SCURTA ISTORIE A N.A.T.O.

n urma celui de-al 2 WM, Europa Rsritean a fost divizat de cea Occidental din cauza abordrilor ideologice i politice diferite, specifice rzboiului rece. Europa Rsritean a ajuns sub dominaia Uniunii Sovietice. n 1949, 12 state de pe ambele maluri ale Atlanticului au format Organizaia Atlanticului de Nord, pentru a combate riscul ca URSS s-i extind controlul Europei de Est i asupra altor pri ale continentului. Organizaia Atlanticului de Nord este o alian politico-militar stabilit n 1949 prin Tratatul Atlanticului de Nord semnat la Washington pe 4 aprilie 1949. NATO ncorporeaz legtura transatlantic, ce unete Europa i America de Nord. Obiectivul central i continuu al NATO, stabilit prin tratatul de la Washington, este acela de a salvgarda libertatea i securitatea tuturor membrilor si, fcnd uz de mijloace politice i militare. ntre 1947 i 1952, Planul Marshall a oferit mijloacele de stabilizare ale economiilor Europei Occidentale. Rolul NATO de alian politic i militar a fost de a asigura aprarea colectiv mpotriva oricrei forme de agresiune i de a menine un mediu de securitate sigur pentru consolidarea democraiei i creetere economic. n cuvintele preedintelui SUA de atunci, Harry S. Truman, Planul Marshall i NATO erau dou jumti ale aceluiai fruct. Membrii fondatori ai NATO- Belgia, Canada, Danemarca, Fr, Islanda, It, Luxemburg, Olanda, Norvegia, Portugalia, UK i SUA- s-au angajat s intervin n aprarea fiecruia, n eventualitatea unei agresiuni militare. Prin conectarea Americii de N la aprarea Eu Occidentale, Aliana a demonstrat c orice tentativ coercitiv politic sau militar la adresa Europei Occidentale ar fi sortit eecului. Prezena forelor Americii de N pe teritoriul european, la solicitarea guvernelor europene, a contribuit la descurajarea Uniunii Sovietice de a-i imagina c o eventual agresiune ar putea reui. Mai mult dect att, n timp, mai multe state au devenit aliai. n 1952, Grecia i Turcia s-au alturat Alianei, urmate, 3 ani mai trziu de Republica Federal German i n 1982, de Spania. Prin intermediul Alianei, Eu Occidental i America de N nu doar c i-au aprat reciproc independena dar au i atins un nivel de stabilitate fr precedent. ntra-adevr securitatea asigurat de NATO a fost deschis ca oxigen de prosperitate, care a pus bazele cooperrii i intergrrii economice europene. La nceputul anilor 90 aceasta a contribuit la terminarea Rzboiului rece i odat cu ea la sfritul divizrii Europei.

TARILE MEMBRE NATO

Aliana s-a format din state independente, interesate n mentinerea pacii si apararea propriei independene prin solidaritate politic i printr-o for militar defensiv corespunztoare, capabil s descurajeze i, dac ar fi necesar, s raspund tuturor formelor probabile de agresiune ndreptat mpotriva ei sau a statelor membre.

Iniial, aceste state au fost: Belgia, Canada, Danemarca,Frana, Islanda, Italia, Luxemburg, Marea Britanie, Norvegia, Portugalia, Olanda si SUA. La 18 februarie 1952, au aderat la tratat Grecia si Turcia, iar la 6 mai 1955, RFG a devenit membra NATO. Grecia i Turcia s-au alturat alianei n februarie 1952. Germania a aderat ca Germania de Vest n 1955, iar unificarea german din 1990 a extins participarea Germaniei cu regiunile Germaniei de Est. Spania a fost admis la 30 mai 1982, iar fostele ri semnatare ale Pactului de la Varovia au aderat fie la 12 martie 1999 (Polonia, Ungaria i Cehia), iar n anul 2004 (Romnia, Slovenia, Slovacia, Estonia, Letonia, Lituania i Bulgaria). La 1 aprilie 2009 au aderat la NATO Albania i Croaia.

