Transmission and Media

Lecture 3 and 4

Ir. Muhamad Asvial, MSc., PhD

Center for Information and Communication Engineering Research (CICER) Electrical Engineering Department - University of Indonesia E-mail: asvial@ee.ui.ac.id http://www.ee.ui.ac.id/cicer

Slide 1

Public switched telephone network (PSTN)

Major Components of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN):
Switching Offices, Transmission facilities, Customer Premise Equipment

Switching Office

Switching Office

CPE

CPE

Transmission Facilities
Slide 2

Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking
Switch Switch

Analog Loop POTS

Digital Network
Switch

CB

Digital Loop Digital Network ISDN

Switch

Slide 3

Digital TelephonyT1 and E1/J1

T1 ITU-T G.733 ITUSampling Frequency Channel Bit Rate Time Slots per Frame Channels per Frame Bits per Frame Framing 8 kHz DS0 DS064 kbps 24 24 24 x 8 + 1 = 193 D4/Super Frame (12) Extended Super Frame (24) Framing Indicator 193rd Bit of Frame

E1/J1 ITU-T G.732 ITU8 kHz DS0 DS064 kbps 32 30 32 x 8 = 256 E1: Multiframe (16) J1: CRV in Bit 1 of frame 2.048 kbps Word of 7 Bits in the 0 Channel of Odd Frames 8,000 x 256 = 2.048 Mbps E1: CCS in TS 16

System Bit Rate Signaling

8,000 x 193 = 1.544 Mbps Robbed Bit Channel Associated Signaling D4/Super Frame LSB/Channel Frame 6 and 12

Extended Super Frame CAS in TS 162 Ch 16 Every Other Frame LSB/Channel J1: TS0 Frames 6, 12, 18, 24

Slide 4
36

Bandwidth Requirements

Voice Band Traffic

Encoding/ Compression
G.711 PCM A-Law/u-Law Law/u G.726 ADPCM G.729 CS-ACELP CSG.728 LD-CELP LDG.723.1 CELP

Result Bit Rate

64 kbps (DS0)

16, 24, 32, 40 kbps 8 kbps 16 kbps 6.3/5.3 kbps Variable

Slide 5

Voice Network Transport

Voice Network Transport is typically TDM circuitbased:
T1/E1 DS3/E3 SONET (OC3, OC12, etc.)

But can also be packet-based:

ATM Frame Relay IP

Slide 6

Delay
Sender
PBX

Receiver Network
PBX

First Bit Transmitted

Last Bit Received

A
Processing Delay Network Transit Delay

A
t
Processing Delay

End-to-End Delay
Slide 7

Voice Transport and Delay

Cumulative Transmission Path Delay

CB Zone Satellite Quality High Quality

0 100 200 300 400 500

Fax Relay, Broadcast

600 700 800

Time (msec) Delay Target

Slide 8

Delay VariationJitter
Sender Network Receiver

Sender Transmits

t A D1
Slide 9

B D2 = D1

Sink Receives

D3 = D2

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Part of a network architecture Definition for the access to the network Allows access to multiple services through a single access

Standards-based
ITU recommendations Proprietary implementations

Slide 10

Network Access
Traditional Access
Customer Equipment (PBX) Public packet switched network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private line data

ISDN Access
Customer Equipment (PBX) Telephone Switch Public packet switched network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private line data

Slide 11

Terminology

B Channel Bearer Channel

64 Kbps Carries information (voice, data, video, etc) DS-0

Slide 12

Terminology (Cont.)

D Channel Signaling Channel

16 Kbps or 64 Kbps Carries instructions between customer equipment and network Carries information Can also carry packet switch data (X.25) for the public packet switched network

Slide 13

Terminology (Cont.)

BRA/BRI (Basic Rate Access/Basic Rate Interface)

2B+D 2 x 64 Kbps + 16 Kbps = 144 Kbps (not including overhead) designed to operate using the average local copper pair

Slide 14

Terminology (Cont.)

PRA/PRI (Primary Rate Access/Primary Rate Interface)

23 B + D 23 x 64 Kbps + 64 Kbps = 1.536 Mbps (not including overhead) Designed to operate using DS-1/E1 In Europe 30 B + D Optional backup D channel.

Slide 15

Network Architecture
ISDN is an access specification to a network
Common Channel Signalling Network and Database

ISDN PBX

PRA

Telco Switch

Circuit Switched Services Dedicated Circuit Services Public Packet Network

Telco Switch

BRA

NT1

Slide 16

Network Addressing

1-609-555-1234 609-555-

IXC LEC
Dials: 9+1-609-5559+1-609-555-1234

555555-1234

LEC PSTN E.164 Addressing PBX 1234

1234

PBX
Dials: 8+5558+555-1234
VCI/VPI VCI/VPI

WAN
Slide 17

56 k Technology (modem connection)

Analog line Digital line
Telephone switch

Access server

Telephone switch

Modem

<= 33,6 kbps

Telephone switch

Modem

Access server

Modem

<= 56 kbps <= 33,6 kbps

ISDN, E1,..

