Physics Topic 2.

2 Strength of Materials The physical properties of solids Hookes Law THE FORCE (F) EXERTED BY A SPRING IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS EXTENSION (X) Formula of Hookes Law F=-kx K = constant for the particular spring (constant of proportionality/spring constant) (- Sign shows that the force exerted by the spring in in opposite direction to the extension) Elastic limit: when the spring changes shape permanently the load added at this limit would stretch the string beyond its constant extension rapidly however, before the limit, if the load was removed the spring would always go back to its original shape Note: the larger the value of k the stiffer the spring Plastic deformation: when the object has stretched beyond its elastic limit and is permanently deformed/ cannot return back to its original shape Elastic Strain Energy (Eel) The energy stored on a spring = the work done on it as it is stretched = average force used to stretch it to the extension Average force used to stretch it: 0+F/2 = F Note: 0+F because force stretches linearly from zero Work done = -kx2 Note: area under a force extension graph = work done Tensile force: a force, which puts the object in tension (tends to pull it apart) Tensile force per unit area = tensile stress = tensile force/cross sectional area Units of stress: Nm-2/Pa (theyre the same) Tensile strength = tensile stress of material when it breaks Extension per unit length = tensile strain = extension/original length Units of tensile strain: NO UNITS

Youngs Modulus = tensile stress/ tensile strain Units of Youngs Modulus: Nm-2/ Pa (same as tensile stress) Note: the stiffer the material the greater its youngs modulus Characteristics of Solids Necking: the narrowing of material when put under stress Plastic Region: small forces increase extension rapidly, solids that behave like this are called ductile Linear Region: the region where stress is directly proportional to strain Proportionality limit: the limit where the stress stops being directly proportional to the strain Elastic limit: when the material stops behaving elastically and behaves plastically, when the stress is removed from the object it wont return to its original shape Yield Point: small increase in stress causes large increase in strain Deforming Solids Stiffness: ability of material to resist tensile force Tensile strength: tensile force in which materials fail Compressive force: squashing force, which reduces the volume of the material Compressive force per unit area = compressive stress = compressive force/area of cross-section Units of compressive stress: Nm-2/Pa Compressive strength = the compressive stress at which material breaks Extension per unit length = compressive strain = extension/original length Units of compressive strain: NO UNITS Strength: the ability to withstand stress Ductile: materials which show plastic deformation Brittle: materials that break or snap with little plastic deformation Hard: materials that resist plastic deformation

Malleable: materials that show large plastic deformation before cracking or breaking Stiff: materials that have the ability to resist tensile force Tough: materials that are able to withstand impact forces without breaking and require a large force to produce a small plastic deformation Strong: the materials with the ability to withstand stress whether its shear, tensile or compressive