Cell Freq

Cell- and Frequency Planning
Magdaleen Snyman
1/31/20081 May 2004
Cellular Network Planning CE at UP
References
GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance: evolution towards 3G/UMTS
o T.Halonen, J. Romero, J. Melero o Second Edition o John Wiley & Sons o ISBN 0-470-86694-2
The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel

o J.David Parsons, o Second Edition, o John Wiley & Sons o ISBN 0 471 98857 X
1/31/20081 May 2004 Cellular Network Planning CE at UP 2
Course Overview
Conventional Cell and Frequency Planning
o You work, I watch ;-)
Radio Network Features and their impact Investigating the principles

o We all think a bit ;-)
Real Cell and Frequency Planning Setting up an AFP Site selection discussion
The inputs to Cell Planning

aff Tr ic:
le
GoS QoS Quality Coverage Speech Quality System Choice - C/I

Av a ila b
ic
f raf (T
t dis
tru
u rib
Sp ec
tio nm s) ap
Cost / Money
4/12 Cell Pattern

Frequency Groups Channels A1 B1 C1 D1 1 13 2 14 3 15 4 16 A2 B2 C2 D2 5 17
D3 24 4 D1 16 1 A1 13 9 A3 21 A2 17 10 B3 22
1/31/20081 May 2004 Cellular Network Planning CE at UP
A3 B3 C3 D3 9 10 21 22 11 12 23 24
6 18
7 19
12
8 20
8 D2 20 11 C3 23 5 B1 14 C1
15 7 C2 19 2
6 B2 18
5
Prediction algorithms
Lees model and other empirical models
o Ploss = PR1 + 10log(d / d1) + n10 log( f / f0) - 0 o PR1 is the reference loss at d1(normally 1 mile)
(e.g. -84dBm in a city like Tokyo and -49dBm for open areas)
o depends on the type of terrain

(value between 2 and 4)
o n is between 2 and 3
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Co-channel interference
GSM CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9 # Info # Coding Code Max data rate Required C/I (dB) Modul (BLER <10%; TU3 FH) ation bits bits Rate (kbs) /TS 260 196 0.5 13.3 9 GMSK 181 275 0.45 9.05 9 GMSK 268 188 0.65 13.4 13 GMSK 312 144 0.75 15.6 15 GMSK 428 28 21.4 23 GMSK 176 0.53 8.4 9 GMSK 224 0.69 11.2 13 GMSK 296 0.89 14.8 15 GMSK 352 1 16.8 23 GMSK 448 0.38 22.4 14.5 8PSK 592 0.5 29.6 17 8PSK 896 0.78 44.8 23.5 8PSK 1088 0.92 54.4 29 8PSK 1184 1 59.2 32 8PSK
Cellular Network Planning CE at UP 7
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Adjacent Channel interference

for co-channel interference C/Ic=9 dB for adjacent (200 kHz) interference C/Ia1=-9 dB for adjacent (400 kHz) interference C/Ia2=-41 dB for adjacent (600 kHz) interference C/Ia3=-49 dB
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Adjacent channel interference

Relative power (dB)
Relative power (dB) 0
-10
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40 measurement bandwidth 30 kHz measurement bandwidth 100 kHz -50
-50
measurement bandwidth 30 kHz measurement bandwidth 100k Hz
-60
-60
-70
-70
-80
-80
200
400
600
1200
1800
3000
6000
200
400
600
1200
1800
3000
6000
Frequency from the carrier (kHz) 1/31/20081 May 2004
Edge of TX band + 2 MHz
Frequency from the carrier (kHz) Cellular Network Planning CE at UP
Co-channel interference
The total co-channel interference experienced at the yellow spot is the sum of interference of all six cells with the same frequency
R D
The interference from one co-channel interferer can be written as I =KD- The carrier level is C= KR- C/I = (D/R) /6
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Re-use distance
v
j D D = (i2 + ij + j2)2Rcos 30 D = (i2 + ij + j2) (3) R Number of cells in the re-use pattern N = i2 + ij + j2 i in (1,2,3,4 ..) j in (0,1,2,3,4 ..) D/R = (3N)
u
i 30
The Hexagon
Area of a hexagon: A = 3 (3)R2/2 R d Distance between centers of two adjacent cells: d = (3)R
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Traffic calculations revision