Slide 18

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL

ADSL is the #1 Broadband Choice in the World with over 60% market share ADSL is now available in every region of the world ADSL is capable of providing up to 50 Mbp, and supports voice, video and data. The new DSL network is IP-centric There is broad equipment interoperability and there are currently established test specifications for ADSL, ADSL2plus, SHDSL, and VDSL Finally, ADSL and home networking are a natural fit as DSL effectively supports multiple applications for multiple uses via each DSL connection.

Slide 19

ADSL Networks

Video Servers

ADSL Internet Broadband Network

Telephone Network

1.5 to 8Mbit/s 9.6 to 640kbit/s

Live Broadcast

Slide 20

ADSL Modem Structure

Mbit/s ADSL Modem POTS Filter ADSL Modem POTS Filter

Mbit/s kbit/s

kbit/s

Line

POTS Linecard Exchange End Customer End

Slide 21

DSL Modem Technology

DSL Service VDSL Very High Bit Rate DSL ADSLAsymmetric DSL IDSLISDN DSL SDSLSymmetric DSL HDSL2 High Bit Rate DSL

Max. Data Rate Down/Uplink (bps) 25M/1.6M or 8M/8M 8M/1M 144K/144K 768K/768K 1.5M2.0M/ 1.5M2.0M

Line Coding Technology ??? CAP & DMT 2B1Q 2B1Q / CAP Optic

Analog Voice Support Yes Yes No No No

Max. Reach (km-feet) .93,000 5.518,000 5.518,000 6.922,000 4.615,000

Residential SOHO Business

Trade-off is Reach vs. Bandwidth Reach numbers imply Clean Copper Different layer 1 transmission technologies, need a common upper protocol layer to tie them together
Slide 22

Frequency Spectrum Utilization

Transmit Power Spectra
0 10 20 30 40
PSD (dBm/Hz)
ISDN 2B1Q RADSL Upstream RADSL Downstream (1088 baud)

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 100 200 300

HDSL 2B1Q

T1 AMI

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400 1500

frequency (kHz)

Slide 23

End-to-End ADSL Architecture

PSTN

DSLAM
ATUATU-R

IP

IP

ISP

ATM/ Frame Relay Network

L2/L3 Services Aggregator
ATUATU-R

ISP

Corporate
UCP

Local Loop
Slide 24

Central Office

Broadband Network

Content Providers

ADSLData Bypass
CPE
SMB/SOHO
POTS Splitter

Central Office

ADSL

MDF MDF
Splitter Splitter

L2/L3 Engine

Residential
POTS Splitter

DSLAM ADSL

Content Providers

Slide 25

Copper Loop

Generic xDSL Implementation

Central Office
Telephone Switch

Remote Location
POTS xDSL Modem Splitter
Single Pair Telephone Line

xDSL Modem

Corporation or ISP

Data Network

An Access Solution: Connects Remote User to Central Office as a Dedicated Circuit

Slide 26

HDSL/SDSL

HDSL/SDSL Modems Data Network MDF <> 2 MB

HDSL/SDSL Modem

Advantages
Proven technology Uses in-place copper loops Reduces load on C.O. switch
Slide 27

Disadvantages
Two maximum data rate POTS requires second line Few vendor choices

IDSL
Voice Network

POTS ISDN T/A Data Network MDF <>128 Kbps

Advantages

Disadvantages

Reduces load on C.O. switch Limited data rate Uses standard ISDN equipment Second line for POTS Inexpensive to deploy
Slide 28

VDSL

SONET Data Network < 52 MB 2 MB >

VDSL Modem

Advantages
Enormous data rate Uses in-place copper loops Avoids C.O. switch

Disadvantages
No standards Limited ongoing development Unavailable Short distance limit

Slide 29

Building End-to-End Networks and Services

Cisco 2500/2600/3600 +67x/633
Power Branch VoIP

Circuit Core

DSL PoP
Cisco AS5300 POTS/PSTN Cisco BPX Core Cisco 6400 SSG Cisco 6xxx
Government Corporate

ISPs

Cisco 140x/1600/1700
Small-Medium Enterprise

Cisco 67x Cisco 62x

Residential

S p l i t t e r

Cisco GSR Core Cisco 90i

U N IVER SIT Y

Cisco 77x/1004/1604
Telecommuter

Education

CCE

IP/TV

TIBCO

Cisco 3600, 7200, 6400

Cisco 60x
Slide 30

Cisco DLC

CPC

Cable Modem
A digital service offered by cable television companies Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) Most common protocol used for cable modems Not a formal standard Offers vary (depends on the quality of cable plant) In theory: downstream: 27-55Mbps; upstream: 2-10 Mpbs Typical: downstream: 1.5 -2 Mbps; upstream 0.2 2 Mbps A few cable companies offer downstream services only Upstream communications using regular telephone lines Cable modems: use shared multipoint circuits All messages on the circuit heard by all computers on the circuit security issue 300 1000 customers per cable segment

