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COMPONENT PLACEMENT
WORK SENSOR HEATER
Fig. 5a
Fig. 5b
B B
Fig. 5c
C
Fig. 5d
A
60
40
E
20 0 60 100 140 180
500 400
200 100
1300
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900 1000
1200 1100 1000 WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT 900 800 700 600 500 400
TEMPERATURE (F) Radiant and convection heat losses are combined. Based upon 70F ambient. For horizontal bottom surface, use 12 figure from graph.
F. P. S.
T 1"
50 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
HICK 4" T
5T: Heat Losses From Molten Metal Surfaces (Lead, Babbit, Type Metal, Tin, etc.)
1200 1100 WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE ( T) Radiant and convection heat losses are combined. Based upon 70F ambient temperature with ceramic fiber insulation.For horizontal bottom surface, use 12 of figure from graph.
TEMPERATURE (F)
ABlack Body BOxidized Steel COxidized Brass DOxidized Nickel EOxidized Aluminum
1500 1400
F.
P.
P.
S.
11T:Thermal Conductivity of Various Substances The following is a listing of the ratios of how fast heat is conducted through each material. The information is useful as a comparison of one substance to another. Large numbers indicate greater conductivity characteristics.*
Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0568 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . .480.0 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . .44.2 Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0389 Asbestos, paper . . . . . . .0.6 Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . .17.7 Blotting paper . . . . . . . . .0.15 Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204.0 Brick, aluminum . . . . . . . .2.0 Brick, building . . . . . . . . .1.5 Brick, carborundum . . . .23.0 Brick, fire . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 Brick, graphite . . . . . . . .25.0 Brick, magnesia . . . . . . . .7.1 Brick, silica . . . . . . . . . . .2.0 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . .222.0 Carbon gas . . . . . . . . .130.0 Carbon graphite . . . . . .290.0 Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . .0.0307 Carbon monoxide . . . . . .0.0499 Carborundum . . . . . . . . .0.50 Cardboard . . . . . . . . . . . .0.50 Cement, portland . . . . . . .0.17 Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.28 Charcoal, powdered . . . .0.22 Clinkers, small . . . . . . . . .1.1 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.30 Coke, powdered . . . . . . .0.44 Concrete, cinder . . . . . . .0.81 Concrete, stone . . . . . . . .2.2 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . .918.0 Cotton wool . . . . . . . . . . .0.043 Cotton batting, loose . . . .0.11 Cotton batting, packed . . .0.072 Earth, average . . . . . . . . .4.0 Eiderdown, loose . . . . . . .0.108 Eiderdown, packed . . . . .0.045 Feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.16 Felt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.22 Fiber, red . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 Flannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.035 German silver . . . . . . . .80.0 Glass, crown . . . . . . . . . .2.5 Glass, flint . . . . . . . . . . . .2.0 Gold, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700.0 Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5 Gutta percha . . . . . . . . . .0.48 Gypsum . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.15 Hair cloth, felt . . . . . . . . .0.042 Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.339 Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.087 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . .0.327 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9 Iron, pure . . . . . . . . . . .161.0 Iron, cast . . . . . . . . . . .109.0 Iron, wrought . . . . . . . .144.0 Lamp black . . . . . . . . . . .0.07 Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.0 Leather, cowhide . . . . . . .0.42 Leather, chamois . . . . . . .0.15 Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.29 Linen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.21 Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3 Magnesium, carb . . . . . . .0.23 Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4 Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . .19.7 Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.86 Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . .142.0 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0524 Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0563 Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.31 Paraffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.62 Pasteboard . . . . . . . . . . .0.45 Plaster of Paris . . . . . . . .0.42 Plaster, mortar . . . . . . . . .1.3 Platinum . . . . . . . . . . .170.0 Plumbago . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0 Poplox (Na2Si03) . . . . . .0.13 Porcelain . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . .0.39 Pumice stone . . . . . . . . .0.43 Quartz, pr. to axis . . . . .30.0 Quartz, perp. to axis . .160.0 Rubber, hard . . . . . . . . . .0.43 Rubber, Para . . . . . . . . . .0.38 Sand, dry . . . . . . . . . . . .0.86 Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5 Sawdust . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.14 Silica, fused . . . . . . . . . .2.55 Silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.13 Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . .974.0 Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8 Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.60 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115.0 Terra Cotta . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155.0 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6 Wood, fir, with grain . . . . .0.30 Wood, fir, cross grain . . . .0.09 Wool, sheep . . . . . . . . . .0.14 Wool, mineral . . . . . . . . .0.11 Wool, steel . . . . . . . . . . .0.20 Woolen, loose, wadding . .0.12 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265.0
15T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements Operating at 800 to 1400F Sheath Temperature for Various Temperatures in Distributed Air Velocity of 4 Fps.
