DISPLACEMENT PILES AND PILE TYPES

DISPLACEMENT PILES
ATLAS PILES
The Atlas pile is a unique screw shaped reinforced concrete pile design to take maximum advantage of all the available soil capacity by displacing the soil rather than replacing it.
The Atlas pile is a concrete cast in-situ and is not to be confused with the steel screw pile which has much lower load carrying capacity. The piles can be installed with a conventional purpose built Atlas rig or the new generation high torque hydraulic piling piles allowing piles up to 30m to be installed in a single pass. As these piles are genuine displacement piles with the auger being thrust into the ground with a minimum of 40 tonne metre torque negligible spoil is produced for subsequent removal, very important consideration when piling in contaminated or aggressive soils.
DISPLACEMENT PILES
This pile type is similar to the Atlas pile with the exception that most displacement piles are straight shafted as opposed to the helical shafts on the Atlas piles. These piles are installed using modern, very high torque hydraulic drilling rigs which rotate a specialised displacement tool into the ground. The action of the specially designed tool causes the ground to be compacted, when the tool has reached the required depth it is withdrawn whilst concrete is pumped out through the hollow stem.
The installation process of both types is totally vibration free but the major advantage is that the process produces no spoil with, the exception of minor ground heave, thus obviating the need to deal with any contaminated spoil.
Sydney (Head Office) Level 1, 4 Burbank Place Baulkham Hills NSW 2153 Australia T: +61 2 8866 1100 F: +61 2 8866 1101 Email: australia@franki.com.au
CONTINUOUS FLIGHT AUGER (CFA) PILES

CONTINUOUS FLIGHT AUGER (CFA) PILES
The CFA Pile is a non-displacement pile used where fast vibration free installation is required in difficult ground conditions. The drilling process is suitable for penetrating dense layers and is unaffected by ground water or collapsing soil conditions.
The pile is formed by first drilling into the ground with a continuous flight auger. Cement-sand grout or concrete is then injected under pressure through the augers hollow stem as it is being withdrawn. The grout or concrete pressure is maintained during the auger withdrawal so that it assists the extraction as well as exerting a lateral pressure on the surrounding soils. On completion of this operation, a reinforcing cage is placed into the fluid column of grout or concrete.
LOAD CAPACITY
CFA Piles are most suited for use in sands with load capacity developed in both adhesion and end bearing. The design resistance may be calculated using conventional static pile design theory with design parameters relevant to nondisplacement piles.
The pile founding depths should be predetermined before installation from a site investigation report. This pile type is also suited for use in rock with available equipment able to form sockets in weak to medium strong rocks. CFA piles are not normally viable in lower strength clays, unless a suitable end-bearing layer is available to found in.
FRANKI PILES
FRANKI PILES
Although the Franki pile is generally installed by bottom driving, highly special techniques such as open-ended coring, rock socketting, and composite shaft construction are used in particular situations to overcome unique site problems.
It can safely withstand very high compressive and tensile forces and substantial horizontal loads. The installation process of each Franki pile takes account of the soil conditions at each pile location. Quality control checks on the driving and basing resistance of every pile result in optimum pile performance. The pile is always sealed during construction. Ground water or collapsing ground present no problems. Noise and vibration levels are minimised as a result of Frankis unique bottom driving technique. Because the impact occurs at the bottom of the tube, the Franki pile is the quietest of the driven cast-in-place systems and is suitable where high noise levels would cause environmental problems. Vibration levels are monitored regularly and in most ground conditions can be kept below the strictest international standards. These features have helped make the Franki pile the most popular castin-place pile in Australia for more than 50 years.
FRANKI PILES, cont
THE FRANKI BASE & SHAFT

