Toda people

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The Toda mund, from, Richard Barron, 1837, "View in India, chiefly among the Nilgiri Hills'. Oil on canvas.

Total population

~1000

Languages Toda language Religion Hinduism and non-Traditional beliefs Related ethnic groups Kotas, Tamils, Malayalees

The Toda people are a small pastoral community who live on the isolated Nilgiri plateau of Southern India. Before the late 18th century, the Toda coexisted locally with other communities, including the Badaga, Kota, and Kuruba, in a loose caste-like community organization in which the Toda were the top ranking.[1] The Toda population has hovered in the range 700 to 900 during the last century.[1] Although an insignificant fraction of the large population of India, the Toda have attracted (since the late 18th century), "a most disproportionate amount of attention because of their ethnological aberrancy"[1] and "their unlikeness to their neighbours in appearance, manners, and customs."[1] The study of their culture by anthropologists and linguists would prove important in the creation of the fields of Social Anthropology and Ethnomusicology.

The Toda traditionally live in settlements consisting of three to seven small thatched houses, constructed in the shape of half-barrels and spread across the slopes of the pasture.[2] They traditionally trade dairy products with their Nilgiri neighbour people.[2] Toda religion centres on the buffalo; consequently, rituals are performed for all dairy activities as well as for the ordination of dairymen-priests. The religious and funerary rites provide the social context in which complex poetic songs about the cult of the buffalo are composed and chanted.[2] Fraternal polyandry in traditional Toda society was fairly common; however, this has now largely been abandoned. During the last quarter of the 20th century, some Toda pasture land was lost due to agriculture by outsiders[2] or afforestation by the State Government of Tamil Nadu. This has threatened to undermine Toda culture by greatly diminishing the buffalo herds; however during the last decade both Toda society and culture have also become the focus of an international effort at culturally sensitive environmental restoration.[3] The Toda lands are now a part of The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO-designated International Biosphere Reserve and is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site.[4]

Contents

1 Population 2 Physical anthropology 3 Culture and society o 3.1 Clothing o 3.2 Economy o 3.3 Marriage o 3.4 Houses o 3.5 Food 4 Religion 5 Language 6 Toda dwellings and lifestyle 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

Population

Toda woman with her child, The National Geographic Magazine, April 1907 According to M. B. Emeneau, the successive decennial Census of India figures for the Toda are: 1871 (693), 1881 (675), 1891 (739), 1901 (807), 1911 (676) (corrected from 748), 1951 (879), 1961 (759), 1971 (812). These in his judgment, "justifies concluding that a figure between 700 and 800 is likely to be near the norm, and that variation in either direction is due on the one hand to epidemic disaster and slow recovery thereafter (1921 (640), 1931 (597), 1941 (630)) or on the other hand to an excess of double enumeration (suggested already by census officers for 1901 and 1911, and possibly for 1951). Another factor in the uncertainty in the figures is the declared or undeclared inclusion or exclusion of Christian Todas by the various enumerators ... Giving a figure between 700 and 800 is highly impressionistic, and may for the immediate present and future be pessimistic, since public health efforts applied to the community seem to be resulting in an increased birth rate and consequently, one would expect, in an increased population figure. However, earlier predictions that the community was declining were overly pessimistic and probably never well-founded."[1]

Physical anthropology
According to Insertions/Deletions Polymorphism in Tribal Populations of Southern India and their possible Evolutionary Implications, Human Biology. Vol 75. #6 December 2003 by Vishwanathan, H., et al., the Toda & Kota have shared genes which separate them from the other Nilgiri Hill Tribes and share their closest affinity to the Greek Cypriots.

Culture and society

Photograph of two Toda men and a woman. Nilgiri Hills, 1871.

Clothing
The Toda dress consists of a single piece of cloth, which is worn like the plaid of a Scottish highlander over a dhoti for men and skirt for women.

Economy
Their sole occupation is cattle-herding and dairy-work.