40 TUBULAR ELEMENT WATTS PER SQUARE INCH 1200F 30 1000F 20 850F 800F 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 600 400 800 850* 1000 TEMPERATURE OF AIR (F) 1200 1400 WATTS PER SQUARE INCH 1400F
40
30
20
10
10
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
13T: Sheath Temperatures of Tubular Elements Clamped to a Surface at Various Ambient Temperatures and Watt Densities
40 WATTS PER SQUARE INCH SHEATH TEMPERATURE 1400F SHEATH TEMP 1200F
16T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements Operating at 800 to1400F Sheath Temperature for Various Temperatures in Distributed Air Velocity of 9 Fps.
40 TUBULAR ELEMENT WATTS PER SQUARE INCH
1 20
0F
14
30
100 0
20
20
10
SHEATH TEMP 800F 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
10
400 F 200 F
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE =
14T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements Operating at 800 to 1400F Sheath Temperature for Various Temperatures in Distributed Air Velocity of 1 Fps.
40 TUBULAR ELEMENT WATTS PER SQUARE INCH 1400F
17T: Allowable Watt Density of Tubular Elements Operating at 800 to 1400F Sheath Temperature for Various Temperatures in Distributed Air Velocity of 16 Fps.
40 TUBULAR ELEMENT WATTS PER SQUARE INCH FINNED TUBULAR WATTS PER SQUARE INCH
12 00 F
14 00 F
100 0F
30
30
1200F
20
8 00 F 700 F 60 0F
40 0F
20
1000F
900F
800F
10
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 400 800 900* 1000 600 TEMPERATURE OF AIR (F) 1200 1400
10
20 0 F
200 400 600 700* 800 1000 TEMPERATURE OF AIR (F) 1200 1400
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
200
30
00
18T: Sheath Temperature of HD Strip Heaters Clamped to a Surface at Various Ambient Temperatures and Watt Densities1
22 20 18 WATTS PER SQUARE INCH 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) Sheath Temperature at + Temperature Process (Work) 2 1000F 900F 800F 700F 600F 500F 1200F
21T: Allowable Watt Density of Finned HD Strip Heaters to Produce 600 to 700F Sheath Temperatures at Various Ambient Temperatures and Air Velocities2
32 WATTS PER SQUARE INCH 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
9 F. P.S .
TH EA SH
1100F
16 F.P .S.
RE TU RA PE M TE
) (F
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE =
19T: Allowable Watt Density of HD Strip Heaters to Produce 700F Sheath Temperatures at Various Ambient Temperatures and Air Velocities2
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
WATTS PER SQUARE IN
22T: Allowable Watt Density of Finned HD Strip Heaters to Produce 800 to 900F Sheath Temperatures at Various Ambient Temperatures and Air Velocities1,2
32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
4 F.P.S .
9 F. P.S .
16 F.P .S.
1 F.P.S. OR
STILL A IR
16 F. P.S.
9 F.P .S. 4 F.P .S.
1 F . P .S .
OR ST ILL A IR
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
20T: Allowable Watt Density of HD Strip Heaters to Produce 1000F Sheath Temperatures at Various Ambient Temperatures and Air Velocities. Use Stainless Steel Sheath Material2
26 24 WATTS PER SQUARE INCH 20 18
16 F.P .S. 9 F.P .S. 4 F.P ,S,
1F.P.S
16 8 4
. OR STIL L AI R
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1. Use stainless steel materials (and fins) over 750F sheath temperatures. 2. Where element spacing is close, use 80% of values.
800 SHEATH TEMPERATURE (F) 3" 4" 5" 6" 200 700 600 500 400 300
AMBIENT - 70F 100 0 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" COLD END LENGTH
33 W
/sq.
in.
in.
/sq.
AMBIENT - 70F 50 0 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" COLD END LENGTH
sq
100
200
300
400
800
900 1000
22F: Tubular Heater Sheath Temperatures Operating in Different ambient temperatures at various watt densities.