The action of forming an enlarged base improves and strengthens many soil types. Also the pile base can be enlarged up to three times the shaft diameter resulting in a shorter more economical pile which has superior settlement performance when compared to a straight shaft pile.
Where high tension loads are required, the reinforcement can be anchored into a tension base giving significantly increased tension resistance. The load capacity and settlement analyses of Franki piles are calculated using displacement pile parameters with design methods based on many years of research and thousands of test pile results in a wide range of ground conditions. Theoretical expectations are confirmed during construction by monitoring the dynamic resistance of the piling tube and the energy requirements for forming the enlarged base. The pile type can be constructed in practically all soil conditions.
BORED PILES
BORED PILES
Large diameter bored piles are non displacement piles which are commonly used where large vertical loads or bending moments must be carried by a single unit.
Bored piles founded in rock provide an effective means of minimising foundation settlements and a small number of high capacity bored piles can often provide significant savings in pile cap costs over other, lower capacity, pile types. Being non displacement type piles, bored piles can be installed with little or no vibration, and with much lower noise levels than driven piles. Franki has a large range of equipment available for the execution of bored piles ranging from limited headroom equipment to modern all hydraulic tracked machines capable of drilling holes in soil and rock. Soil and or rock is removed using purpose designed drill tools including soil and rock augers, drilling buckets, core barrels, and down hole hammer drills. Drilling to depths of up to 60 meters and to diameters from 300mm to in excess of 2 metres is possible in soil and rock. Various methods of support for the sides of bored piles during construction are available. These can be selected to suit the type of formation being drilled, the ground water regime encountered, and site environmental constraints.
BORED PILES, cont
BORED PILES, cont

Shaft support methods available include: * Vibrated temporary casing. * Drilled temporary casing. * Oscillated temporary casing. * Permanent liners. * Drilling under water. * Drilling under bentonite. * Drilling under polymer fluids. The load capacity of bored piles is a function of the geotechnical capacity of the pile, the installation technique chosen, and the structural capacity of the pile shaft. The capacity of piles socketed into good quality rock is often limited by settlement considerations. Bored piles are also particularly suited to providing resistance to high lateral loads such as those induced by wind loading and earth quake loading. In these circumstances the larger diameters available, combined with heavy steel reinforcement cages if required, provide the required structural strength. In very hard rock, bored piles can be constructed using down the hole hammer drills or roller cutter core barrels. These techniques allow the drilling of hard and abrasive rocks which would otherwise be very difficult to penetrate economically with conventional drilling equipment. In some circumstances, belling techniques may prove economical to take advantage of high end-bearing resistance. Typical bell diameters of up to 2 times the shaft diameter can be constructed by mechanical means. The actual load capacity of bored piles can be verified by static geotechnical calculations, by logging of shafts during drilling, by static or dynamic load testing, or by Statnamic load testing which provides an economical means of testing to high load levels.
PILES IN RESTRICTED AREAS
PILES IN RESTRICTED AREAS

Franki has the equipment and expertise to construct piles in restricted areas with a minimum of noise and vibration including areas with head room as low as 2.4 metres.
Where access is a problem, Franki offer: * Bored piles and groutcrete piles up to 500mm diameter. * Forum piles, the original enlarged base piles for maximum load in confined areas. * Tube piles for areas where ground water is a problem. The product used depends on the load requirements and conditions. The equipment used is based on either the Franki mini rig, or the traditional tripod rig. Applications include: * Underpinning. * Renovations to existing structures such as shops, railway stations, etc. * Bridge extensions in awkward locations.
The traditional Forum pile system can be disassembled to allow access to normally inaccessible areas. The base of the Bawang pile is expanded to increase pile load capacity after the pile has reached the required depth.
DRIVEN PRECAST PILES
DRIVEN PRECAST PILES

The Franki precast pile is a high strength high capacity precast concrete pile which incorporates mechanical and compression joints, allowing piles to be spliced quickly and then driven to any required depth.
Precast piles offer the geotechnical efficiency of a driven pile with the economies of a mass produced product. A rigorous quality assurance program throughout the casting, driving and testing process ensures a consistently reliable product with high strength and durability. Precast piles are most suited to ground conditions where soft upper strata overlie a hard bearing layer and in areas with clay or silt deposits. Franki maintains its own casting facilities which enables it to cater for varying site conditions with a range of stock pile lengths & sizes. Franki maintains in house casting capacity sufficient to customise pile lengths for individual sites and to cater for site variability without the need for long casting periods prior to job commencement.
THE PILE JOINT

