Chemical Equilibrium Homework

- Section 7.1 434-438 questions 1-5 pg 438

Tuesday, November 11, 2008 Keq =([C]c[D]d)/([A]a[B]b) - Qualitative Equilibrium Worksheet
8:23 AM - Read Sample Problem pg 433-436
Equilibrium: the extent of a reaction - Report Cards :'(
- In stoichiometry we talk about theoretical yields, and the many reasons actual yields may be
lower. 1a) The observable characteristics would be the concentrations
- Another critical reason actual yields may be lower is the reversibility of chemical reactions: of the reactants and the products initially and at equilibrium.
some reactions may produce only 70% of the product you may calculate they ought to 1b) The equilibrium is considered dynamic because eventually
produce. the reactants will be forming products at the same rate as
- Equilibrium is a state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by in terms of products are forming reactants.
macroscopic observation. 1c) The rates are equal in the system.
- Chemical equilibrium is reached when 2a) Three systems that can be considered to be in 'equilibrium'
○ The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and - The amount of money that two companies are giving each
○ The concentration of the reactants and the products remain constant. other in terms of purchasing a product (monetary) and the
amount of money that company will gain when the costs of
○ N2O4(g) ↔ 2NO2(g)
selling and manufacturing that product are considered
- Physical equilibrium is reached when
- The gravitational forces acting on an object that is held in the
○ H2O(l) ↔ H 2O(g)
air for a short period of time: The forces holding it up are equal
The Concept of Equilibrium to the forces of gravity pushing it down.
- The amount of oxygen entering someone's lungs in comparison
- Consider the colorless frozen N2O4. At room temperature, it decomposes to brown NO2 to the amount of carbon dioxide leaving it. Also the amount of
- At some time, the color stops changing and we have a mixture of N2O4 and NO2. energy gained by both the trees and the person breathing.
- Chemical equilibrium is the point at which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the 3a) CH4(g) + Cl2(g) ↔ CH 3Cl (g) + HCl (g), because the limiting
rate of the reverse reactions. reagent is the 2.0mol of CH4(g) in this reaction only 2.0mol of
- At that point, the concentrations of all species are constant. (Reactions are still occurring CH 3Cl(g) can be produced.
but the rates of reactions are equal) 3b) The percent reaction is (2.0mol-1.4mol)/2.0mol=0.3*100=
- Using the collision model: 30%, meaning that only 70% of the expected reaction actually
○ As the amount of NO2 builds up, there is a chance that two NO2 molecules will collide took place. Because less product than expected was produced,
to form N2O4 this means that overall the reaction shifted left, favoring the
○ At the beginning of the reaction, there is no NO2, so the reverse reaction (2NO2(g) -> reactants.
N2O4(g)) will not occur. 4a)
- As the substance warms it begins to decompose:
Change Type C2H4(g) Br2(g) C2H4Br2(g)
○ N2O4(g) →2NO2(g)
- When enough NO2 is formed, it can react to form N2O4. Init. M 4.00mol/L 2.50mol/L
○ 2NO2(g)↔N2O4(g) Equil M 4.00mol/L-x=2.5mol/L 2.50mol/L
- At equilibrium, as much N2O4 reacts to form NO2 as NO2 reacts to re-form N2O4.
- The double arrow implies the process is dynamic
Qualitative Equilibrium Problems
○ N2O4(g)↔2NO2(g)
1. In this problem, there may be a production of H2 and O2 being
- As the reaction progresses
produced in the closed bottle, however since there is so much
○ [A] decreases to a constant
O2 in the bottle the rate at which the reactant of H2O is
○ [B] increases from zero to a constant
produced may be a much higher rate than the production of
○ When [A] and [B] are constant, equilibrium is achieved
hydrogen and oxygen gas, thus never coming to equilibrium.
Le Châtelier's Principle 2. This can be considered a situation at equilibrium if the amount
of students leaving the school was exactly equal to the amount
- If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way of students entering the school in a new year or from new
that the stress is partially offset as the system reaches a new equilibrium position. entries. If no one was leaving or entering, this would not be
considered equilibrium.
Changes in Concentration 3. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2SO3(g), this situation may be in equilibrium, if
- N2(g) + 3H 2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) … You can add NH3 to this reaction to add reverse pressure. a catalyst was added to the reaction and the reaction shifted in
- This will cause the equilibrium to shift stress to the left of the reaction. terms of the amount of reactants produced and the products
○ aA + bB ↔ cC + dD reduced, then it could be inducted that before adding the
catalyst it was not in equilibrium.
Change Shifts the Equilibrium 4. This demonstrates that regardless of the way that a reaction
begins, if given the same temperature and pressure and also a
Increase the concentration of the products Left certain amount of time, equilibria that are the same can be
Decrease the concentration of the products Right attained.
Increase the concentration of reactants Right 5. This shows that the reactions is always occurring in that the
iodine solid is constantly being reacted into solution just as
Decrease the concentration of the reactants Left often as the solution is being crystallized. Therefore, when the
radioactive properties of the solution are found it can be
Changes in Volume and Pressure assumed that the reaction was ongoing (re: dynamic).
- A(g) + B(g) ↔ C(g)
Le Châtelier's Principle Homework
Change Shifts the Equilibrium
6. In this case, the amount of pressure in the syringe has been
Increase Pressure Side with fewest moles of gas increased, and the concentration has increased (and the
Decrease Pressure Side with greatest moles of gas solution will darken accordingly. Because the N2O4 side has
fewer moles, it is shifted leading to an increase in the amount
Increase volume Side with greatest moles of gas of those in the syringe after the reaction stabilizes. Pressuring
Decrease volume Side with fewest moles of gas ice will not make it melt because the equilibrium has a side
with neither more or less moles (H2O(l)↔H 2O(s)) and the
reaction will not shift on either side more than the other.
Changes in Temperature
However, if there is equal volume and temperature on the ice
- (ONLY stress that changes the value of K which is the equilibrium constant)
as before, the increased pressure will cause it to melt.
7. In a. The increase in [H2] will cause the product side to
Change Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction increase. In b. The removal of N2(g) will cause the reaction to
Increase temperature K↓ (↑[react]) K↑ (↓[react]) move to the right, therefore increasing the amount of products
formed. In c. the decrease of pressure will cause the
Decrease temperature K↑ (↓ [react]) K↓ (↑[react])
equilibrium constant to increase and decrease the amount of
reactants. In d., there will be more products formed as they

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 reactants. In d., there will be more products formed as they
Adding a Catalyst have less moles. In e., the catalyst will just increase the speed
- Does not change K it takes to reach equilibrium. What is equal is the rate at which
- Does not shift the position of an equilibrium system reactants are produced relative to products.
- System will reach equilibrium sooner. 8. Because this reaction is endothermic, and increase in
- Catalyst lowers Ea for both forward and reverse reactions temperature will increase the amount of product. An increase
Catalyst does not change equilibrium constant or shift equilibrium. in reactant concentration will increase product concentration,
a decrease in product concentration will shift the reaction to
Change Shift Equilibrium Change Equilibrium Constant the right, creating more yield.
Concentration Yes No
Pressure Yes No
Volume Yes No
Temperature Yes Yes
Catalyst No No

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