WATER RESOURCES AND TREATMENT, WASTEWATER AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Introduction to Environmental Engineering

WATER SUPPLY AND WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES: WATER it is intricately involved in just about every process on this planet in one way or another. composed merely of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. (polar molecule)

PROPERTIES OF WATER: 1. colorless, odorless and tasteless 2. it dissolves nearly everything 3. it exists in three forms: liquid, solid, gas 4. it can absorb a large amount of heat WATER AS AN ENVIRONMETAL STABILIZER: Water as a medium on this planet also serves a role environmentally. It is very stable as temperature change because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules themselves. When water absorbs heat, the molecules do faster but the glue of the hydrogen bonds slows the process. Heat is transmitted slowly though water and large bodies of water take a long time to heat up. That energy does not quickly come back out if the temperature around the water drops, either, so masses of water cool more slowly than other liquids would. Masses of water also are stable in that individual molecules that have picked up heat / motion have hard time getting free into the atmosphere, or evaporating. There are 2 reasons for this: (1) the heat is passed around fairly evenly and so the number of molecules going fast enough to zip free rises slowly and (2) hydrogen bonding at the water-atmosphere surface pulls molecules at the surface more tightly together (this produces the surface tension) and leaves less room for potential evaporating molecules to squeeze through (this explains why evaporation is a cooling process). There is also a wide range of temperature in which water is liquid; although life is tricky at extremes near freezing and boiling, it is possible as long as water remains liquid. Another fairly unique property of water is how it solidifies: if water cools, its molecules move more slowly and tend to pack more closely together. Like more substances, water gets more dense at it cools. However, when too crowded, at about 4oC, the tightly-packed bipolar molecules begin to repel each other and slip into the arrangement which, as the temperature drops, actually pushes them further apart into kind of crystal arrangement. Thats why water is in solid form is less dense that water in its liquid form. If ice did not float, it would freeze, sink, and expose more surfaces to freeze and sink, and frozen bodies of water would be frozen solid from bottom to the surface, a very poor environment for living thins and a difficult task to thaw. In fact, ice acts as an insulator to the water underneath it. The thicker the ice, the harder it is for the water to lose heat and freeze, so very few deep bodies of water, even in the coldest climates, are totally frozen.

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WATER RESOURCES AND TREATMENT, WASTEWATER AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Solid Water

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WATER RESOURCES AND TREATMENT, WASTEWATER AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Introduction to Environmental Engineering

THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

Precipitation condensed water vapor that falls to the Earths surface. It includes rain, snow, hail, fog drip, graupel and sleet. Evaporation and Transpiration processes by which water reenters the atmosphere. Evaporation is loss from free water surfaces. Transpiration is loss by plants. Percolation the surface water (especially during a precipitation event) percolates into the ground and becomes ground water. Runoff includes the variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may infiltrate into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or can be extracted for agricultural or other human uses. Zone of aeration soil pore spaces contain both air and water. This zone may have zero thickness in swamplands and be several hundred feet in arid regions. Moisture from the zone of aeration cannot be tapped as water supply source because this water is held on the soil particles by capillary forces and is not readily released. Zone of saturation pores are filled with water. It referred as ground water. A stratum containing substantial amount of ground water is called an aquifer. SOURCES OF WATER:

1. 2. 4.

Ground Water water that has percolated downward from the ground surface through the soil pores.

Surface Water waters from rivers and lakes. 3. Sea Water Reclaimed Wastewater water that has been treated sufficiently for direct reuse in industry and agriculture and for limited municipal applications.

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WATER RESOURCES AND TREATMENT, WASTEWATER AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Introduction to Environmental Engineering

WORLDS WATER SUPPLY: Surface Area (sq miles) Salt Water The Oceans 139,500,000 Inland Seas and 270,000 Saline Lakes Fresh Water Fresh Water Lakes 330,000 All Rivers Antarctic Icecap 6,000,000 Arctic Icecap and 900,000 Glaciers Water in the 197,000,000 Atmosphere Ground Water (Frozen) Ground Water (Notfrozen) Total

Volume (cu mi) 317,524,000 247,760

% of Total

97.4 0.076

29,340 326 6,194,000 684,600 3,260 1,343,120 652 326,000,000

0.009 0.0001 1.9 0.21 0.001 0.412 0.0002 100

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WATER RESOURCES AND TREATMENT, WASTEWATER AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Introduction to Environmental Engineering

WATER USAGE AND CLASSIFICATION: (DAO 34-1990) Fresh Surface Waters (Rivers, Lakes, Resrvoirs, etc) Classification Beneficial Use Class AA Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which are inhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines. Class A Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW. Class B Recreation Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designed for tourism purposes). Class C 1) Fishery Water for propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources I.

