LEC 5 Chapter 3 Mem=member FR = fixed ratio scale VR=Variable ratio Two schedules of reinforcement: Ratio type or interval type.

With animals there is an interesting pattern in context of behavior with reinforcement. VI 20- variable interval every 20 min the response is reinforced. Simplest one is fixed ratio. Reinforment occur after x amount of responses Ex. Habituation- Once u been reinforcement that drive is going to go down. Variable ratio- reinforcer delivered after a average of x number of responses. Produces high rate of behavior, with no pause after reinforcement. VR 30- the response can come in 20 or 40 but the average of reinforcement is same 30. The behavior is going to be very steady over time. Fixed Interval- reinforcer delivered for the first response that occurs after a fixed interval of time. Produces a low rate of behavior, with an on and off pattern. The response rate increases near the end of intervals. There is post emotional pause. It is usually not chosen for a given behavior. Variable Interval reinforcer delivered for the first response that occurs after a variable interval of time. Produces a steady low to moderate rate of behavior, with no on and off pattern. IF your mom said you will get 10 dollar a week to do laundry that is reinforcing. This is positive reinforcement. But you know if u didnt do the assigned task, u will be yelled at by ur dad, then it is a negative reinforcement (u trying to avoid aversive stimuli) Schedule exist for two or more behavior that human being engages in. Schedule of reinforcement- something is reinforced on variable ratio but not in fixed interval, thus there is likely one behavior is more likely gonna occur than the others. Magnitude of reinforcement- e.g money Immediacy- the more quickly a reinforcer is delivered, more likely you are going to engage in it. CHAPTER 4 Extinction - An existing behavior which gets weaken due to lack of reinforcement IT is supported by many applied research, is started by skinner and its establishment is well laid down. Something that is already acquired is not being reinforced anymore, will become extinct.

Ex: going up to wending machine, putting money in and nothing comes out. A signal in the envionrment after the behavior is that dont put in since it reduces ur recourses and there is no profit. Behavior becomes weekend after first time and if it remains consistent , the behavior will become extinct. Ex : Willy has mild mental retardation (less than normal) is a resident of a facility. If male staff asks to do daily room service, he is ok with it. When a women staff asks him, he makes sexist remarks on them and willy enjoys that. How do we change this? ABC (antecedent, behavior, consequence). When staff member stop paying attention to his comment, he no longer has reinforcement to that behavior (attention in this case). Staff mem can also couple positive reinforcement by praising him. You are taking attention out and adding praise to it so everyone wins. Ex: Louise her medical history contain migraines. Engages in many treatments before. Louise behavior gets sympathy from others. She will show non verbal images like grimacing associated with the migraines when she knows pple pay attention to those. Graph: behavior drops fairly quickly after the treatment or is maintained at low rate. Ex of extinction: (class responses) Turning a keywhen lock is broken Telling .a joke Trying to use a condom and person gets pregnant Callinga friend and phone line is out of service A parent stopspaying attention to child cry With extinction, we remove the consequence, a hill develops and this is called extinction burst. The behavior increases just before it is extinguished. Previously we engage in a behavior which was reinforced by X, then we dont give up that behavior right away, we accelerate by trying if we can get that consequence to occur again. With social situation (childs cry), it usually does occur. IF contingency is not there anymore the behavior is not long reinforced and its consistentency will always go down. At the end of extinction graph, we sometimes see a little jump. Why is that? May be in a new environment the person tries to test to see if it is reinforced this time or not. IT is called spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous recovery occurs typically after extinction. Extinction positively reinforces behavior or negatively reinforces: 1) Positive reinforcement- reinforcement is no longer delivered after the behavior 2) Negatively reinforcement- anything that got the person out of the aversive stimulus is not gonna work anymore. Skinner exp where rat is in the box, it touches the level to stop the electric grid

from producing the shock. But if the switch doesnt turn off by the lever, the behavior wont be continuing anymore.