An Erlang Erlang B Table Examples of Traffic channels
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Problem
The average traffic generated by one user is 10milliErlang/Subscriber The population density is 50 people/km2 Assume a phone penetration of 80% You are implementing a GSM system. You have 48 (1-48)channels available Assume free-space propagation i.e. = 2 Draw the re-use pattern and assign frequencies to the cells. Calculate the site to site distance that you will need to implement.
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Sectorisation
C/I = (D/R) /2
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Effect of and C/I Minimum Assuming 3 sectored sites C/I (dB frequencies gamma 9 12 13 17 36 2 18 33 42 102 7965 2.5 12 18 21 42 1323 3 9 12 12 24 399 3.5 6 9 9 15 171 4 6 6 9 12 90
Spectral Efficiency
Erlang/Hz/km2 Using the previous problem as starting point calculate the spectrum density that could be achieved if the sites were sectorised. Compare with the omni-cells
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Benefits of sectorisation
Higher gain antennas are available better penetration Less cost for same traffic density
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Underlay / Overlay - MRP
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Cell Splitting
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Hierarchical Cells
Umbrella Cell: Macro Cell: Antenna above average rooftop height Micro Cell: Antenna below average rooftop height Pico Cell: Indoors
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DTX- Discontinuous Transmission

Average Voice activity is around 50% DTX is a feature that allows to be transmitted only when there is something to be transmitted
o Uses VAD (Voice Activity Detector)
It safes on battery power Improves the overall network quality by reducing unnecessary interference
Dynamic Power Control

This enable the BTS and the Mobile to transmit only the power necessary for effective communications Power Control Commands are via the SACCH This improves the battery live of Mobile Phones And it improve the overall network quality by reducing unnecessary interference
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Effect of DTX and PC on Quality

10.00% 9.00% 8.00% Percentage 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 0 10 20 Tim e (hours) 30 40 PC Off
%HOIU %HOID
DTX + PC Off
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Base Band Frequency Hopping

Number of frequencies equal to number of transceivers
Controller CALL 1 Controller CALL 2
Tx and Rx on f0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3 f0 f2 f3 f0 f1 f3 f0 f1 f2
Controller CALL 3 Controller CALL 4
Tx and Rx on f2
Tx and Rx on f3 Baseband Bus Cellular for routing burstsNetwork Planning CE at UP
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Combiner
Tx and Rx on f1
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Synthesised Hopping
Number of frequencies more or equal to number of transceivers
Controller CALL 1 Controller CALL 2 Controller CALL 3 Tx and Rx hopping f0 f1 f2 f3
Tx and Rx hopping
f1 f2 f3 f0
Tx and Rx hopping
f2 f3 f0 f1
Controller CALL 4
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Tx and Rx hopping
f3 f0 f1 f2
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Frequency Diversity
Raleigh fading is frequency dependant
Signal level
f0 f1
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Position
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Frequency Diversity
Diversity: combining two or more uncorrelated versions of the same signal For conventional frequency diversity the info is sent on two different frequencies at the same time. To be uncorrelated the two frequencies should be more than 1/(multi-path spread), where the multi-path spread is dependant on the environment. For urban areas the frequencies should be more than 600kHz apart
Why does hopping work?

Review interleaving If one timeslot gets completely lost during transmission 1/8 of two speech frames are lost. At the receiver the speech frames are de-interleaved The channel coding can recover from the 12.5% BER. Interleaving and Channel Coding is part and parcel of the GSM standard - it works even without hopping.
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Frequency Diversity Gain

Frequency Diversity Gain vs Number of Hopping Channels
8 7 6 5 Gain (dB) 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of Carriers Cyclic
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Random
Poly. (Cyclic)
Poly. (Random)
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Interference Diversity
Extent of Interference diversity depends on:
o Interference load (DTX and Power Control) o Frequency reuse: low re-use -> low gain; Dependant on area type. o Number of Frequencies (less -> less gain) o Cyclic or Random
Interference diversity gain reached with 25% load, 12 frequencies in Urban area with random hopping is 2.5dB - mostly it is less.
Planning for FH network

Use separate frequency blocks for TCH and BCCH
o BCCH frequency channel must be Always On o No hopping over BCCH.
Plan TCH layer:

o MAL : Mobile radio frequency channel Allocation List o HSN: Hopping sequence number o MAIO: Mobile Allocation Index Offset o MAI: Mobile Allocation Index
Selecting a BCCH block