PREVEDERILE TRATATULUI ATLANTICULUI DE NORD

De departe cel mai important articol al tratatului este Articolul 5 care prevede:

Prile convin c un atac armat mpotriva uneia sau mai multora dintre ele, n Europa sau n America de Nord, va fi considerat un atac mpotriva tuturor i, n consecin, sunt de acord ca, dac are loc asemenea atac armat, fiecare dintre ele, n exercitarea dreptului la auto-aprare individual sau colectiv recunoscut prin Articolul 51 din Carta Naiunilor Unite, va sprijini Partea sau Prile atacate prin efectuarea imediat, individual sau de comun acord cu celelalte Pri, a oricrei aciuni pe care o consider necesar, inclusiv folosirea forei armate, pentru restabilirea Orice astfel de atac armat acestuia vor i meninerea securitii zonei nord-atlantice. i toate msurile adoptate ca rezultat al

trebui raportate imediat Consiliului de Securitate. Aceste msuri vor nceta dup

ce Consiliul de Securitate va adopta msurile necesare pentru restabilirea i meninerea pcii ARTICOLUL 6 n scopul aplicrii Articolului 5, un atac armat asupra uneia sau mai multora dintre Pri se consider c include un atac armat: pe teritoriul oricrei Pri n Europa sau America de Nord, n Departamentele algeriene ale Franei2, pe teritoriul Turciei sau pe insulele aflate sub jurisdicia oricrei Pri din zona nord-atlantic, la nord de Tropicul Cancerului; asupra forelor terestre, navale sau aeriene ale oricrei Pri, care se afl pe sau deasupra acestor teritorii, sau n oricare zon a Europei n care forele de ocupaie ale uneia dintre Pri erau staionate la data intrrii n vigoare a acestui Tratat, sau pe Marea Mediteran ori n zona nord-atlantic aflat la nord de Tropicul Cancerului. i securitii internaionale.

TIPURI DE INTERVENITII NATO

-MISIUNI CONFORME ARTICOLULUI 5 Articolul 5 a fost pentru prima data invocate in cadrul NATO dupa atentatul de la 11 septembrie 2001, moment dupa care a inceput razboiul din Afganistan. -MISIUNI NON-ARTCOLULUI 5 -MISIUNI IN AFARA ZONEI NATO -MISIUNI DE MENTINERE A PACII NATO a avut misiuni de restabilire si mentinere a pacii pe teritorul fostei Republici Iugoslave, misiuni care au purtat numele IFOR(Implementation Force), SFOR(Stabilization Force) desfasurate in Bosnia si Hertegovina), KFOR(Kosovo Force) -MISIUNI PRIVIND NOILE AMENINTARI -MISIUNI PRIVIND ARMELE DE DISTRUGERE IN MASA -MISIUNI PRIVIND TERORISMUL INTERNATIONAL Ultimele trei tipuri de misiuni au fsot invocate de SUA pentru atacul Irakului, insa celelalte tari membre NATO nu au considerat ca fiind pertinente dovezile aduse.

-MISIUNI DE ANTRENAMENT NATO a intreprins astfel de actiuni in Irak dupa inlaturarea dictatorului Sadam Husein, antrenand fortele de securitate ale tarii sa faca fata situatie de tranzitie. Miasiunea a purtat numele de NTM-I(Nato Training Mision-Irak)

Premisele razboiului din irak

n 1993, prin rzboiul din Golf, Irakului i s-au impus o serie de sanciuni din partea Naiunilor Unite care stabileau, printre altele, un embargou i obligaia ca toate armele de distrugere n mas s fie distruse. Regimul preedintelui irakian de la acea vreme, Saddam Hussein, s-a opus colaborrii cu inspectorii ONU, n ciuda consecinelor embargoului asupra populaiei, i a tuturor atacurilor la care era supus ara de ctre forele britanice i americane. La 20.03.2003 a inceput invazia Irakului de catre Coalitia Natiunilor Unite, condusa de SUA si Marea Britanie, motivul atacului constituindul producerea de arme chimice de catre IrAK. Dupa descinderea pe teritoriul acestei tari nu s-au putut gasi arme de distrugere si in masa,schimbanduse astfel motivatia razboiului.Astfel se considera ca regimul lui sadam Husein este unul care nu respecta drepturile oamenilor si ca irakul reprezinta o foarte mare amenintare terorista. Inainte de invaziaCoalitiei Sua a cerut interventia nato, insa tArile membre nato nu au considerat pertinente dovezile aduse.

OPERATION IRAQ FREEDOM RAZBOIUL DIN IRAK A CONSTAT IN 2 ETAPE PRINCIPALE: PRIMA ETAPA O CONSTITUIE INVAZIA IRAKULUI DE CATRE STATELE MEMBRE ALE COALITIE CARE A FOST DECLANSATA PE 20.03.2003 SI CARE S-A SFARSIT IN SEPTEMBRIE 2003. CEA DE A DOUA ETAPA A INCEPUT IN SEPTEMBRIE 2003 SI A LUAT SFARSIT IN 18 decembrie 2011 cand ultimii soldati americani s-au retras din irak. Fortele militare implicate in razboiul din irak purtau denumirea de MNF-I(Multinational Force Irak) si erau alcatuite din soldatii a 40 de state.