Franki has two main types of pile joint:
1. The compression sleeve - an economical join used when there are no tension loads or high movements on the pile. 2. A mechanical joint - Which is cast into the piles and consists of a series of pins and recesses that are mated during the pitching process and are then held in place by the inserton of high strength steel wedges. The mechanical joint is designed and proof tested to ensure that where necessary the compression, tension and bending stresses are similar to that of the pile section.
LOAD CAPACITY
Franki precast piles are manufactured from high strength concrete using state of the art technology. Structural load capacities are based on an independent testing and research program. Piles are driven using the most sophisticated piling machines operating in Australia. These are equipped with efficient hydraulic hammers for faster installation and lower pile stresses during driving. The geotechnical strength and serviceability are determined using analytical methods applicable to displacement piles and parameters based largely on intensive static and dynamic load test results. Sydney (Head Office) Level 1, 4 Burbank Place Baulkham Hills NSW 2153 Australia T: +61 2 8866 1100 F: +61 2 8866 1101 Email: australia@franki.com.au
DRIVEN PILES
DRIVEN PRE-FORMED TIMBER PILES

Timber was the first material to be used in piling work and was the only material used for this purpose for many centuries.
Timber is popular in Marine applications as it is a tough resilient material which can absorb considerable shock without serious damage by such incidents as collision. They are also more easily repaired than steel or concrete piles. Timber is renowned for its inertness and as such has the natural ability to perform its task long term in hostile chemical soil conditions. The availability of modern timber preservation technology has increased this popularity of timber piles in chemically aggressive soils. It is ideally suited to applications where an economical pile is required to carry small axial loads. Frankis fleet of Driving rigs are well suited for the fast and economical installation of timber piles both on land and also in marine applications.
Pictured above: Piled foundations for silos at the casting basin, Tempe NSW, used in the construction of the underground rail link to Sydneys Mascot airport
Frankipile also supply and drive other types and preformed piles such as:
* pre stressed octagonal piles * steel bearing piles * steel sheet piles * steel tube piles
RETAINING WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
Franki offers a selection of retaining walls for a wide range of applications. The wall type selected depends on the ground conditions, the standard of finish and the level of water tightness required. Retaining wall methods include: * Soldier pile walls * Contiguous Bored pile and Groutcrete walls * Secant pile walls * Prefabricated walls * Sheet pile walls
SOLDIER PILE WALLS
CONTIGUOUS BORED PILE and GROUTCRETE WALLS
RETAINING WALLS, cont
SECANT PILE WALLS
SHEET PILE WALLS
RETAINING WALLS, cont
PREFABRICATED WALLS
DYNAMIC LOAD TESTING
Dynamic LoaD TesTing

Dynamic load testing (DLT) is a high strain test method for assessing pile performance. over the last 15 years, it has been the predominant means of pile load testing worldwide. DLT involves impacting the head of a pile with a piling hammer or drop weight and measuring the resultant strains and accelerations. These measurements are used to quantify the pile and soil behaviour in response to the applied dynamic force. some important capabilities of the DLT method are summarised as follows:
* Relatively quick and economical means of quality control for pile construction. * On-site monitoring of piling hammer performance. * Assessment of driving problems and/or pile damage. * Provides immediate estimate of mobilised pile resistances during the blow. * Can be applied to all types of pile foundation. While originally developed for driven piles, the DLT method has been successfully transferred to the testing of cast-in-place piles. DLT, when applied to pre-formed driven piles, is a powerful diagnostic tool to control and identify problems in the pile driving process. DLT is carried out using either the Foundation Pile Diagnostic System (FPDS), manufactured by the TNO Building and Construction Research Organisation in the Netherlands or the PAK System, manufactured by Pile Dynamics, Inc. of the USA. Both systems comprise a portable field computer with signal processing electronics, a signal conditioning system, two strain gauge/acceleration transducers, together with software for monitoring and reporting.
DYNAMIC LOAD TESTING, cont
HoW Does iT WoRK?

