lf more onepump installed carry a single than is to out operation, say thepumps we that are installed"... or ....

a whatmust make about more you sure if than pump used thesame one is for operation? a What fourthings happen youdon'tmake of thispoint? can if sure a What wordis used which here means opposite 'help'? the of Section r Whatisspecial about pumps Palos the at Verdes? o Complete table the below. Write allthemissing andfigures.anyfacts figures in facts lf or just arenotgiven, puta X in thespace thetable. in

Name of project

No.of stages

lmpeller Cu.ft./secHeight diameter delivered in feet

Reys /nin

Efficiency

Edmonton Pumping Plant

Rocky River

F.Understanding a printed (2) text

passage. Read following the

1.2 Distinction between a solid and a fluid

thanthoseof a fluid' The attractive together of The molecules a solidarecloser so largethat a solidtendsto retain of the forcesbetween molecules a ,orid ,r. the berween forces for This is ,rottir. case a fluid,wherethe attractive its shape. proper solidswhich flow under the *o1..ur., are smaller.There are plastic On under high pressures' the other and circumstances, evenmetalsmayflow which do not flow readily,and it is hand,thereare cerb;;ery viscous"tiquids anyfluid' no is tfr.In *itft the plastictotidt. The distinction that to easy confuse But a solid, no will yield in time to the slighteststress. matterhow viscous, beforeit to of a requires certainmagnitude stress be exerted matterhowplastic, will flow. externalforces,the tangential of Also, whenthe shape a solid is alteredby tend to restorethe body to its original f*irt.t betweenrdir;; stresses dependon the velocityof stresses With f fluid, ,h.re tangential configuration. zero.when motion ceases' and deformation vanishas the velocityapproaches fluid does not tend to regain its the tangentiaf,t "rr., di"ppt"' tni ritt

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1.3 Distincrion between a gas and a liquid

dealing gasesor vapors. whenever significant .wrth temperature phase or changes invorvJd dearing are in vaporsand gases,the with -subjectir irrg.L' a.i.nd.nr o;';;;;'phenomena (the odv amrrs). us n rm n Th uia'r*ir;'r"r,io tt .*o Jynr;;; inte*erated.

temperarure i,":""i.T:,11 ryeatlr affecteduy .i,tng., in pressure remperarure hnth It is usualy;;;r;rt; or or both. or ,h;r.i#:,r:iH: i:::r#: :; changes volume 'nd temp.raL;;;;" in

considered gas i,,*#'Ifr#i,f"#i?:H'ffi because a IfiilF The volumeof a ga

-" trr"r,u*ir,.,,.. il:iit f:l,t'lo[|lter'Asas u.a'n".i,,, vapor,

rr.oflr, o*nffi pressure, removed' cohesion the is berween -il.d; hordsthem togrrh.r, so liquid doesnot expand that the inde'niterv.H;;;r. a i.e. a surface from which,tt p.r*rur. i, ,liou.a, ]iquid *", f,.*l freesurface, ;...p;A;;;t o* vapor. Aaaporis a gaswhle temperature_and pressure suchthatit are is verynear theliquid phase. Thus steam considereo is , ** because ,rrr. is normaily ir,

it t.nd, to".l ;;i when.;*or.;;1, iXlr,1,:[l"il,f"ff,,,j ,,: :::u''t.,lT it,, .*..or",t mcompressible, allpressur., Hftr andif

cur or are apart those iriquid- 1.I! : morees sas much frf;' irfft,5t": ora ff i,"';l:tt ' rhan :t*T y."1. s-iffiffi;.srlbi::;:iff":i rarther external pressure
is removed,

Franzini& Finnemore. FluidMechania EngineeringApplications,pp with 1-2.McGrawDaugherty, Hill, 1985.

your G.Check understanding

from these using 1. Complete sentences information thetext: r r r r o c those a solid. The molecules fluid are than of of a asthose a solid. of of Theattractive between moleculesa fluidare forces the A liquid much _ is less than gas. a lf it isnotcompletely enclosed, will a gas phase. theliquid Thestate a vapour notof is pressure of or in temperature thevolume a gas vapour. Changes and/or -

the 2. Which words phrases in thetextmean following: or used r . . c a to keep same the shape to getback former iS shape to give its shape back former to change to stoo r o . r I to disappear away to take (in getbigger volume) to or to bechanged influenced notice or consider to take of

quite e.g. frequently: A solid tends retain shape. to its 3.. Notice thewordtend'isused that r Can explain thismeans yourownwords? you in what 'tend' used. r Find is in the three other sentences textwhere you 4. Howwould define: r a viscous liquid? r a vapour?

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6l

H. Understanding discourse

lml:
ht:

t-i,

Listen theconversation. isa student a British to Hamid at University. hisfirstterm he lt is and still finds many things rather strange especially plugs . . British . Nowanswer questions: these 1. What Hamid does need know? to Why? 2. Look thediagram theplug.Label wires: at of green, the brownand b/ueaccording to go. where should they

+
;

I,
j
J

3. Nowcomplete instructions: the o Place wirein theholeand_ the thescrew. r lf thewireistoo long, it. _ o After connecting wires theterminals, the to _. o Fora cassefte player, a _ use fuse. o After screwing cordgripdown the tight, thetwo parts thecasing of together a screw. with 4. Practise how explaining to wiretheplugs youuse yourcountry. that in