2) 3)
Class D

Recreational Water Class II (For boating, etc.)

Industrial Water Supply Class II (For Manufacturing processes after treatment) 1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.

2)

Industrial Water Supply Class II (for cooling, etc) 3) Other inland waters, by their quality, belongs to this classification Coastal and Marine Waters Classification Class SA II.

Beneficial Use 1) Waters suitable for the propagation, survival and harvesting of shellfish for commercial purposes 2) Tourism zones and national marine parks and reserves established under Presidential Proclamation No. 1801; existing laws and/or declared as such by appropriate government agency 3) Coral reef parks and reserves designated by law and concerned authorities

Class SB

1)

Recreational Water Class I (Areas

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WATER RESOURCES AND TREATMENT, WASTEWATER AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Introduction to Environmental Engineering

regularly used by the public for bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.)

2)
Class SC

Fishery Water Class I (Spawning areas for chanos-chanos or bangus and similar species) Recreational Water Class II (boating, etc.)

1) 2)

Fishery Water Class II (Commercial and sustenance fishing) 3) Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries) Class SD

1)

Industrial Water Supply II (cooling, etc.) 2) Other coastal and marine waters, by their quality, belong to this classification

USES OF WATER: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Irrigation Public Water Supply Industry Transportation Recreation

WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES: 1. Removal of Particulate Substances:

a. b.

Screening to remove large solids such as logs, branches, rags, and small fish. Sedimentation (Gravity Settling) the oldest and most widely used form of water and wastewater treatment, uses gravity settling to remove particles from water.

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Typical Settling Tank used in water treatment plants

c. d.

Coagulation is the chemical process used to destabilize colloidal particles. Flocculation is the gentle mixing of the suspension, which undertaken to promote particle contact.

Effect of macromolecules (polymers) in flocculating colloidal particles by the mechanism of bridging

e.

Filtration is a process in which water passes through a filter bed made up of fine sand over a layer of supporting gravel.

A rapid sand filter used in water treatment 2. Removal of Dissolved Substances:

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a.

Aeration use to remove excessive amount of iron and manganese from groundwater and odor caused by H2S.

Typical Aeration Reactor

b.

Softening process that removes hardness caused by Ca and Mg ions.

Water Softening Processes: *For Temporary Hardness (caused by Ca and Mg Bicarbonates): i. Boiling Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ii. Addition of Ca(OH) 2 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O *For Permanent Hardness (caused by Ca and Mg sulfates and chlorides): i. Addition of Na 2CO 3 CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4 MgCl2 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2NaCl

c. d.

Adsorption removal of organic contaminants using an adsorbing material (activated carbon). Reversed Osmosis water is forced through a semi permeable membrane.

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WATER RESOURCES AND TREATMENT, WASTEWATER AND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Reverse Osmosis 3. Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses

a.

Chlorination the most common method of disinfecting public water supplies. The principal chlorine compounds used in water treatment plants are chlorine (Cl2), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).

b.

Ozonation the disinfection of water using ozone. c. UV

PHILIPPINE DRINKING WATER STANDARD (DOH Administrative Order 2007-0012 CONSTITUTENTS MAXIMUM LEVEL OR CHARACTERISTIC Antimony 0.02 mg/L Arsenic 0.05 mg/L Barium 0.7 mg/L Boron 0.5 mg/L Cadmium 0.003 mg/L Chromium (Total) 0.05 mg/L Cyanide (Total) 0.07 mg/L Fluoride 1 mg/L Lead 0.01 mg/L Mercury (Total) 0.001 mg/L Nickel 0.02 mg/L Nitrate 50 mg/L Nitrite 3 mg/L Selenium 0.01 mg/L Benzene 0.01 mg/L Carbon Tetrachloride 0.004 mg/L Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 0.0007 mg/L Toluene 0.7 mg/L Vinyl Chloride 0.0003 mg/L Xylene 0.5 mg/L Chlordane 0.2 g/L Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.03 g/L DDT 1 g/L Lindane 2 g/L Taste No objectionable taste Odor No objectionable odor Color Apparent (10 Color Units)

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Turbidity Aluminum Chloride Copper Hardness Hydrogen Sulfide Iron Manganese pH Sodium Sulfate Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Zinc

True (5 Color Units) 5 NTU 0.2 mg/L 250 mg/L 1 mg/L 300 mg/L as CaCO3 0.05 mg/L 1 mg/L 0.4 mg/L 6.5 8.5 5 7 (for product water that undergone reverse osmosis or distillation process) 200 mg/L 250 mg/L 500 mg/L <10 mg/L (for product water that undergone reverse osmosis or distillation process) 5 mg/L

WASTE WATER (SEWAGE) a complex of mixture containing water (over 99%) together with organic and inorganic contaminants, both suspended or dissolved. SOURCES OF WASTEWATER:

1. 2. 1.

