Chapter 12

Air Pollution Control

A. Control of Gaseous Pollutants B. Control of Particulates Pollutants

A. Control of Gaseous Pollutants Absorption (Wet Scrubbing) Adsorption Combustion FGD

Absorption

Adsorption
Adsorption Systems
consist of a bed of adsorbing material
activated carbon

adsorbing material is housed within a pressure vessel through which the contaminated air passes pollutants are transferred from air to adsorber

Adsorption

Incineration
Incineration or flaring
used to oxidize:
carbon monoxide organic air pollutants organics containing chlorine, sulfur, and nitrogen

to carbon dioxide and water direct flame combustion and catalytic combustion

Incineration

Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)

Non-regenerative:
non-recovery and reuse of chemical reagents

Regenerative:
recovery and reuse of chemical reagents

Non-regenerative systems
Chemicals: lime, limestone, caustic soda, soda ash, ammonia
SO2 + CaCO3 ---> CaSO3 + CO2 ---> SO2 + Ca(OH)2 ---> CaSO3 + H2O ---> CaSO3 + 1/2 O2 ---> CaSO4 --->

Types
Wet Dry

Wet Type FGD

Venturi Static packed Moving bed Tray tower Spray towers

Vertical Venturi Scrubber

Packed Bed Scrubber

Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides

Preventive minimizing operating temperature fuel switching low excess air flue gas recirculation staged combustion secondary combustion Post combustion selective catalytic reduction selective non-catalytic nonreduction

B. Control of Particulate Pollutants

Settling chambers
based on Stokes Law practical lower limit is 50-100 m

Cyclone
lower limit = 10 m

Bag house filter

removes very small particles

Liquid scrubbing Electrostatic precipitation (ESP)

Settling Chambers
based on Stokes Law practical lower limit is 50-100 m

Cyclones
can be used for 50-100 m size particles simple economical unit no moving parts relies on inertial effects

Cyclones.
For particle sizes greater than about 10 m in diameter, the collector of choice is the cyclone (Figure 6-30). This is an inertial collector with no moving parts. The particulate-laden gas is accelerated through a spiral motion, which imparts a centrifugal force to the particles. The particles are hurled out of the spinning gas and impact on the cylinder wall of the cyclone.

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Cyclone
B

9 B H d 0.5 = pQ g
2

(2 L1 + L2 )
De
L1 D2 H

d0.5 = cut diameter at 50% removal = dynamic viscosity of gas, Pa-s B = width, m H = height, m p = particle density, kg/m3 Qg = gas flow rate, m3/s = effective number of turns

L3

L2

Dd

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Ex. 6-9 Given: D2 = 0.5 m Qg = 4 m3/s T = 25 oC p = 800 kg/m3 Q = What is the removal efficiency for particles with ave diameter of 10 m?
d 0.5 9(18.5 x10 6 )(0.13) 2 (0.25) = (800)(4)(37.7) = 2.41( m)
0.5

For standard Cyclone: B = 0.25 D2 = 0.13 m H = 0.5 D2 = 0.25 m L1 = L2 = 2 D2 = 1 m

0.25

(2(1) + 1) = 37.7

= 0.95

= 2.41x10 6

@ d =10 m

d 10 = = 4.15 d 0.5 2.41

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Cyclone Installation at Wood Working Plant http://www.fkinc.com/cyclones.htm

Baghouse Filter
similar to conventional home vacuum cleaner particle size smaller that 10m High removal efficiency for < 5 m particles cannot be used for
wet air systems corrosive gases gases above 260oC

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Air Filtration

Air Filtration
Impaction Diffusion Straining (Interception) Electrostatics

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Wet Scrubber

can be used where

air is wet corrosive hot where baghouses can not be used for even higher efficiencies, a combination of a venturi scrubber and cyclone and can be used

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Scrubber
Venturi

Liquid Scrubber

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Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)

high efficiency, dry collector of particulates high electrical direct current current potential (30-75 kV)

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ESP

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ESP

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Effectiveness of Air Pollution Control Devices

Incinerator Settling chamber Scrubber Adsorber Wet scrubber Bag filter Electrostatic precipitator
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 1 10 100 1000 10,000

Cyclone

Pollutant diameter ( m)

Comparison of Air Pollution Control Devices

A B C D E F G

Setling Chamber Simple Cyclone High efficiency cyclone Electrostatic Precipitator Spray Tower W et Scrubber Venturi Scrubber Bag Filter

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