Dynamic load testing is carried out with two identical bolt-on strain and acceleration transducers attached to a section of pile. The pile is then struck with a driving hammer or a separate drop weight. A hammer mass of about 1 to 2% of the test load is generally sufficient. The generated compressive stress wave travels down the piles and reflects from the pile toe upward. The stress waves, which are picked up by the transducers, are processed and automatically stored in the computer for further analysis and reporting.
The analysis is carried out using the signal matching program CAPWAP. Pile and soil data are modelled and a response is ca lculated based on one dimensional wave equation theory. The signal matching process utilises an iterative method in which the results of each analysis are compared to the actual measured pile behaviour. Appropriate dynamic soil parameters are refined until a satisfactory match is achieved. The mobilised static shaft and toe resistance of the pile can hence be derived. The signal matching program also provides a prediction of the static load displacement performance of the pile on the basis of the refined pile and soil model.
STATIC LOAD TESTING
Static Load teSting

the static load test (SLt) involves the direct measurement of pile head displacement in the response to a physically applied test load. it is the most fundamental form of pile load test and is considered as the bench-mark of pile performance. testing has been performed in the load range 100kn to 12,000 kn. the SLt may be carried out for the following load configurations:
* Compression * Lateral * Tension (i.e. uplift) For the SLT the load is most commonly applied via a jack acting against a reaction beam, which is restrained by an anchorage system or by jacking up against a reaction mass (kentledgeor dead weight). The anchorage system may be in the form of cable anchors or reaction piles installed into the ground to provide tension resistance. The nominated test load is usually applied in a series of increments in accordance with the appropriate Code, or with a pre-determined load testing specification for a project. Each load increment is sustained for a specified time period, or until the rate of pile movement is less than a nominated value. Static load testing methods are applicable to all pile types, on land or over water, and may be carried out on either production piles or sacrificial trial piles. Trial piles are specifically constructed for the purpose of carrying out load tests and therefore, are commonly loaded to failure. Testing of production piles however, is limited to prove that a pile will perform satisfactorily at the serviceability or design load, plus an overload to demonstrate that the pile has some (nominated) reserve capacity.
tHe teSt PRocedURe

Loading is applied to the test pile using a calibrated hydraulic jack, and where required a calibrated load cell measures the load. During the SLT, direct measurements of pile displacement under the applied loading are taken by reading deflectometers (dial gauges reading to 0.01mm) that are positioned on glass reference plates cemented to the pile head. The deflectometers are supported by reference beams that are founded a specified distance away from both the test pile and any reaction points. Although SLT is generally held as the most reliable form of load testing a pile or pile group, it is important that interaction effects are minimised. These may result from interaction between the test pile and the anchorage systems, or between the measuring system and reaction points. For this reason, careful attention is given to performing the test in accordance with proper procedures.
teSt ReSULtS
Test results are presented inconventional graphical format showing the applied load versus pile head displacement.
STATIC LOAD TESTING, cont
HoW doeS it WoRK?

Dynamic load testing is carried out with two identical bolt-on strain and acceleration transducers attached to a section of pile. The pile is then struck with a driving hammer or a separate drop weight. A hammer mass of about 1 to 2% of the test load is generally sufficient. The generated compressive stress wave travels down the piles and reflects from the pile toe upward. The stress waves, which are picked up by the transducers, are processed and automatically stored in the computer for further analysis and reporting.
The analysis is carried out using the signal matching program CAPWAP. Pile and soil data are modelled and a response is ca lculated based on one dimensional wave equation theory. The signal matching process utilises an iterative method in which the results of each analysis are compared to the actual measured pile behaviour. Appropriate dynamic soil parameters are refined until a satisfactory match is achieved. The mobilised static shaft and toe resistance of the pile can hence be derived. The signal matching program also provides a prediction of the static load displacement performance of the pile on the basis of the refined pile and soil model.
SONIC INTEGRITY TESTING
Sonic integrity teSting

