HYDROLOGIC MODEL CLASSIFICATION Hydrologic models may be devided into two categories: physical models and abstract models.

Physical model include scale models with represent the system on reduced scale, such as a hydraulic model of a dam spillway; analog models, which use another physical system having properties similar to those of prototype. For the example, the Hell-Shaw models is an analog model that use the movement of a viscous find between two closely spaced parallel plates to model seepage in aquifer or embankment. Abstract model represent the system in mathematical forms. The system operation is described by a set of equations linking the input and the output variables. These variables may be function of space and time, and may also be probabilistic or random variables which do not have a fixed value at particular point in space and time but instead are described by probability distribution. For example, tomorrrow's rainfall at a particular location cannot be forecast exactly but the probability that there will be some rain can be estimated. The most general representation of such variables is a random field, a region of a space and time within which the value of a variable at each point is defined by a probability distribution (Van Marcie, 1983). For example, the precipitation intensity in a thunderstorm varies rapidly in time, and from one location to another, and cannot be predicted accurately, so it is reasonable to represent it by a random field. Trying to develop a model with random variables that depend on all three space dimensions and time is a formidable task, and for most practical purpose it is necessary to simplify the model by neglecting some sources of variation. Hydrologic models may be classified by the ways in which this simplification is accomplished. A deterministic model does not consider randomness; a given input always produce the same output. A stochastic model has outputs that are least partially random. One might say that deterministic models make forecasts will stochastic models make predictions. Although all hydraulic phenomena involve some randomness, the resulting variability in the output may quite small hen compared to the variability resulting from know factors. In such cases, a deterministic model is appropriate. If the random variation is large, a stochastic model is more suitable, because the actual output could be quiet different from the single value a deterministic model would produce. For example, reasonably good deterministic models of daily evaporation at a given location can be developed using energy supply and vapor transport data, but such data cannot be used to make reliable models of daily precipitation at that location because precipitation is largely random. Consequently, most daily precipitation models are stochastic. The treatment of spatial variation is decide. Hydrologic phenomena vary in all three space dimensions, but explicitly accounting for all of this variation may make the model too cumbersome for practical application. In a deterministic lumped model, the system is spatially averaged, or regarded as a single point in space without dimensions. In contrast, a deterministic distributed model considers the hydrologic process taking place at various points in space and defines the model variables as functions of the space dimensions. Stochastic models are classified as space-independent or space-correlated according to weather or not random variables at different points in space influence each other. Deterministic models are classified as steady-flow (the flow rate not changing with time) or unsteady-flow models. Stochastic models always have outputs that are variable in time. They may be classified as time-independent or time-correlated; a time-independent model represent a sequence of hydrologic events that do not influence each other, while a time-correlated

represents a sequence in which the next event is partially influenced by current one and possibly by others in the sequence. All hydrologic models are approximations of reality, so the output of the actual system can never be forecast with certainty; likewise, hydrologic phenomena vary in all three space dimensions, and in time, but the simultaneous consideration of all five sources of variation (randomness, three space dimensions, and time) has been accomplished for only a few idealized cases. A practical model usually considers only one or two sources of variation. 1. Hydrologic models may be devided into two categories: physical models and abstract models. 2. Physical model include scale models with represent the system on reduced scale and abstract model represent the system in mathematical forms. 3. Hydrologic models may be devided into two categories: physical models and abstract models. 4. Physical model include scale models with represent the system on reduced scale and abstract model represent the system in mathematical forms. 5. A deterministic model does not consider randomness; a given input always produce the same output. 6. Paragraph 5 explains about the treatment of spatial variation. 7. Stochastic models are classified as time-independent or time-correlated. A time-independent model represent a sequence of hydrologic events that do not influence each other, while a timecorrelated represents a sequence in which the next event is partially influenced by current one and possibly by others in the sequence. 8. All hydrologic models are approximations of reality, so the output of the actual system can never be forecast with certainty