Slide 31

Basic Cable Modem Architecture

Customer Premises
Cable Modem Cable Splitter Optical/ Electrical Converter TV Shared Coax Cable System Cable Company Fiber Node

Cable Company Fiber Node

Cable Company Distribution Hub

TV Video Network

Downstream Combiner Upstream

Hub

Router

Computer Computer Customer Premises Customer Premises

Cable Modem Termination System ISP POP

Slide 32

Hybrid Fiber Coax

Slide 33

Fiber in the CATV Network

Fiber Optic will increase quality, reliability, and operational savings. Fiber Optic is economically competitive in comparison with coaxial cable. Fiber Optic offers the opportunity of two-way services, fact that will increment revenues for the company. Fiber Optic networks are fully expandable, with large capacities to provide countless services.
Slide 34

T Carrier System
Twisted Wire to Cable System

Slide 35

Fiber Communication

Slide 36

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Designed by phone companies Single technology meant to handle Voice Video Data Intended as LAN or WAN End-to-end (application to application) Connection-oriented interface: Establish connection Send data Close connection Performance guarantees (statistical) Uses cell switching
Slide 37

ATM Cell, Virtual Circuit

ATM cell: 53 byte; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information

Slide 38

Wireless Communications
Next Semester Cellular Phone WLAN: WIFI WMAN: WIMAX

Slide 39

Radio System Propagation

Slide 40

Satellite Communications
Large communication area. Any two places within the coverage of radio transmission by satellite can communicate with each other. Seldom effected by land disaster (high reliability) Circuit can be started upon establishing earth station (prompt circuit starting) Can be received at many places simultaneously, and realize broadcast, multi-access communication economically( feature of multi-access) Very flexible circuit installment , can disperse over-centralized traffic at any time. One channel can be used in different directions or areas (multi-access connecting).

Slide 41

Integrated Futures
Inter Satellite Link (ISL) SAT-HAPS Links

Satellite Diversity Inter HAPS Link

HAPS Backhaul link

Communications/Broadcast via HAPS

Satellite ground station

Terrestrial UMTS Core Network Core Network

HAPS ground station

Slide 42

Satellite-Fiber Comparison Comparing Satellite and Fiber Characteristics

Capability Transmission Speed Quality of Service Transmission latency System Availability w/o Backup Broadcasting Capabilities Multi-casting Capabilities Trunking Capabilities Mobile Services Fiber Optic Cable Systems 10 Gbps-3.2 Terabits/second* 10-1110 -12 25 to 50 ms 93 to 99.5% Geo Satellite in a Global System Single Sat 1 Gbps-10 Gbps 10-610 -11 250 ms 99.98% (C-Ku band) 99% (Ka band) High High High Medium-to-High Meo Satellite in a Global System Single Sat 0.5 Gbps- 5 Gbps 10-610 -11 100-150 ms 99.9% (C-Ku band) 99% (Ka band) Low High Medium High Leo Satellite in a Constellation Single Sat .01 Gbps-2Gbps 10-210 91 25-75 ms 99.5% (L-C-Ku band) 99% (Ka band)) Low Medium Low High

Low to Nil Low Very High Nil

Slide 43

FREQUENCY
Narrow band systems
L-band - 1.535 - 1.56 GHz downlink, 1.635-1.66 uplink S-band - 2.5 - 2.54 GHz downlink - 2.65-2.69 GHz uplink C-band - 3.7 - 4.2 GHz downlink, 5.9 - 6.4 GHz uplink X-band - 7.25 - 7.75 GHz downlink, 7.9 - 8.4 GHz uplink A few 10s to 100s kHz of bandwidth only

Wideband/broadband systems
Ku-band - about 10.0 - 13 GHz downlink, 14 -17 GHz uplink Exact frequencies depend on applications (fixed, DBS etc.) 36 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for typical 50-60 Mbps applications Ka-band - about 18-20 GHz downlink, 27-31 GHz uplink 500 MHz of channel bandwidth; enough for gigabit applications GHz of bandwidth Q-band - in the 40 GHz V-band - 60 GHz downlink - 50 GHz uplink
Slide 44

Satellite Services
Voice & Data Bandwidth on Demand Trunking Store & Forward Video Broadcasting Cable TV distribution Direct to Home Video contribution (backhaul of content from production to uplink, eg.SNG Video on demand Corporate Network Private network (VSATs) Distance Learning Telemedicine IP Traffic Internet backbone connectivity Broadband interactive service In-fligh aircraft service

Rural telepony

Internet direct acces

Slide 45

Broadband Wireless and Mobile Applications

Telemedicine Teleworking E-Government Distance Learning Homeland Security E-Commerce Applications for People with Disabilities Utility Application Information Gathering Tourism In Flight Office Email, Fax, Phone, File transfer, Video Conferencing In Flight Entertainment Gamble, Phone, Live TV Multimedia and Web Browsing for Train Passengers Audio/Video Streaming

What is the technology that best serves these applications?

Slide 46

GPS
Just a timer, 24 satellite Calculation position

Slide 47

Discussion

Slide 48