LEC 4 Chapter 3 Independent variable could be envionrmenal, specific treatment or social treatment.

If the target behavior changes independent variable , shows a function. We want to replicate the experiment to make sure it happens again. Five design: AB design adding on baseline treatment phase. Alternative treatment- throwing in diff treatments Ab design is the simplest one baseline and one treatment. Not a true research design. No replication. Often used in clinical practice. You just wanna see if the behavior is going in positive direction. Self management projects- the reason why change occur is that you intervene with some independent variable e.g behavioral contract program change the exercise behavior. Once behavior contract is implemented. Abab design- reveral design. We are reversing back and forth ab design . after frist phase the observer removed the client abck to baseline. Ex bob has aggressive behavior that is recorded. Baseline is normal demands placed and in treatment demands are limited. The number of aggressive responsive like 100 as soon as u implement the treatment phase all the aggressive behavior goes down to zero. We put the demands again, the behavior goes up even more. Only with only phase change we see independent variable is responsible for it. It is possible that something else intervene so this is a good check whether you have a functional relationship. Some limitations to abab design are the ethical to remove treatment or the treatment can actually be removed. If the behavior looking @ is harmful to individual e.g autism and they engage in where they hit their head. if you implement this design, neg behavior focusing on , you might make it more harmful to them and behavior gets worse. Can treatment be removed? If you gonna teach ssomebody something , once teaching occurred you cant take it away. Teaching is a large element of your approach because you not gonna show a functional releationship. Multiple baseline desing- all variables constants Subjects- two or more subject with same target behavior are examined. Ex . We can show a functional relationship by showing how behavior improved for all of four nurses once the treatment ( praise by head nurse) is implemented. The behavior changed relative to their own baselines. Diff behaviors- ex research study shy adolescent social training has a postivie effect on behavior. The baselines are staggered in tiem but its the same person. For each of diff graphs, we have diff behavior for modification that we are measuring in the clinet. We wann see whether the social skill training is changing any of these behavior. When we implement these social skills at diff times for diff behavior whether there is a functional relationship.

Two or more setting treatment is staggered acroos the setting . student involve in disruptive behavior. Student that goes to am set of classes and pm set of classes. Once treatment is implemented, the disruptive behavior goes down. Alternative treatment : frequency of aggressive behavior in days when they view violent cartoons than when they didnt . we are shwin two diff contex mount diff level of behavior. We see an obvious strong relationship b/w independent variable . Chaing criterion design: multiple performance criterion for client. Ex somebody trying to dec caffience consumption.initally 1000ml/day as a baselien. About day 15, treatment individual is told inorder to do a performance they have to reduce the caffeine consumption to a certain level. Once they are able to do that to a period of time, The criteria drops in a staggered fashion. This involve financial reward below specified criteria which allowed the behavior to change over time. This allow the nervous sys of the person to adopt newer level of behavior in the person. This individual had the behavior maintained. Chapter 4 Central principle of behavior modification is reinforcement. Reinforcement has shaped the reprator from the movement of our birth. All behavior are shaped by reinforcement. We dont have control over part of these. Physical and social are two ways the influence our bheaavior. B.F.Skinner primary researcher to show these pehenomenon operate. Ex. A rat , lever and a whole (food presented). When rate is hungry , the food is reinforcing in this case. When lever provides food, rat is more likely gonna repeat it in the future. When a nave rat is placed n box, will explore and once figured out the knowledge of lever. Just by circumstance , allows tht behavior to occur over time. Operant behavior- operating on environment. We are interacting with the environment. Ex. Reinfromcent is used with a 6 yrs old child to inc his cooperative behavior. Something must be reinforcing as we see qunatifyably on the graph. Ex. Social communication in schitzopherania used this reinforcement. They wanted to get them engage in rationale speech ( or make sense). So wht they did is that nurses only paid attention to pt when they involve in rationale talks.