2-D stresses, traction vector

xx

yy

nt
2-D (biaxial) state of stress

xx

xy

yy

yx

yx

nn

xy
n
t
x
y
z

nn

nt
normal and tangential
stress components
traction vector
components
( )
n
x
T
( )
n
y
T
( )
n
x
T
( )
n
y
T

xx

xy

yx

yy
n , unit normal
1
n
y
n
x
dx
dy
ds
0
y
F =

( )
( )
( )
0
n
x xx yx
n
x xx yx
n
x xx x yx y
T dsdz dydz dxdz
dy dx
T
ds ds
T n n



=
= +
= +
similarly
0
x
F =

( )
n
y xy x yy y
T n n = +
( )
n
x
T
( )
n
y
T
( )
n
T
traction vector
( )
( )
n
x xx x yx y
n
y xy x yy y
T n n
T n n


= +
= +
( )
n
T
nn

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
cos sin 2 sin cos
n n n
nn x x y y
xx x yy y xy x y
xx yy xy
T n T n
n n n n

= = +
= + +
= + +
T n

n
t
n

nt

x
y
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
cos sin sin cos cos sin
n n n
nt x x y y
xx x x yy y y xy x y y x
xx yy xy
T t T t
n t n t n t n t

= = +
= + + +
= + +
T t
( )
( )
0
0
xx x yx y
xy x yy y
n n
n n


+ =
+ =
2 2
2
nn xx x yy y xy x y
n n n n = + +
( )
nt xx x x yy y y xy x y y x
n t n t n t n t = + + +
principal stresses, planes
( )
n
= T n
n
( )
( )
n
x xx x yx y
n
y xy x yy y
T n n
T n n


= +
= +
or
xx x yx y x
xy x yy y y
n n n
n n n


+ =
+ =
( )
( )
0
0
xx x xy y
xy x yy y
n n
n n


+ =
+ =
principal stresses, principal planes
eigenvalue problem
1
2
0
0
xx xy p
yx yy p


( (

( (

x
y
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1 1 1
,
x y
n n = n
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
2 2 2
,
x y
n n = n
1 p

2 p

eigenvalues (principal stresses)

eigenvectors (principal directions)
( )
( )
0
0
xx x xy y
xy x yy y
n n
n n


+ =
+ =
principal stresses, principal planes
These homogeneous equations have a non-trivial solution
only if
( )
( )
0
xx xy
xy yy

2
1 2
0 I I + =
1
2
2
xx yy
xx yy xy
I
I


= +
=
stress invariants
2
1 2
0 I I + =
1 1 2
2
2 1 2
xx yy p p
xx yy xy p p
I
I


= + = +
= =
two roots:
2
1 1
1 2 2
2
2
,
2 4
2 2
p p
xx yy xx yy
xy
I I
I

=
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
To find the two principal directions, for each principal stress solve
one of the equations
( )
( )
0
0
xx x xy y
xy x yy y
n n
n n


+ =
+ =
for
x
y
n
n
with
2 2
1
x y
n n + =
1 2
,
p p
=
>> stress = [ 10 -4 ; -4 6]
stress =
10 -4
-4 6
>> [pdirs, pstress] = eig(stress)
pdirs =
-0.5257 -0.8507
-0.8507 0.5257
pstress =
3.5279 0
0 12.4721
3.53
12.47
0.8507
0.5257
Principal Stresses with MATLAB
Principal stresses directly
( )
( )
10 4 0
4 6 0
x y
x y
n n
n n

=
+ =
1
2
16
44
I
I
=
=
2
16 44 0 + =
roots are 3.5279, 12.4721
Try 3.5279
6.4721 4 0
4 2.4721 0
x y
x y
n n
n n
=
+ =
From the first equation
0.618
x
y
n
n
=
2
2 2
1
1
x
y y
n
n n
+ =
0.8506
0.5257
y
x
n
n
=
=
similarly the second
principal stress direction is
obtained
(second equation gives same)
>> stress3D = [ 10 -4 0;
-4 6 0;
0 0 0]
stress3D =
10 -4 0
-4 6 0
0 0 0
>> [pdirs, pstress] = eig(stress3D)
pvdirs =
0 -0.5257 -0.8507
0 -0.8507 0.5257
1.0000 0 0
pstress =
0 0 0
0 3.5279 0
0 0 12.4721
12.47 3.53
0
z
10
6
0
z
4
( )
( )
n
x xx x yx y
n
y xy x yy y
T n n
T n n