60 Sheath Temperature F 54 WATT DENSITY (W/sq. in. ) 48 42 36 30 24 1200 18 1000 12 800 6 0 600 0 160 320 480 640 800 960 1120 1280 1440 1600 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) 1400 1600
produce uniform radiant distribution. Specific application considerations may require the distance to be adjusted. Materials are selective as to the wavelength accepted to absorb infrared energy. As can be seen on 38T, PVC will absorb best at 3.5 microns. The wavelength produced by the heat source is dependent upon the source temperature. It is possible then to adjust the source temperature and thus the peak wavelength to match the best spectral absorption rate or wavelength. The formula is: 2897 5215 C = -273 F = -459 Thus, if the element temperature is known and the wavelength is desired: = 5215 459 + F = 2897 273 + C
80%
ABSORPTION
60%
40%
By applying the formula to PVC, based upon 3.5 microns being the desired wavelength, 1025F (550C) would be the emitters surface temperature for the best heat transfer to the process. This principle holds true no matter what the construction of the heat source. An Incoloy tubular heater, the resistance wire of a quartz heater, an FP Flat Panel heater or a Black Body Ceramic Infrared heater operating at 842F (450C) would all have the same peak energy wavelength of 4 microns. Other characteristics such as penetration and color sensitivity would also be the same. Other common methods of temperature control in infrared processes is by varying the voltage input to the elements or adjusting the amount of on-time versus off-time of the elements. These are open-loop control systems and usually require the constant attention of an operator. A closed loop control system would consist of infrared sensors or thermocouples attached or integral to the heat source, that would monitor the temperature of the process or heater, signal a control which in turn would signal an output device to deliver current (or turn off) the heat source. For complete information, see each respective catalog section, the Thermal System Design section or consult OGDEN. OGDEN offers a number of choices of heating elements for infrared applications. The advantages, limitations and adaptability of each will determine which is most suitable. For instance, the emissivity/conversion ratio of an Incoloy sheath tubular heater is about 55%, a quartz heater's is 60%, an FP Flat Panels is about 80% and the Black Body Ceramics is over 90%. This indicates that close to all of the infrared energy produced by the ceramic heater will be absorbed by the process. This type of efficiency may be the most important consideration. But the process may require a heat source with a quick response time. The quartz heater will likely be chosen, or an expensive retraction system may be necessary should a line stoppage occur. The Incoloy sheath tubular heater could be the best selection because of its ruggedness and ability to be formed to suit spacing or confinement requirements. An FP Flat Panel heater may be selected because of the wide area coverage. Although much technical information is available in this and other sources, trial and pilot testing are often necessary to establish if a process is suitable for infrared. The wattage required, watt density, process time cycle, distance from the heat source to the material and how well the material absorbs infrared can perhaps only be determined by this method. Should any uncertainty exist, contact OGDEN. The information necessary may already be on file, because OGDEN has successfully solved scores of infrared heating problems.
20%
27T: Aluminum
ALUMINUM: Anodized 100% Polished Sandblasted
80%
ABSORPTION
60%
40%
20%
WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)
80% ABSORPTION
60%
40%
WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)
Temp (F) 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
Co lor
gal./hr. x 8.34 x Temperature Rise (F) kw = _______________________________ 3412 kw x 3412 gal.hr. = _______________________ 8.34 x Temperature Rise (F)
Use the maximum anticipated airflow. Chart 35T and below equations assume insulated duct (negligible heat loss), 70F inlet air and 14 psia.
For Compressed Air: scfm** x Density** x Temperature Rise (F) kw = __________________________________ 228
**Measured at heater system inlet temperature and pressure.
Gallons x Temperature Rise (F) kw = ___________________________ 800 x Process Start-up Time (hrs.)
50 40 30 25 20 15 10 9 7.5 6 5 4 3 2
A B
3.5
Wind Velocity Effects On exposed, Bare and Insulated Surfaces 1. Determine surface heat losses at still air conditions as per calculation or chart above. 2. Multiply result by wind correction factor from above for total heat loss.