NATO TRAINING MISSION

Inceputa in 2004 la cererea guvernului interimar al irakului, NATO TRAINING MISSION a reusit sa creasca securitatea in tara prin construirea capacitatilor militsre ale irakului. Datorita succesului in antrenarea si sprijinirea dezvoltarii fortelor de securitattea ale irakului-care sunt in momentul de fata la conducerea complete a securitatii interne. Guvernul irakian considera aceasta misiunea una de success sis i-au exprimat dorita de a continua.

Locations NTM-I operates in four different areas in theatre:

The NTM-I Headquarters (HQ) resides within the Union III Forward Operating Base in the International Zone. NATO staff travel to different ISF locations within the IZ to provide training, advising and mentoring. The NTM-I Forward base at Ar Rustamiyah, some 15 kms south east of Baghdad, supports the Iraqi Military Academy and the Joint Staff College, as well as the Base Defence Battalion that maintains security at Ar Rustamiyah. NTM-I also operates at the Taji Air Base, some 30 kms north west of Baghdad, which supports the training of the Iraqi Senior Non-Commissioned Officer courses and the Battle Staff Training. The fourth location is Camp Dublin, located south of Baghdad International Airport. This is where the Italian Carabinieri Training Unit carries out the training of the Iraqi Federal Police.

NATO's assistance to Iraq In accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1546, the NATO Training Mission Iraq (NTM-I) was set up in 2004 shortly after the Istanbul Summit at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government to provide training, assistance, and equipment to the Iraqi Security Forces. NTM-I is not a combat mission, its goal is to help Iraq develop a democratically led and enduring security sector that addresses the needs of the population. The Mission influences professional institutions of the Iraqi Security Forces to build enduring, sustainable capabilities, working

directly with partners in the Iraqi Ministries of Defense and Interior to build capabilities that provide internal security and build a foundation to defend against external threats. By providing mentoring, advice and instruction support through in and out of country training, NTM-I has made a tangible contribution to the rebuilding of military leadership in Iraq and the development of the Iraqi Ministry of Defence and the Iraqi Security Forces.

In 2007, NATO allies extended their training assistance to Iraq to include gendarmerie-type training of the Iraqi Federal Police in order to bridge the gap between routine police work and military operations. In total, NTM-I has trained nearly 9,000 Iraqi Federal police, 2500 Iraqi officers, 200 SNCOs and sent over 1800 members of Iraq's Security Forces on out-of-country training courses since the beginning of the mission in 2004.

NTM-I delivers its training, advice and mentoring support in a number of different settings. Twenty-three NATO member countries and one partner country have contributed to the training effort in or outside Iraq, through financial contributions or donations of equipment, since the mission began in 2004.

Activity

NTM-I delivers its training, advice and mentoring support along three main lines of activity: 1 Support to the Iraqi Command and Control structure. 2 The professionalization of Iraqi Armed Forces Officers training and education and the professional development at the Non-Commissioned Officer Academy both within Iraq and abroad. 3 Professionalization of the Iraqi Police through the Carabinieri-led training NATO Training MissionIraq Announces Successful Mission Conclusion

Baghdad, Iraq The NATO Training Mission in Iraq, which started in 2004 at the request of the Iraqi authorities,will be completing its successful mission and cease operations by the end of 2011.

"Our trainers, mentors and adviserscan be very proud of what they have achieved over the last seven years. The expertise the NATO mentors have shared with their Iraqi partners has laid the foundation for future cooperation, said the Commander of NATO Training Mission Iraq, Lieutenant-General Robert Caslen.

Since 2004, NTM-I has trained thousands of military and police personnel, helped to design advanced security courses and mentored many of the senior leadership within Iraqi security institutions. "With just over 100 NATO personnel in the mission at any one time, the contribution has had a positive effect on the Iraqi military and police as they continue to grow and mature, added the Commander.