the sonic integrity test (Sit) is a non-destructive test for quickly and economically checking the integrity or continuity of an installed pile foundation. the method is referred to as a lowstrain test and is routinely used for quality control purposes in piling projects.
SIT can be applied to cast-in-situ piles and pre-formed driven piles (concrete, steel, timber). The test will detect pile defects like cracks, voids and soil inclusions, changes in the pile diameter (e.g. necking), and major variations in the consistency of the pile material. The method does not provide any information on the load bearing capacity of the pile. The equipment used for SIT is robust and portable and comprises a light-weight field computer, transducer, connecting cables and a plastic mallet. Thus, any accessible pile can be tested by a single operator. An experienced operator can test up to 100 piles per day in ideal conditions. In most cases, the experienced operator can provide immediate on-site interpretation of the test result.
PHenoMenA DetectABLe
* Reflections from the toe, (in most cases). * Reflections from significant inclusions (5-10% or more of the pile diameter). * Reflections from horizontal cracks. * Reflections from joints, (as for precast concrete piles). * Reflections from increases and decreases in cross-section. * Reflections from changes in soil layers. * Reflections from significant changes in material properties (e.g. variation in concrete consistency).
PHenoMenA not DetectABLe

* Gradual increases or decreases in cross-section. * Curved forms. * Small inclusions of foreign materials. * Local loss of cover. * Debris at the toe of the pile. * Cracks parallel to the pile axis.
SONIC INTEGRITY TESTING, cont
Sonic integrity teSting cont

HoW DoeS it WorK?
1. The pile head is struck with a hand-held hammer, which sends a low strain stress wave down the pile shaft. 2. The induced stress wave is reflected off the pile toe and any discontinuities in the pile. 3. The reflections cause movements of the pile head, which are registered by a hand-held accelerometer sensor that is pressed against the top of the pile. 4. The recorded signal is converted into a velocity-time trace and presented on-screen as velocity versus pile depth. 5. Once satisfactory signals have been obtained, they are stored in the internal memory of the field computer. 6. The stored signals are downloaded onto a PC for signal enhancement and reporting at a later stage. The shape of the recorded sonic signals (reflectograms) provides a qualitative indication of the pile integrity. However, interpretation of SIT signals must give due regard to the soil profile in which the pile is founded and the method of pile construction. Shaft friction plays a major role in damping the signal and reflections of stress waves also occur at the boundary of soil layers. For this reason it is essential that the operator is provided with available soil profile details, together with the pile construction records.

DISPLACEMENT PILES AND PILE TYPES

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DISPLACEMENT PILES AND PILE TYPES

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DISPLACEMENT PILES

CONTINUOUS FLIGHT AUGER (CFA) PILES

FRANKI PILES, cont

THE FRANKI BASE & SHAFT

BORED PILES, cont

BORED PILES, cont

PILES IN RESTRICTED AREAS

PILES IN RESTRICTED AREAS

DRIVEN PRECAST PILES

DRIVEN PRECAST PILES

THE PILE JOINT

DRIVEN PRE-FORMED TIMBER PILES

SOLDIER PILE WALLS

CONTIGUOUS BORED PILE and GROUTCRETE WALLS

RETAINING WALLS, cont

SECANT PILE WALLS

SHEET PILE WALLS

RETAINING WALLS, cont

DYNAMIC LOAD TESTING

Dynamic LoaD TesTing

DYNAMIC LOAD TESTING, cont

HoW Does iT WoRK?

STATIC LOAD TESTING

Static Load teSting

tHe teSt PRocedURe

STATIC LOAD TESTING, cont

HoW doeS it WoRK?

SONIC INTEGRITY TESTING

Sonic integrity teSting

PHenoMenA not DetectABLe

SONIC INTEGRITY TESTING, cont

Sonic integrity teSting cont

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