Why a BCCH block?
o Identifying the source of interference o Re-evaluation of the neighbour list o For collecting data for a measurement based plan
Optimum size?
o Where a change in a BCCH carrier will on average make the same difference as a change in a TCH carrier in the optimised plan
Selecting a BCCH block

BlockSizeBCCH = Total _ Number _ of _ Carriers _ Available ( AverageTrafficonTCHlayerperCell / 8) Scaling ( DTX , PC ) + 1
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TCH layer
MAI 1 2 3 4 MAIO 0 2 1 3 2 4 3 1 4 2 HSN =x
TRX1 on 1A has MAIO = 0 TRX2 on 1A has MAIO = 2
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1A 1 10 19 28
2A 2 11 20 29
3A 3 12 21 30
1B 4 13 22 31
MA 2B 3B 5 6 14 15 23 24 32 33
1C 7 16 25 34
2C 8 17 26 35
3C 9 18 27 36
4 1 2 3 2 4 3 1 28 1 10 19 10 28 19 1 10 19 28 1 28 10 1 19
Cellular Network Planning CE at UP 37
Automatic Frequency Planning Tools

TRX Requirements etc
AFP Tool
Propagation Predictions
Coverage Analysis
Interference Matrix
Frequency Plan
Separation Constraints, etc

Automatic Frequency Planning

Model of Network
Model effect of particular assignment on quality
Propagation Predictions Drive Test Data Handover Statistics Live Measurements
Cost Function:
Sum of remaining interference and other penalties. Quality
Change:
Frequency BSIC HSN, MAIO
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Interference Matrix
The conventional interference matrix represent:
o The Traffic that will be interfered on if two radios were assigned the same frequency; o The area that will be interfered on if two radios were assigned the same frequency o pixel by pixel. o Need ACCURATE propagation predictions and traffic distribution maps. o What is the cost of accurate enough predictions?
Generating the Interference Matrix

50 m Resolution 2 m Resolution
2.0 km
2.0 km
2.5 km
2.5 km
Microcell Service Area 1 pixel

Probability of C/I>9dB
Cummulative Probability Distribution for C/I exceeding 9dB
1
Probability that C/I will be below 9dB
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Calculated C/I (dB)

AFP
Implements a mathematical optimisation method or Artificial Intelligence method to minimise Aijij Cost = Cijij +
o ij = 1 if radios i and j are assigned the same(adjacent) frequency, o ij = 0 else
By changing the frequency assignments to the different cells
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What are the true aims in Cell and Frequency Planning
What will really give optimum quality?

The inputs to Cell Planning

aff Tr ic:
le
GoS QoS Quality Coverage Speech Quality System Choice - C/I

Av a ila b
ic
f raf (T
t dis
tru
u rib
Sp ec
tio nm s) ap
Cost / Money
Quality
Voice Quality
o Impacted by the FER (Frame Erasure Rate / Probability o And to some extent by the BER (Bit Error Rate / probability)
Dropped Calls
o Radio Link Timeout based on unsuccessful SACCH frame - FER
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FER and SQI vs.RxQual

30
SQI
20 Non-Hopping SQI/ %FER Non-Hopping 10 Hopping Hopping
FER
-10 0 1 2 3 RxQual 4 5 6 7
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C/I to FER
Frame Erasure Rate
0
-5 -10
10 log(FER)
Non-Hopping -15
-20 -25 Frequency Hopping on 8 freqquencies, Random Hopping -5 0 5 10 15 20
-30
C/I(dB)
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Measurement Based Frequency Planning

Using Mobile Measurement Reports how will you go about generating the optimal Interference Matrix?
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The first Measurement Based Plan

Johannesburgs Central Business District 12km12km 65 sites (350 cells) 477 carriers Despite questioned cluttered data and propagation prediction models very low dropped call rate of about 1.4% was very often achieved partly due to dedicated optimisation
Measurement Based Frequency Planning

Cell Traffic Recordings was used to collect Mobile Measurement Reports on all the cells With the mobiles measuring on all BCCH channels The process took about a month. The signal strength of the serving cell and the reported neighbours was used to calculated the C/I and eventually the FER. The average FER for each server-interferer relation was calculate. and multiplied with the traffic on the serving cell
The Sanity Check
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Dropped Call Rate