Marriage

See also: Polyandry among Toda people They once practiced fraternal polyandry, a practice in which a woman marries all the brothers of a family, but no longer do so.[5][6] The ratio of females to males is about three to five. The Toda are most closely related to the Kota both ethnically and linguistically.

Houses
The Todgas houses are called dogles

Food
The Todas are vegetarians and do not eat meat, eggs which can hatch (fertilised eggs) and fish but some villagers eat fish[citation needed]. Buffalo milk is made into butter, butter milk, yogurt, cheese and drunk plain. Rice is mainly eaten and is eaten with dairy products and curries.

Religion

A Toda temple in Muthunadu Mund near Ooty, India.

Photograph (1871-72) of a Toda green funeral. According to the Todas, the goddess Teikirshy and her brother first created the sacred buffalo and then the first Toda man. The first Toda woman was created from the right rib of the first Toda man. The Toda religion also forbids them from walking across bridges, rivers must be crossed on foot, or swimming. Toda temples are constructed in a circular pit lined with stones and are quite similar in appearance and construction to Toda huts. From Frazer's Golden Bough, 1922:

"Among the Todas of Southern India the holy milkman, who acts as priest of the sacred dairy, is subject to a variety of irksome and burdensome restrictions during the whole time of his incumbency, which may last many years. Thus he must live at the sacred dairy and may never visit his home or any ordinary village. He must be celibate; if he is married he must leave his wife. On no account may any ordinary person touch the holy milkman or the holy dairy; such a touch would so defile his holiness that he would forfeit his office. It is only on two days a week, namely Mondays and Thursdays, that a mere layman may even approach the milkman; on other days if he has any business with him, he must stand at a distance (some say a quarter of a mile) and shout his message across the intervening space. Further, the holy milkman never cuts his hair or pares his nails so long as he holds office; he never crosses a river by a bridge, but wades through a ford and only certain fords; if a death occurs in his clan, he may not attend any of the funeral ceremonies, unless he first resigns his office and descends from the exalted rank of milkman to that of a mere common mortal. Indeed it appears that in old days he had to resign the seals, or rather the pails, of office whenever any member of his clan departed this life. However, these heavy restraints are laid in their entirety only on milkmen of the very highest class".

Language
The Toda language is a member of the Dravidian family. The language is typologically aberrant and phonologically difficult. It is now recognized that Toda (along with its neighbor Kota) is a member of the southern subgroup of the historical family proto-South-Dravidian; it split off from South Dravidian, after Kannada and Telugu, but before Malayalam. In modern linguistic terms, the aberration of Toda results from a disproportionately high number of syntactic and morphological rules, of both early and recent derivation, which are not found in the other South Dravidian languages (save Kota, to a small extent.)[1]

Toda dwellings and lifestyle

The hut of a Toda Tribe of Nilgiris, India. Note the decoration of the front wall, and the very small door. The Todas live in small hamlets called munds. The Toda huts, of an oval, pent-shaped construction, are usually 10 feet (3 m) high, 18 feet (5.5 m) long and 9 feet (2.7 m) wide. They are built of bamboo fastened with rattan and thatched. Each hut is enclosed within a wall of loose stones. The front and back of the hut are usually made of dressed stones (mostly granite). Hut has only a tiny entrance at the front about 3 feet (90 cm) wide, 3 feet (90 cm) tall. This unusually small entrance is a means of protection from wild animals. The front portion of the hut is decorated with the Toda art forms, a kind of rock mural painting. Thicker bamboo canes are arched to give the hut its basic pent shape. Thinner bamboo canes are tied close and parallel to each other over this frame. Dried grass is stacked over this as thatch. The forced interaction with civilisation has caused a lot of changes in the lifestyle of the Todas. The Todas used to be a pastoral people but are now increasingly venturing into agriculture and other occupations. They used to be strict vegetarians but some can be now be seen eating non-vegetarian food. Although many Toda have abandoned their traditional distinctive huts for concrete houses,[5] a movement is now afoot to build tradition

barrel-vaulted huts and during the last decade forty new huts have been built and many Toda sacred dairies renovated.[7]

Toda people & munds by Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke, c. 1839

A new Toda dwelling being constructed.

