68 65 72 60 Direction of H 150 162 156 158 155 162 150

Table 3
m

The Measured Results of Stresss Direction Using Tetra-arm Formation Dip Logging in X815
Formation JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 JS2 Relation of Three Well Diameter C14<C25C36 C14<C25C36 C14<C25C36 C14<C25C36 C14<C25C36 C14>C25C36 Azimuth of NO: 1 Arm 340 336-360 344 161 90-106 180-190 Direction ofh 70(250) 66-90 (246270) 74(254) 71(251) 60-70 (240-256) 180-190 (360-10) Direction ofH 160(340) 156-180 (336-360) 164(344) 161(341) 150-160 (330-346) 270-280 (90-100)

Well Section 2150-2168 2178-2214 2242-2262 2342-2354 2368-2380 2490-2505

Table 5

The Selected Results of Physical Mechanical Parameters of Mode

Residual
3

No

Type of Material (Formation) K J3p J3sn Upper J2S JS23

4

E (10 MPa) 9.350 21.000 8.818 16.500 20.790 8.818 35.715 18.054 22.020 23.130 19.680 24.390 22.590 24.950 28.490 26.810 28.520 21.500 17.790 22.670 22.630 26.500 22.770
6

(g/cm ) 0.0208 0.0257 0.0245 0.0254 0.0267 0.0245 0.027 0.0245 0.0265 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267 0.0267

Residual Internal Friction Angle () 40.60 43.12 35.27 43.67 49.97 35.27 52.58 43.02 48.3 38.97 44.44 39.21 45.43 39.53 43.67 52.26 45.85 43.67 43.67 43.67 32.74 43.67 50.5

Cohesion Force (MPa) 13.23 13.62 15.88 12.65 12.09 15.88 12.14 8.29 12 12.69 12.21 13.77 15.61 17.94 12.65 6.25 13.5 12.65 12.65 12.65 24.79 12.65 9.23

St (MPa) 4.2 2.750 2.965 3.35 2.965 3.567 5.615 3.6 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.8 4.3 3.377 3.5 4.7 3.377 3.377 3.377 5.3 3.377 4.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

0.244 0.154 0.164 0.132 0.123 0164 0.195 0.158 0.191 0.121 0.163 0.152 0.114 0.123 0.209 0.145 0.122 0.21 0.274 0.24 0.128 0.21 0.243

Lower J2s J2x-q J1z T3x CX168 X804 CX153-2 CX151 CX154 CX136 X808 CX376 CX133 CX167 L101 L102 CX164 CX373

Table 6
Well No CX159 X804 CX168 CX1522 L101 CX167 C162-b X815 Hm

The Contrast Table between Simulated and Measured Data

HMpa MD SD 60.7 5 57.2 5 59.0 0 57.2 5 61.0 0 55.0 0 59.0 0 67.7 % -5.82 1.97 2.07 0.69 -1.33 2.05 -3.95 1.15 MD 49.67 48.99 53.96 49.15 50.40 49.73 47.08 54.64 hMpa SD 46.5 0 46.7 0 47.0 0 48.5 0 48.6 0 48.5 0 46.5 0 48.5 % 6.38 4.67 12.9 0 1.32 3.57 2.47 1.23 11.1 MD 58.29 58.96 59.03 59.13 59.15 59.55 59.59 60.06 vMpa SD 57.50 52.50 52.50 55.50 57.25 55.00 57.25 55.50 % 1.36 10.9 6 11.0 6 6.14 3.21 7.64 3.93 7.59

2307 .0 2333 .0 2336 .0 2340 .0 2340 .8 2342 .0 2358 .0 2376

57.41 58.40 60.25 57.65 60.20 56.15 56.76 68.54

.5 CX1532 CX156 CX155 CX164 CX136 2394 .0 2400 .0 2420 .0 2444 .0 2407 .0 63.56 54.40 68.35 67.90 74.88

5 62.5 0 56.0 0 68.5 0 68.0 0 69.0 0 1.67 -2.94 -0.22 -0.15 7.85 54.14 49.80 56.10 57.70 57.90

5 48.5 0 45.0 0 48.5 0 48.7 0 48.6 7

5 10.4 2 9.64 13.5 4 15.6 0 15.9 4 60.51 60.66 61.17 61.78 60.84 55.25 56.50 55.20 55.25 55.00 8.69 6.86 9.76 10.5 7 9.76

Remarks: MD

Measured Data; SD Simulated Data; relative error

-64.25 -59.00

cx373
-57.25

x804
-59.00

-67.75

cx136
-55.50

cx168

cx153-2
-64.25

cx164

-59.00

cx162

-62.50

cx154

l102
-66.00

66.00

-67.75

Fig. 1 The contour diagram of the maximum principal stress

-46.50 -46.00

cx373 cx168

x804

-47.00

-46.50

cx136 cx153-2
-48.00 -45.50

-48.50 cx164 -48.50

-45.00

cx162

-48.50 -49.00 -49.50 -50.00

cx154

l102

-49.00

Fig. 2 The contour diagram of the minimum principal stress

-52.00

-55.50 -59.00

cx373
-52.00

x804

-53.75

cx136

cx168
-55.50 -59.00 -60.75

cx153-2 cx154

cx164
-57.25

cx162

l102

-62.50

2.410

cx373
0.616

0.897

x804

cx168

cx153-2
0.616

0.616

cx136

cx164
0.616

cx162

cx154

l102

0.616

0.616

Fig. 4 The contour diagram of the shearing stress within XZ plane

0.279 cx373 cx168 0.175 cx154 l102 0.227 0.175 x804 cx153-2 cx136

cx164

cx162

0.223

Fig. 5 The calculated contour diagram of breakdown approach degree

Chart 2. Photo shows the curve slickenside of shearing in underlying shale in JS21 in CX165-1 (2215.2-2228.4m)