3.0 WIND VELOCITY MPF 2.5 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 2.5 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Temperature Difference between Exposed Surface and Air F
2.0
1.5
1.0
TANK CAPACITIES
VERTICAL CYLINDER
Dia (in) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Dia (ft) 0.167 0.250 0.333 0.417 0.500 0.583 0.667 0.750 0.833 0.917 1.000 1.083 1.167 1.250 1.333 1.417 1.500 1.583 1.667 1.750 1.833 1.917 2.000 2.083 2.167 2.250 2.333 2.417 2.500 2.583 2.667 2.750 2.833 2.917 3.000 3.083 3.167 3.250 3.333 3.417 3.500 3.583 3.667 Surface Area (sq ft) 9.222 0.049 0.087 0.136 0.196 0.267 0.349 0.442 0.545 0.660 0.785 0.922 1.069 1.227 1.396 1.576 1.767 1.969 2.182 2.405 2.640 2.885 3.142 3.409 3.687 3.976 4.276 4.587 4.909 5.241 5.585 5.940 6.305 6.681 7.069 7.467 7.876 8.296 8.727 9.168 9.621 10.08 10.56 Volume per 1' depth (Gal) 0.163 0.367 0.653 1.020 1.469 1.999 2.611 3.305 4.080 4.937 5.875 6.895 7.997 9.180 10.44 11.79 13.22 14.73 16.32 17.99 19.75 21.58 23.50 25.50 27.58 29.74 31.99 34.31 36.72 39.21 41.78 44.43 47.16 49.98 52.88 55.86 58.92 62.06 65.28 68.58 71.97 75.44 78.99 Dia (in) 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108 111 114 117 Dia (ft) 3.750 3.833 3.917 4.000 4.083 4.167 4.250 4.333 4.417 4.500 4.583 4.667 4.750 4.833 4.917 5.000 5.083 5.167 5.250 5.333 5.417 5.500 5.583 5.667 5.750 5.833 5.917 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 Area (sq ft) 11.04 11.54 12.05 12.57 13.10 13.64 14.19 14.75 15.32 15.90 16.50 17.10 17.72 18.35 18.99 19.63 20.29 20.97 21.65 22.34 23.04 23.76 24.48 25.22 25.97 26.73 27.49 28.27 30.68 33.18 35.78 38.48 41.28 44.18 47.17 50.27 53.46 56.75 60.13 63.62 67.20 70.88 74.66 Volume per 1' depth (Gal) 82.62 86.33 90.13 94.00 97.96 102.0 106.1 110.3 114.6 119.0 123.4 127.9 132.6 137.3 142.0 146.9 151.8 156.8 161.9 167.1 172.4 177.7 183.2 188.7 194.2 199.9 205.7 211.5 229.5 248.2 267.7 287.9 308.8 330.5 352.9 376.0 399.9 424.5 449.8 475.9 502.7 530.2 558.5 Dia (in) 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 186 192 198 204 210 216 222 228 234 240 246 252 258 264 270 276 282 288 294 300 306 312 318 324 330 447 342 348 354 360 372 384 Dia (ft) 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 38.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30 31 32 Area (sq ft) 78.54 86.59 95.03 103.9 113.1 122.7 132.7 143.1 153.9 165.1 176.7 188.7 201.1 213.8 227.0 240.5 254.5 268.8 283.5 298.6 314.2 330.1 346.4 363.1 380.1 397.6 415.5 433.7 452.4 471.4 490.9 510.7 530.9 551.5 572.6 594.0 615.8 637.9 660.5 683.5 706.9 754.8 804.2 Volume per 1' depth (Gal) 587.5 647.7 710.9 777.0 846.0 918.0 992.9 1071 1152 1235 1322 1412 1504 1600 1698 1799 1904 2011 2121 2234 2350 2469 2591 2716 2844 2974 3108 3245 3384 3527 3672 3820 3972 4126 4283 4443 4606 4772 4941 5113 5288 5646 6016 Dia (in) 396 408 420 432 444 456 468 480 492 504 516 528 540 552 564 576 588 600 624 648 672 696 720 744 768 792 816 840 864 888 912 936 960 984 1008 1032 1056 1080 1104 1128 1152 1176 1200 Dia (ft) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 Area (sq ft) 855.3 907.9 962.1 1018 1075 1134 1195 1257 1320 1385 1452 1521 1590 1662 1735 1810 1886 1963 2124 2290 2463 2642 2827 3019 3217 3421 3632 3848 4072 4301 4536 4778 5027 5281 5542 5809 6082 6362 6648 6940 7238 7543 7854 Volume per 1' depth (Gal) 6398 6792 7197 7614 8043 8484 8936 9400 9976 10364 10863 11374 11897 12432 12978 13536 14106 14688 15887 17132 18425 19764 21151 22584 24065 25592 27167 38788 30457 32173 33935 35745 37601 39505 41455 43453 45497 47589 49728 51913 54146 56425 58752
HORIZONTAL CYLINDER
Contents in gallons per foot of length of tank with flat ends when filled to various depths.