Working on the roof.

The house is almost complete.

The completed house is being blessed.

Notes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ^ a b c d e f (Emeneau 1984, pp. 12) ^ a b c d Encyclopdia Britannica. (2007) Toda ^ Chhabra 2006 ^ World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, April 2007 ^ a b (Walker 2004) ^ (Walker 1998)

7. ^ (Chhabra 2005) Quote: "... over the past ten years, we have approached government and private agencies for sponsoring traditional houses. Today, we have been able to assist in funding over forty barrel-vaulted houses. Added to these are the scores of existing temples two are conical and the rest barrel-vaulted."

References
Classic Ethnographies

Marshall, William E. (1873), Travels amongst the Toda, or the study of a primitive tribe in South India, London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Pp. xx, 269, http://books.google.com/books?id=wM02AAAAMAAJ. Rivers, W. H. R. (1906), The Todas, London: Mcmillan and Company. Pp. xviii, 755, http://books.google.com/books?id=h70tAAAAMAAJ. Rivers, William H. R.. 1909. The Todas. Anthropological Publications, Oosterhout N.B. Thurston, Edgar; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume I - A and B. Madras: Government Press.

Toda Music, Linguistics, Ethnomusicology

Emeneau, M. B. (1958), "Oral Poets of South India: Todas", Journal of American Folklore 71 (281): 312324, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00218715(195807%2F09)71%3A281%3C312%3AOPOSIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Emeneau, M. B. (1971), Toda Songs, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. xvii, 1003., http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9118%28197202%2931%3A2%3C446%3ATS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D Hocking, Paul, "Reviewed Work(s): Toda Songs, by M. B. Emeneau", The Journal of Asian Studies 31 (2): 446, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00219118%28197202%2931%3A2%3C446%3ATS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D Emeneau, Murray B. (1974), Ritual Structure and Language Structure of the Todas, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, Pp. 103, ISBN 0-87169-646-0. Tyler, Stephen A. (1975), "Reviewed Work(s): Ritual Structure and Language Structure of the Todas by M. B. Emeneau", American Anthropologist 77 (4): 758759, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00027294%28197512%292%3A77%3A4%3C958%3ARSALSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3. Emeneau, Murray B. (1984), Toda Grammar and Texts, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, Pp. xiii, 410, index (16), ISBN 0-87169-155-8, http://books.google.com/books?id=-B94uj2p4hQC. Nara, Tsuyoshi and Bhaskararao, Peri. 2003. Songs of the Toda. Osaka : ELPR Series A3-011.91pp [+3CDs with sound files of the songs]. Nettl, Bruno; Bohlman, Phillip Vilas (1991), Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, Pp. 396, pp. 438449, ISBN 0-226-57409-1. Shalev, M. Ladefoged, P. and Bhaskararao, P. 1994. "Phonetics of Toda." PILC Journal of Dravidic Studies, 4:1. 19-56pp. (Earlier version in: University of California Working Papers in Phonetics. 84. 89126 pp.). 1993. Spajic', S. Ladefoged, P. and Bhaskararao, P. 1996. "The Trills of Toda." Journal of International Phonetic Association, 26:1. 1-22pp.

Modern Anthropology, Sociology, History

Barnard, Alan (2002), Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, London: Routledge, Pp. 588, ISBN 0-415-28558-5, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00223433%28199803%2935%3A2%3C261%3AEOSACA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23.