Point direct sources (sewers outfalls or industrial discharges. Non Point indirect sources (urban or agricultural runoff or air pollution)

CLASSIFICATION OF WASTEWATER Municipal Wastewater wastewater from humans, residential areas, industrial and commercial establishments. Sanitary Sewage excreted waste from humans Domestic Sewage wastewater from residential areas Industrial Wastewater wastewater from industries Stormwater runoff from rainfall, snowmelt, and street washing

2. 3.

CONSTITUTENTS OF WASTE WATER: 1. Microorganisms 2. Solids a. Suspended Solids (SS) b. Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) c. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 3. Inorganic Constituents

a. b. c.

Chlorides and Sulfates normally present in water and in wastes from humans Nitrogen and Phosphorus forms in wastes from humans, with additional phosphorus detergents Carbonates and Bicarbonates normally present in water and wastes as calcium and magnesium salts

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d.

Toxic Substances arsenic, cyanide, and heavy metals found in industrial wastes

4. Organic Matter Measurement of Organic Strength of Wastewater:

1.

TOC (Total Organic Carbon) determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizing agent and comparing with the amount in a standard of known TOC. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater.

2. 3.

WATER POLLUTION occurs when the discharge of waste impairs water quality or disturbs the natural ecological balance. Effects of Pollutants:

1.

Pathogens agent that causes infection in a living host Pathogens Health Effects Salmonella Salmonellasis - acute gastroenteritis, blood poisoning, typhoid fever Shigella Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) abdominal cramps, diarrhea and fever Vibrio Cholarae Cholera abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and profuse diarrhea that may lead to dehydration, shock and death Viruses Infectious Hepatitis fever, loss of appetite and energy, headache, backpain and jaundice Entamoeba Histolyca Amebiasis (Amebic Dysentery) stomach cramps and diarrhea Giardia Lamblia Giardiasis abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia and nausea Cryptodporodium Cryptoporidiosis diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Schistosoma Schistosomiasis caused by blood flukes (parasitic worm) Organic Matter increase BOD

2.

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3. 4. 5. 6.

Solids unsightly deposits, odorous sludge banks, reduced penetration of sunlight through water Nutrients algae boom, it can cause eutrophication Color and Foam limitation of light penetration and reduction of DO levels Heat thermal pollution

WASTEWATER COLLECTION:

1. 2. 3.

Sanitary Sewers carry domestic sewage, liquid commercial and industrial wastes, and undesirable contributions from infiltration and storm water. Storm Sewers receive stormwater runoff from roads, roofs, lawns, and other sources Combine Sewers perform the functions of sanitary and storm sewers

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES: I. PRIMARY TREATMENT

1. 2.

Screening to remove large floating material Communition the process of grinding up the course solids without removing them from the flow.

A typical communitor

3.

Grit removal sand, small stones and grit are removed

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Grit Chamber

4.

Primary Gravity Settling where particulate matter settles out to form sludge

Circular Settling Tank

Rectangular Settling Tank

5.

Anaerobic Digestion biological decomposition of concentration solids (raw sludge)

II. SECONDARY TREATMENT

1.

Activated Sludge System (Suspended Growth Reactors) biochemical process that converts the organic contaminants into CO2, water, some stable compounds and more microorganism.

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Activates Sludge System

2.

Trickling Filter it consists of a bed of highly permeable medium to which microorganisms are attached and through which the wastewater is percolated or trickled.

Trickling Filter

3.

Gas Transfer the process of allowing any gas to dissolve in a fluid or the opposite of that, promoting the release of a dissolved gas from a liquid.