Tank Dia (in) 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 Depth of Liquid, h (in) Full Tank 1.47 5.88 13.22 23.50 36.72 52.88 71.97 94.00 118.97 146.88 117.72 211.51 248.23 287.88 330.48 376.01 424.48 475.89 530.24 587.52 3 0.73 1.15 1.45 1.70 1.91 2.10 2.28 2.45 2.60 2.75 2.88 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.38 3.49 3.60 3.71 3.81 3.91 6 1.47 2.94 3.86 4.59 5.23 5.79 6.31 6.78 7.23 7.64 8.04 8.42 8.78 9.13 9.46 9.78 10.10 10.40 10.70 10.98
9 4.73 6.61 8.05 9.27 10.34 11.31 12.20 13.03 13.82 14.56 15.26 15.93 16.58 17.20 17.80 18.38 18.94 19.49 20.02
12 5.88 9.36 11.75 13.72 15.43 16.97 18.38 19.69 20.91 22.07 23.17 24.22 25.23 26.19 27.13 28.03 28.90 29.75 30.58
15 11.77 15.45 18.36 20.85 23.07 25.10 26.97 28.72 30.36 31.92 33.41 34.84 36.20 37.52 38.80 40.02 41.23 42.39
18 13.22 18.91 23.00 26.44 29.46 32.20 34.72 37.06 39.26 41.35 43.33 45.23 47.05 48.81 50.50 52.13 53.72 55.26
D
21 21.81 27.45 32.02 35.99 39.54 42.79 45.81 48.64 51.32 53.86 56.28 58.61 60.84 62.99 65.08 67.10 69.06 24 23.50 31.49 37.45 42.51 47.00 51.09 54.86 58.39 61.72 64.87 67.87 70.75 73.51 76.17 78.74 81.23 83.65 27 34.81 42.54 48.90 54.46 59.49 64.10 68.40 72.45 76.27 79.91 83.39 86.72 89.94 93.04 96.04 98.95 30 36.72 47.08 55.00 61.81 67.88 73.44 78.59 83.42 87.97 92.30 96.43 100.39 104.20 107.87 111.42 114.86
h
33 50.77 60.66 68.91 76.18 82.77 88.86 94.55 99.90 104.97 109.81 114.44 118.88 123.17 127.31 131.31 36 52.88 65.66 75.63 84.26 92.02 99.13 105.75 111.97 117.85 123.44 128.79 133.92 138.86 143.63 148.24 39 69.69 81.80 92.00 101.07 109.32 116.96 124.11 130.86 137.27 143.39 149.25 154.88 160.32 165.57 42 71.97 87.22 99.29 109.82 119.33 128.09 136.26 143.94 151.22 158.16 164.80 171.18 177.32 183.26
45 91.56 105.94 118.16 129.08 139.06 148.33 157.02 165.24 173.05 180.52 187.69 194.58 201.24
48 94.00 111.75 125.97 138.46 149.79 160.25 170.03 179.26 188.01 196.35 204.35 212.04 219.46
51 116.37 133.06 147.36 160.19 171.96 182.91 193.21 202.96 212.24 221.12 229.65 237.87
54 118.97 139.24 155.65 170.16 183.36 195.58 207.04 217.85 228.13 237.95 247.36 256.42
57 144.13 163.17 179.58 194.37 207.98 220.67 232.62 243.96 254.77 265.12 275.07
60 146.88 169.68 188.34 204.89 220.01 234.05 247.22 259.68 271.54 282.88 293.76
SATURATED STEAM
Thermodynamic Properties Saturated Steam (Values to Nearest Even Digits)
PSIG 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 F 212 216 219 222 224 227 230 232 235 237 240 250 259 267 274 281 287 292 298 303 307 Heat of Liquid* 180 183 187 190 193 195 298 201 203 206 208 218 227 236 243 250 256 262 267 272 277 BTU/lb. Latent Heat of Evaporation 970 968 965 964 962 961 959 957 956 954 952 945 940 934 929 924 920 915 912 908 905 Total Heat of Steam 1150 1151 1152 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1160 1163 1167 1170 1172 1174 1176 1177 1179 1180 1182 Spec. Vol. Ft3/lb Sat. Vapor 27 25 24 22.5 21.0 20.0 19.5 18.5 18.0 17.0 16.5 14.0 12.0 10.5 9.5 8.5 8.0 7.0 6.7 6.2 5.8 PSIG 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 125 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 220 240 250 F 312 316 320 324 328 331 335 338 344 350 353 356 361 366 371 375 380 384 388 395 403 406 Heat of Liquid* 282 286 290 294 298 302 306 309 316 322 325 328 334 339 344 348 353 358 362 370 378 381 BTU/lb. Latent Heat of Evaporation 901 898 895 892 889 886 883 881 876 871 868 866 861 857 853 849 845 841 837 830 823 820 Total Heat of Steam 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1192 1193 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1197 1198 1199 1199 1200 1201 1201 Spec. Vol. Ft3/lb Sat. Vapor 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.75
* Heat content is the number of BTU/lb needed to reach the condition indicated starting with water at 32F. Saturated steam is pure steam in direct contact with the liquid water from which it was generated and at a temperature of water at the existing pressure. For example, saturated steam at 50 PSIG has a temperature of 298F. Pressure is commonly expressed either (a) PSIA pounds per square inch absolute or, (b) PSIG pounds per square inch gauge above standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 PSIA, thus PSIG is equal to PSIA minus 14.7 psi. Latent heat, expressed in BTU per pound, is the amount of heat needed (absorbed) to convert a pound of boiling water to a pound of steam. The same amount of heat is liberated when a pound of steam condenses back to a pound of water. Latent heat varies with temperature (see table above).