Walker, Anthony (1998), Between Tradition and Modernity, and Other Essays on the Toda of South India, Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2081/is_200210/ai_n9206528. Emeneau, M. B. (1988), "A Century of Toda Studies: Review of 'The Toda of South India: A New Look' by Anthony R. Walker; M. N. Srinivas", Journal of the American Oriental Society 108 (4): 605609, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00030279%28198810%2F12%29108%3A4%3C605%3AACOTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0. Sutton, Deborah (2003), "'In this the land of the Todas': Imaginary Landscapes and Colonial Policy in Nineteenth-Century Southern India", in Dorrian, M.; Rose, G., Deterritorialisations, Revisioning Landscape and Politics, London: Black Dog Press. Sutton, Deborah (2002), "'Horrid Sights and Customary Rights': The Toda Funeral on the Colonial Nilgiris", Indian Economic and Social History Review 39 (1): 4570. Walker, Anthony R. (2004), "The Truth About The Toda", Frontline, The Hindu, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2105/stories/20040312000206600.htm.

Toda Traditional Knowledge, Environment, and Modern Science

From: Chhabra, Tarun. August 15, 2002. "Toda's Traditions In Peril", Down to Earth. Quote: Todas quaint barrel vaulted houses, which symbolise the Nilgiris, are today hard to spot. These images have been dry transferred on T-shirts and other products as logos. Seven years ago, there were just a couple of traditional houses remaining in the permanent hamlets. One day, a Toda wanted to build a traditional house for his ailing father. The administration agreed to provide the funds. Quite soon, it was ready and one Sunday morning, the Collector, additional Collector and the Superintendent of police inaugurated the house. The construction was so impressive that advances were paid on the spot for two more houses. Nine houses came up that year. Today, over 35 traditional houses have been constructed.

Chhabra, Tarun (2005), "How Traditional Ecological Knowledge addresses Global Climate change: the perspective of the Todas - the indigenous people of the Nilgiri hills of South India", Proceedings of the Earth in Transition: First World Conference, http://www.ser.org/iprn/pdf/Tarun_Chhabra.pdf. The Society for Ecological Restoration and Indigenous Peoples' Restoration Network. EIT PROJECT SHOWCASE: The Edhkwehlynawd Botanical Refuge (EBR) Chhabra, Tarun (2005), "How Traditional Ecological Knowledge addresses Global Climate change: the perspective of the Todas - the indigenous people of the Nilgiri hills of South India", Proceedings of the Earth in Transition: First World Conference (ppt), http://www.ser.org/files/ppt/Tarun%20Chhabra%20PPT.pdf.(Pictures of a new house being built on pages 5760, and new house, with decorative art, being blessed on page 70) Chhabra, Tarun (2006), "Restoring the Toda Landscapes of the Nilgiri Hills in South India", Plant Talk 44, http://www.plant-talk.org/stories/44toda.html. India Environmental Trust. 2005. Supported Projects: Edhkwehlynawd Botanical Refuge (EBR) Reforestation in a Tribal Area National Committee for the Netherlands for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN-NL). 2006. Funded Projects:, India: Nilgiri Hills, NGO (EBR), 8 Hectares. Rajan, S.; Sethuraman, M.; Mukherjii, Pulok K. (2002), "Ethnobiology of the Nilgiri Hills, India", Phytotherapy Research 16 (2): 98116, doi:10.1002/ptr.1098.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Toda people

The Society for Ecological Restoration and Indigenous Peoples' Restoration Network. EIT PROJECT SHOWCASE: The Edhkwehlynawd Botanical Refuge (EBR) India Environmental Trust. 2005. Supported Projects: Edhkwehlynawd Botanical Refuge (EBR) Reforestation in a Tribal Area National Committee for the Netherlands for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN-NL). 2006. Funded Projects:, India: Nilgiri Hills, NGO (EBR), 8 Hectares. Ooty.com - Todas A short introduction to the Todas. Toasting the Todas 2008. Travelogue with pictures of ceremonies. Frontlineonnet.com - Todas The Truth about the Todas. Ethnologue: Toda, A language of India

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.