= +
= +
In vector/matrix form
( ) ( )
{ }
{ }
xx xy
n n
x y x y
yx yy
T T n n


(
=
(

>> stress = [40 -20;
-20, 50];
>> norm =[0.6 0.8];
>> tract = norm*stress
tract =
8 28
MATLAB
0.6
0.8
n
nn

( ) ( )
n n
nn x x y y
T n T n = +
2 2
2
nn xx x yy y xy x y
n n n n = + +
vector/matrix form
( ) ( )
{ }
x
n n
nn x y
y
n
T T
n

=
`
)
{ }
xx xy x
nn x y
yx yy y
n
n n
n

(
=
`
(
)
MATLAB
>> normstress = tract*norm'
normstress =
27.2000
>> normstress2 = norm*stress*norm'
normstress2 =
27.2000
0.6
0.8
n
0.8
0.6
t
nt

( )
nt xx x x yy y y xy x y y x
n t n t n t n t = + + +
( ) ( )
n n
nt x x y y
T t T t = +
vector/matrix form
( ) ( )
{ }
x
n n
nt x y
y
t
T T
t

=
`
)
{ }
xx xy x
nt x y
yx yy y
t
n n
t

(
=
`
(
)
MATLAB
>> tang =[-0.8 0.6];
>> tang*norm'
ans = 0
>> shearstress = tract*tang'
shearstress =10.4000
>> shearstress2 = norm*stress*tang'
shearstress2 =
10.4000
0.6
0.8
n
0.8
0.6
t
nt

{ }
xx xy x
nt x y
yx yy y
t
n n
t

(
=
`
(
)
{ }
xx xy x
nn x y
yx yy y
n
n n
n

(
=
`
(
)
nn

we can put these together in vector/matrix form as

{ } { }
xx xy x x
nn nt x y
yx yy y y
n t
n n
n t



( (
=
( (

>> dirs =[norm' tang']
dirs =
0.6000 -0.8000
0.8000 0.6000
>> stresses_on_n = norm*stress*dirs
stresses_on_n =
27.2000 10.4000
MATLAB
traction on plane whose normal is t
0.6
0.8
n
0.8
0.6
t
nt

nn

tt

tn

( )
( )
t
x xx x yx y
t
y xy x yy y
T t t
T t t


= +
= +
( ) ( )
{ }
{ }
xx xy
t t
x y x y
yx yy
T T t t


(
=
(

{ }
xx xy x
tn x y
yx yy y
n
t t
n

(
=
`
(
)
{ }
xx xy x
tt x y
yx yy y
t
t t
t

(
=
`
(
)
{ } { }
xx xy x x
tn tt x y
yx yy y y
n t
t t
n t



( (
=
( (

0.6
0.8
n
0.8
0.6
t
nt

nn

tt

tn

{ }
{ }
xx xy x x
tn tt x y
yx yy y y
n t
t t
n t



( (
=
( (

{ }
{ }
xx xy x x
nn nt x y
yx yy y y
n t
n n
n t



( (
=
( (

we can combine these into a single form
x y xx xy x x
nn nt
x y yx yy y y
tn tt
n n n t
t t n t




( ( (
(
=
( ( (
(


stress transformation
equations
MATLAB
>> new_stresses =dirs'*stress*dirs
new_stresses =
27.2000 10.4000
10.4000 62.8000

yy

nt

xx

tn

yx

tt

nn

xy
n, x
1
'
t, x
2
'
x, x
1
y, x
2
z,x
3
z, x
3
'
Let ( )
cos ,
ij j i
l x x

=
then
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 11
1 2 21
2 1 12
2 2 22
cos ,
cos ,
cos ,
cos ,
x
y
x
y
n x x l
n x x l
t x x l
t x x l

= =

= =

= =

= =
direction cosines
11 21 11 12
12 22 21 22
xx xy
nn nt
yx yy
tn tt
l l l l
l l l l




(
( ( (
=
(
( ( (


and we have
| | | | | || |
T
l l

=
or