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ELECTRICAL DATA
CONVERSION DATA
Data LoggingRecording a process variable over an extended period of time. Dead Bandthe temperature band where no heating or cooling takes place, expressed in degrees. Default ParametersThe programming instructions permanently written in microprocessor software. Densitymass per unit of volume, such as lbs./cu.ft. Derivative(See Rate) Deviationthe difference between the selected value and the actual value. Deviation Alarman offset value that follows the set point. If the set point is 300F and the Deviation Alarm value is +20F (or 320F), then the set point is changed to 350F, the Deviation Value alarm would be 350F plus 20F (or 370F). See Process Alarm. Deviation Meterthe display of process temperature on meter that indicates temperature relative to the set point. Dielectrican electrical insulator - a material with low electrical conductivity. Dielectric Strengthan amount of voltage that an insulating material can withstand before an electrical breakdown occurs. Differentialin an on/off control, the temperature difference expressed in degrees between where the control switches off and the control switches on. Differential Mode Line Filtera device to filter noise signals between two power lines. Digital Indicationthe actual process temperature in indicated by LED. Digital Set Pointthe desired temperature value is set by means of a pushbutton or pushwheel switch. DINDeutsche Industrial Norms, a German agency that sets engineering standards. DiodeDevice that allows current to flow in only one direction. Drifta change in a value over a long period due to changes in factors such as ambient temperature, time or line voltage. Droopin time proportioning controls, the difference in temperature between the set point and where the system temperature stabilizes. Corrected by automatic or manual reset. Dual Outputthe primary output will regulate the process temperature. A secondary output will be utilized for process cooling or as an alarm. Duty Cyclethe time to complete one ON/OFF cycle. Efficiencythe amount of useful output versus energy input. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)electrical and magnetic noise than can be generated when switching AC power. EMI can interfere with the operation of microprocessor based controls. EmissivityThe ratio of radiant energy emitted from a surface compared to the radiant energy emitted from a black body at the same temperature. Endothermica process is endothermic when it absorbs heat. Enthalpythe sum of the internal energy of a body and the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure used to evaluate the energy change occurring when a vapor or gas is heated. Expressed in units of Btu/lb. or Joules/gram. Errorthe difference between the correct value and the reading or display value. Exothermic-a process is exothermic when it generates heat. Eventa programmable On/Off output used to signal peripheral equipment or a process. Flow Ratespeed or velocity of fluid movement. Form A RelaySingle pole, single throw relay with Normally Open (NO) and common contacts. When heat is required for a process, the contacts will close. Form B RelaySingle pole, single throw relay with Normally Closed (NC) and common contacts. Contacts are open when coil is ener-
Form C RelaySingle pole, double throw relay with Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC) and common contacts. Can be selected as Form A or Form B contact. fpmflow velocity in feet per minute. fpsflow velocity in feet per second. Fahrenheita temperature scale with 32F defined as the ice point and 212F as the boiling point of water at sea level. Frequencythe number of event occurrences or cycles over a specified period of time. Freezing Pointthe temperature where a material changes from a liquid to a solid. FuseA device that interrupts power in a circuit when an overload occurs. Fuzzy LogicAn artificial intelligence technique that allows control decisions to be made upon approximate or incomplete information. Fuzzy Logic is a continuous decision making function that can prevent initial overshoot and set point differentials. GIGAthe prefix for one billion (G). gphthe volumetric flow rate in gallons per hour. gpmthe volumetric flow rate in gallons per minute. Groundthe electrical neutral line having the same potential as the surrounding earth; the negative side of a DC power supply; the reference point for an electrical system. Grounded JunctionA thermocouple junction in which the sheath and conductors are welded together forming a completely sealed integrated junction. Heatthermal energy expressed in Calories, Btus or Joules. Heat Balanceproper sizing of the heat source to the requirements of the system (including heat losses) (See: Calculating Heating Requirements in the Engineering Section). Heat of Fusionthe amount of energy required to change one pound of a material from a solid to a liquid without an increase in temperature. Expressed in Btu/lb. Heat of Vaporizationthe amount of energy required to change one pound of a material from a liquid to a vapor without an increase in temperature. Expressed in Btu/lb. Heat Sinkheat conducting material used to dissipate heat. Heat Transfera process of thermal energy flowing from one body to another. 1) Conduction: the transfer of heat from one particle of matter to another. 2) Convection: the transfer of heat from one part of a particle to another by the mixing of the warmer particles with the cooler. 3) Radiant: the transfer of heat from one body to another as the result of the bodies emitting and absorbing radiation energy. Heat Transfer Mediuma gas, liquid or solid through which heat flows from the heat source to the work. Hertzunits of expression for frequency, measured in cycles per second. Hi-Pot Testto apply a high voltage to an electrical conductor to test the surrounding insulation. Hysteresisthe temperature sensitivity designed into the on/off control action between the on and off switching points. Expressed in percentage of control range. Ice Pointthe temperature where pure water freezes (0C or 32F). Impedancethe total opposition in a circuit to the flow of alternating current. Measured in ohms and represented by Z. Infraredor radiation is the exchange of energy by electromagnetic waves. The infrared spectrum extends from the deep red end of the visible spectrum to the microwave region of the radio spectrum, The portion adjacent to the visible spectrum is of importance to heating. Radiant heat transfer can be very efficient in directing energy from the heat source to an object. IsolationElectrical Separation Isothermala process or area that maintains a constant temperature. Integral(See Automatic Reset).