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III. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT removal of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates organic chemicals and heavy metals

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Rapid Sand Filter similar to those in drinking-water treatment plants can be used to remove residual suspended solids and to polish the water. Oxidation Ponds are commonly used for BOD removal. The oxidation or polishing pond is essentially a hole in the ground, a large pond used to confine the plant effluent before it is discharged into the natural watercourse. Activated Carbon Adsorption another method of BOD removal, and this process has added advantage that inorganics as well as organics are removed. Nitrogen Removal - bacteria such as nitrobacter and nitrosomonas convert ammonia nitrogen to NO3-, a process called nitrification. Phosphorous Removal is accomplished by either chemical or biological means.

EFFLUENTS REQUIREMENTS:

1. 2.

Water Quality Criteria acceptable kind of contaminants in water body that is tested to be tolerated by the aquatic life in it or the humans who consume it. Water Quality Standards water quality criteria that are implemented after considering political, social, economic, environmental, public health. And other aspects that may hinder implementing it.

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WATER QUALITY: Water 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Quality Parameters: Dissolved Oxygen Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Solids Nitrogen Bacteriological measurements

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO): Measurement of DO: 1. Dissolved Oxygen Meter:

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Reaction at the lead electrode (anode): Pb + 2OH- PbO + H2O + 2eReaction at the silver electrode (cathode): 2e- + O2 + H2O 2OH* the current is proportional to the DO level 2. Winkler Method - is considered the "gold standard" for measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water. Chemical Reagents Needed: 1. manganese sulfate 2. NaOH-KI solution 3. sulfuric acid 4. starch solution (indicator) 5. sodium thiosulfate (titrant) This method involves the following steps: 1. Manganese sulfate is introduced into the water sample made alkaline by NaOH. MnSO4 + NaOH Mn(OH)2 + Na2SO4 2. The oxygen dissolved in the water reacts with the precipitate according to the following equation. 2Mn(OH)2 + O2 2MnO(OH)2 3. The resulting precipitate is dissolved by adding sulfuric acid in the presence of KI. 2MnO(OH)2 + 4H+ + 2I- Mn2+ + I2 + 3H2O 4. The evolved I2 is then titrated with standard sodium thiosulfate solution according to the equation: I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6 (M x V) thiosulfate O2 mg/L = Volume Sample mg/L = concentration of O 2 in water sample (ppm) Sample Problem: A DO content of 500 mL of water sample was determined using Winkler method. During the analysis, 200 mL of the aliquot portion of the sample was titrated with 0.025M Na2S2O3. Calculate the DO of the water sample if the volume of thiosulfate consumed in the process was 8.3 mL. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD): BOD = I F Where : I initial DO, mg/L F final DO, mg/L x 1 O2 4 Na 2S 2O 3 x 32 mg O 2 1 mmole

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BOD 5 = (DO i DO t) x D = (I F) x D Where :DOi = the initial DO of the diluted water (blank) DOt = the final DO of the diluted wastewater, (5 days later) D = dilution factor D = = = total vol of bottle vol of sample vol of diluted water vol of undiluted water 100 sample size (%)

Where : sample size = vol of undiluted sample X 100% vol of diluted water Saturation Values of DO in water under a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1atm): Temp ( oC) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 BOD BOTTLE: DO (mg/L) 14.60 14.19 13.81 13.44 13.09 12.75 12.43 12.12 11.83 11.55 11.27 11.01 10.76 10.52 10.29 10.07 9.85 9.65 9.45 9.26 9.07 8.90 8.72 Temp ( oC) 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 DO (mg/L) 8.56 8.40 8.24 8.09 7.95 7.81 7.67 7.54 7.41 7.28 7.16 7.05 6.93 6.82 6.71 6.61 6.51 6.41 6.31 6.22 6.13 6.04 5.95

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Sample Problems: 1. Three BOD bottles were prepared with sample and dilution water as shown in the following table: Bottle # Sample, mL Dilution Water, mL 1 3 297 2 1.5 298.5 3 0.75 299.25 Calculate the dilution (D) for each. 2. The BOD of a wastewater sample is estimated to be 180 mg/L at 25oC. What volume of undiluted sample should be added to a 300 mL bottle if the initial DO is the saturation? What is the sample size and dilution factor using this volume? Assume that 2 mg/L can be consumed in the bottle. What the BOD5 of the wastewater if the DO of the DO values for the blank and diluted sample are 8.7 and 4.2 mg/L, respectively? A test bottle containing dilution water has its DO level drop by 1.0 mg/L in a five-day test. A 300-mL BOD bottle filled with 15 mL wateswater experiences a drop of 7.2 mg/L in the same time period. What would be the BOD5 of the wastewater?

3.

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