LEC 6 BM=behavior modification The term punishment gives u feeling of anxiety. This is definitely component of punishment.

Punishment is derived from both basic and applied research with rats as with skinner and also other human intervention. Pple will associate punishment with death penalty, cooperate punishment, retribution, and the wrong doers who get consequence for their behavior. an eye for an eye BM looks for whether a behavior is maladaptive and usually is followed by consequence. The behavior dec the future happening of that behavior. Positive punishment- ex spanking will make a behavior less likely occur in future. In order to see the functional relationship, we have to see what if the child is being reinforced by the attention that he gets from the parents while getting spanked? so we dont know yet for sure. Negative punishment occurs when there is a maladaptive behavior and the reinforcer is removed. Ex. Kid not allowed watching anymore TV. It is removed from the nature, believing that tv was reinforcing. Unconditioning reinforces- food, water, things that u need to survive. What punishers are unconditioned? Shelter, anything related to paying, anything discomforting. Things that could damage the body e.g sensory sys Conditioner punisher should be constant or a little delay in b/w punisher and consequence. If a consequence didnt follow immediately, then behavior will become stimulus on its own and would no longer will associate punisher. Ex : No, threats, reprimand, not allowed to do, facial expression of disapproval. In cases of autism kids respond to these in opposite fashion. If autistic child doesnt receive attention from parent, child will might become violent in class & may hit other kids to get that attention. Thus it is self injurious to the individual. Pain inducer punisher unconditional punishers Reprimands fixed stare by parents, spouse, siblings, firm grasp, the word no. Use of time out periods in class usually somebody who is acting maladaptive can be changed by just replacing reinforcing situation to less reinforcing situation. Exclusionary- person is taken out of that situation or no reinforce is provided at all. In some schools, it is used less ethically. It is not used for long periods of times. The use of exclusionary

sometimes misused/misapplied. Typically it is 5 min or 10 min max. Just enough to send the signal that behavior was not appropriate Non exclusionary- dont physically remove kid from the environment. But u associates some stimulus with that behavior so they dont receive that reinforcement any more. E.g. jimmys maladaptive behavior, no more attention to jimmy from teacher or other kids. We do this to make sure that jimmys behavior is addressed and he learns. Response cost- removal of something reinforcing e.g money or in a clinical situation a token. Contingency- every instance associated with punishing consequence. If you are going to use punishment there shud be contingency Establish operations ex. if you have to remove the dessert from the table and the kid has already stuffed his faced with it, it is not going to have that punishing effect simply because he has achieved the state of satiation. If a kid is very hungry/full, then this deprives or satiation is going to change the punishing effect. Punishers Intensity - e.g hotter sun or electric zap is much more effective punisher Some things are more punishing for one person than for another. So dont have assumption before hands whether punishment is going to work or not. Potential problems with punishment: There could be an emotional reaction. An animal will lash out at giving the shock and this will have some survival value. Spanking the kids it is effective; but not so effective if they are going to repeat maladaptive behavior in the future. We also need to ensure welfare of child. Never use punishment if you cant use anything else. Punishment modeling- if child observe another child in neg behavior, they are gonna likely engage in that. Sometimes we dont realize that. So this could be inappropriately used. Ethical use- in past 50 year, there is a clear rules for using cooperate punishment and physical reprimands but there still exist time out within a limited stand point. EX child name Jonathan king, he was placed in timeout room and pretty horrible things were done to him. The end result of all the bad decisions was that he died in the process. (Most extreme example)