Joulethe basic unit of thermal energy. 1 Joule equals 1 ampere passed through a resistance of 1 ohm for 1 second. JunctionA thermocouple junction is the point at which two alloys are joined. A typical thermocouple circuit would have a measuring and a refernce junction. Kelvinthe unit of absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale. Zero Kelvin is absolute zero, where all molecular activity stops. No symbol is used. 0C = 273.15K; 100C = 373.15K. Kilothe prefix for one thousand (K). Kilowatt (kw)1000 watts or 3412 Btu per hour. Kilowatt Hourelectrical unit of energy expended by one kilowatt in one hour. Least Significant DigitThe digit farthest to the right in a display. Linearitythe deviation of an instruments response from a straight line. Loadthe electrical demand of a process expressed as wattage, amps or resistance (ohms). Manual Resetthe adjustment on a proportional control which shifts the proportioning band in relation to the set point to eliminate droop of offset errors. Mass Flow Rateweight of a substance flowing per unit of time past a specific cross-sectional area within a system. Mean Temperaturethe maximum and minimum temperature average of a process at equilibrium. Measuring Junctionthe thermocouple junction at the point of measurement in the process. Megathe prefix for one million (M) (106). Mechanical Relayan electromechanical device that completes or breaks a circuit by opening or closing electrical contacts. MicroThe prefix for one millionth (10-6). Microamp10-6 amps (one millionth of an amp). Micron10-6 meters (one millionth of a meter). MilliThe prefix for one thousndth (10-3). MicroprocessorThe central processing unit (CPU) that performs the logic operations in a micro-computer system. The microprocessor in a process or instrument control decodes instructions from the stored program, performs algorithmic and logic functions, and produces signals and commands. Milliamp10-3 amps (one thousandth of an amp). Millivolt10-3 volts (one thousandth of a volt). NECNational Electrical Code NEMANational Electrical Manufacturers Association Noiseundesirable electrical interference on the signal wires. Noise Suppressiona device used to reduce electrical interference. Normal Mode Rejection Ratiothe ability of an instrument to reject interference of the line frequency (50-60Hz) across the input terminals. NPTNational Pipe Thread Offsetthe difference in temperature between the set point and the actual process temperature. OHMThe unit of electric resistance. On-Offa control whose action is full on or full off. Open Loop Controla control system with no sensing feedback. Overshootexcursion of temperature above the set point. Phasetime based relationship between an intermittent function and a reference. Electrically, the expression is in angular degrees to describe the voltage or current relationship of two alternating waveforms. Phase Proportioninga temperature control form where the power supplied to the process is controlled by limiting the phase angle of the line voltage. PIDthree mode temperature controlproportional, integral (automatic reset), derivative (rate). Polarityhaving two oppositely charged poles; one positive, one negative. PottingThe sealing of components with a compound such as epoxy
to protect against moisture and other contaminates. Process Alarma fixed alarm or secondary set point value independent of the primary set point. Should a process value exceed this value, an alarm condition would register. Process Variablethe parameter being controlled or measured such as temperature, relative humidity, flow, level, pressure, etc. Proportioning Banda temperature band in degrees within which a controls proportioning function is active. Proportioning Control Modewhen process temperature approaches set point and enters the proportioning band, the output is switched on and off at the established cycle time. The change in power to the load provides a throttling action which results in less temperature overshoot. This cycling will continue until on and off times are equal. psiapounds per square inch absolute. Pressure reference to a vacuum. psigpound per square inch gage. Pressure reference to ambient air pressure. Quality of Steamthe relative amount of liquid present in saturated steam as a percent of the total weight. The quality of steam is 100% less the percent liquid. Dry saturated steam has a quality of 100%. Rampa programmed rise in temperature. Rangean area between two limits in which a measurement or control action takes place. Typically expressed in upper and lower limits. Rankinean absolute temperature scale based upon the Fahrenheit scale with 180 between the ice point and boiling point of water. 