The completion of the training mission does not mean the end of NATO's relationship with Iraq. Both NATO and Iraq are committed to continuing a strategic partnership. Together, proposals and procedures will be developed to strengthen the Structured Cooperative Framework through NATO's Individual Partnership and Cooperation Program. Primary NATO Contributions

United States The US provided 60 instructors and a protection company in addition to airlift support and logistics.[3]

Italy At July 2010, the Italian Army has deployed 90 soldiers to Iraq under NTM-I: a Major General, Deputy Commander of the mission; a senior officer, Advisor of the Iraqi Minister of Defense, in an advisory capacity for training and liaison with the NTM-I HQ; a senior officer, an adviser to Iraq's top military university (National Defense University), which coordinates, along with his staff, the training-instructional and doctrinal development within training institutes for officers at the "National Defence College" and "Joint Staff and Command College"; a senior officer of the Carabinieri, head of the "Gendarmerie Training Division", with a team of about 60 Carabinieri, carries out training of VET; unit of the Carabinieri providing training of Iraqi police at Camp Dublin, trainer of NTM-I area near Baghdad International Airport. Additionally, a senior officer of the Italian Navy serves as the Advisor of the Commander of Naval Forces in Iraq.[4]

Denmark A contingent of Danish troops has been deployed to train Iraqi forces under NTM-I[5], numbering 10 trainers and seven soldiers for force protection as of September 2007.[3] Netherlands There are 10 military police and 15 trainers in Iraq as of September 2007[6]

United Kingdom The UK has deployed 11 soldiers to Iraq under NTM-I.[3] Turkey As of September 2007, 2 Turkish soldiers were serving in Baghdad.[3] Romania As of September 2007, there were 2 instructors in Iraq, while the deployment of 5 more was a possibility.[3] Lithuania As of September 2007, there were 3 Lithuanian trainers in Iraq.[3]

Estonia Three officers as of October 2008.[7]

Poland There is one officer to serving under NTM-I as of September, 2008 Bulgaria In October 2006, the Bulgarian government sent 4 officers.[8]

Albania
[9]

Czech Republic Four soldiers serving under NTM-I as of December, 2008 Iceland A 'public information officer' was withdrawn in September 2007. Slovakia 5 instructors were withdrawn in April 2007.
[3] [3]

Slovenia Sent 4 trainers to Iraq in 2006, these men have since been withdrawn. Norway 10 trainers were withdrawn in September 2007.
[3]

[3]

Hungary There were 3 Hungarian soldiers serving under NTM-I as of November, 2008.

Other NATO Contributions

Germany, Japan, United Arab Emirates Jointly conducted a training programme for Iraqi police officers in the UAE from December 2003. Germany also trained Iraqi logistics troops in a separate UAE-based mission as of December 2004. Belgium offered 10 instructors to the latter [3] programme. Canada, France Separately offered to conduct training outside Iraq; the former did not [3] specify where, while the latter suggested Qatar . Hungary Donated second-hand tanks to the Iraqi Army.
[3]

Poland, Bulgaria, Spain, Norway, Germany Each hosted domestic training programmes for Iraqi security forces. Latvia, Lithuania and Turkey offered to host similar programmes.

Canada, Germany, to a mission trust fund.

Spain,

United States Each contributed over $500,000 in cash

Non-NATO Contributions
Jordan Although not a NATO member, Jordan's contribution was by far the most extensive, having graduated 50,000 Iraqi police officers by February 2007, plus smaller numbers of Iraqi Army [3] soldiers and Air Force personnel. Jordan has also donated substantial numbers of tanks. Egypt Invited an Iraqi Army company to participate in joint military training in 2004. Ukraine There are 8 officers supporting the NTM-I mission as February 7, 2008.
[10] [3]

Participarea romaniei la razboiul din irak Asistena oferit de Romnia n procesul de stabilizare i reconstrucie a Irakului

a) Participarea la Fora Multinaional (MNF-I) Romnia a participat la MNF-I pn la data de 31 iulie 2009. Militarii romni au participat att la executarea de misiuni de stabilizare i reconstrucie, ct i la activiti de instruire a militarilor irakieni. Trupele romneti au participat n cadrul Batalionului de infanterie, Compania de poliie militar i Detaamentul de geniu, dislocate la Al Hillah, Nasiriah i Babilon. Nr maxim de soldati-730(400 infanterie, 100 politie militara, 100 genisti, 50 ofiteri de informatii, 30 medici). In 2008 romania si-a redus contingentul la 500 , iar la inceputul lui 2009 la 350. Pierderi: 3 morti, 8 raniti

b) NATO Training Mission in Iraq (NTM-I) Dup 31 iulie 2009, Romnia menine prezena militar romneasc n programul NATO Training Mission in Iraq (NTM-I). Contribuia Romniei la NTM-I se desfoar n baza MoU semnat la 26 ianuarie 2009. 3 INSTRUCTORI, DONATII DE ARME USOARE SI MUNITIE, 60.OOO EURO DONATIE LA FONDUL VOLUNTAR DE ASISTENTA NTM-I

Bibliografie.

www.Nato.mae.ro www.nato.int. http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int http://www.cssp.ro/state/irak/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_%E2%80%93_Iraq