0F = 459.67R. Rate (derivative)a control function that measures the rate of increase or decrease of the system temperature and brings the control into an accelerated proportioning action. This mode prevents an overshoot condition at initial heat-up and with system disturbances. Rate Timethe interval over which the system temperature is sampled for the derivative function. Repeatabilitythe ability to give the same output or measurement under repeated identical conditions. Resistancethe resistance to the flow of electric current measured in ohms. Resolution Sensitivitythe amount of temperature change that must occur before the control will actuate. It may be expressed in temperature or as a percentage of the controls scale. Response TimeIn analog instruments, the time required for a change of the measured quantity to change the indication. In sensors, the time required to reach 63.2% of the step change. Retransmit Outputanalog output scaled to the process or the set point value. RS232 or RS485 Output SignalA serial interface suitable for connection between a digital control and a personal computer, a host computer or printer. RTDa temperature sensing probe of finely wound platinum wire that displays a linear resistance change for a corresponding temperature change. The resistance increases as the temperature rises. A base resistance of 100 ohms at 32F is the industry (DIN) standard. Saturation Temperaturethe boiling temperature of a liquid at the existing pressure. SCFMVolumetric flow rate in cubic feet per minute at 60F (15C) and standard atmospheric pressure. SCRSilicone Controlled Rectifier Sensor Breakdown Protectioncircuitry which ensures safe process shut down in the event of sensor failure. Serial CommunicationsA method of transmitting data between devices. Set Pointcontrol setting to achieve or maintain temperature. Shape Factorin radiant applications, the amount of energy received by the target relative to heater rating and distance to the target. Shieldmaterial surrounding a conductor(s) to prevent electrostatic or EMI from external sources.
Slide Wire FeedbackA potentiometer that varies the resistance to control a valve position. SoakTo raise the temperature of a metal object in a heated environment to produce a metallurgical change. Standarda reference point from which references or calibrations are made. Soft Startreduces voltage on initial start-up which reduces power to the heaters. If heater has accumulated moisture internally during a shut down, soft start will allow heater to dry before full voltage is applied extending heater life. Solid State Relaya solid state switching device which completes or breaks a circuit electrically with no moving parts. Spanthe difference between the upper and lower limits of a controllers range. Specific Gravitythe ratio of mass of any material to the same volume of pure water at 4C. Specific Heatthe ratio of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a particle 1 degree to the thermal energy required to raise an equal mass of water 1 degree. Speed of Responsetime needed for a temperature change occurring at the sensor to be translated into a control action. Stabilitythe ability of an instrument or sensor to maintain a constant output when a constant input is applied. Standarda reference point from which references or calibrations are made. Super Heatingthe heating of a liquid above its boiling temperature without changing to a gaseous state; or the heating of a gas considerably above the boiling temperature. Surge Currenta current of short duration occurring when power is initially applied to capacitive or resistive loads, usually lasting no more than several cycles. Temperature Gradientthe range of temperature variations at various physical locations throughout a thermal system. Terathe prefix for one trillion(T). Thermal Conductivitythe property of a material to conduct heat.
Thermal Expansionan increase in size due to an increase in temperature. Thermal Lagthe time delay in the distribution of heat throughout a thermal system. Thermal Systema series of components arranged and designed to provide heat. The four elements or components compromising a Thermal System are: 1) work or load 2) heat source 3) heat transfer medium 4) control system Thermistora temperature sensing probe manufactured of a mixture of metal oxides then encapsulated in epoxy or glass. A large change in resistance is exhibited proportional to a change in temperature. The resistance usually decreases as temperature rises. Thermocouplea temperature sensing probe consisting of the junction of two dissimilar metals which has a millivolt output proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot junction and the lead wires (cold junction). Thermowella closed-end tube into which a temperature sensor is inserted to isolate it from the environment. Transducera device that converts a measured variable into another form which is the transducers output. A thermocouple transforms heat to a millivolt output. Transmittera device used to transmit temperature data from the sensor. Undershootexcursion of temperature below set point. Ungrounded JunctionA thermocouple junction fully insulated from the sheath. Viscositythe inherent resistance of a substance to flow Voltagean electrical potential which is measured in volts. Wattagea measurement of electrical power. In a resistive circuit, VI = W (See Ohms Law formulas). Watt Densitythe rated wattage of an element per unit of surface area. Usually expressed in watts per square inch. Zero Voltage Switchingcompleting or breaking of a circuit when the voltage wave form crosses zero voltage.
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Printed in U.S.A.
1997