2.30%
2.10%
Using MMRs in Frequency Planning
1.90% Percentage
1.70%
Plan Im plem ented
Traffic 1.29% %Drop DayAvg
1.50%
1.30%
1.10%
0.90% 0
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10
20 Time
30
40
53
Intra-cell Hand-over and TCH Dropped due to Bad Quality

8.00%
Plan Im plem ented
Percentage (of tcalls for H and tcassal for T)
%HoBUQ %HoBDQ Traffic %TBQDis*50
7.00%
The Results: Quality
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00% 0 10 20
Tim e
30
40
Data Sources for the Interference Matrix (1)

Propagation Predictions
o Well established conventional method o Based on Predicted Carrier to Interference ratios that is often translated with a C/I weights curve o Integration with AFP tools eases use o Suited for new networks with many new cells o Dependant on elevation and clutter data that often has limited accuracy

Neighbour relations statistics
o Well suited for very tight plan o Too little information for a less tight plan o Hand-over statistics not directly related to C/I o Can not model interference from nonneighbours
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Drive Test Data
o Measurements done with network set on measure on all BCCH channels o Independent of accuracy of elevation and clutter data o Extensive measurements necessary for interference matrix o Difficult to deduce interfered traffic from data o Drives are limited to roads and does not include high rise buildings o Effort in importing into an AFP o Often used to supplement propagation predictions

Live Data: Mobile Measurement Reports
o Mobile Measurement Reports are collected with the cell set to measure on all BCCHs o Data reflect the actual traffic distribution as well as the actual C/I. (as the customer sees it) o No additional neighbour relations or exceptions required o Extensive data collection - slow process. Requires the network to be fairly mature and stable. o Difficult to model new sites o Takes some effort to import into an AFP.
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Prediction vs. MMRP

LIMITED accuracy
o o o o Propagation predictions Clutter and Height data In building Traffic distribution
Cannot represent new sites MMR limitations:

o o o o RxLev: -110 -> -48dBm Only integers Only six neighbours BSIC decoding problems
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Combining Data Sources

.one of the remaining challenges. E.g:
o How to complement the shortcomings of the mobile measurements reports with the propagation predictions to include new cells. o How to combine limited measurements with predictions.
without
o Spoiling good data with bad data. o Skewing the matrix, e.g. when drive test data is available for only part of the network.
Penalties for AFP

A bare necessity approach i.e. set penalties only when
o it is required by law or o It is required for feasibility e.g. filter combiner separation o it will assist in the improvement of network quality o Is penalties to avoid adjacencies required?
The size of the penalties must reflect their importance and effect on network quality
Examples of Scaling Factors

Difference in interference introduced
o Traffic load on TCH channels o Power Control o Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) o Over-laid Under-laid - depend on effectiveness of implementation o Synthesizer Hopping - dependant on fractional load
Difference in immunity to interference

o Frequency Diversity Gain of Hopping Networks
Interference Load
The core questions:
o How much interference will assigning the same frequency to a carrier in Cell A and Cell B cause ? o How much less will that be after DTX? o How much less will that be after Power Control?
Interference Load
o How much signal or potential interference is carried on a particular carrier o Interference Load = Traffic on Cell 8 * #Carriers
Interference Load Reduction

For BCCH
o Interference Load = 1
For Non-Hopping TCH without DTX and PC

o Interference Load = Traffic on TCH Carriers o 8 * Number of TCH Carriers
After DTX
o Voice Activity Factor 40% on TCH channels o Interference Load = 0.4 * Traffic on TCH Carriers o 8 * Number of TCH Carriers
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Interference Load Reduction

After Power Control ?
o Consider a very simplified model:
C/I = Server SS / (6* Interferers SS) Reducing the signal level of the server and of the interferers by approximately 10dB: C/I = 0.1* Server SS / (6*0.1* Interferers SS) Approximately unchanged.
o Practical implementation suggest a definite interference reduction - by 60% o Interference Load = 0.6 * Traffic on TCH Carriers o 8 * Number of TCH Carriers
Inter-modulation Products
Harmonics or Inter-modulation products results from non-linearity in the system May cause a problem if one of these products fall on a receiving frequency. IM originate from frequencies in the transmit band and cause interference in the receive band
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Inter-modulation Products
GSM 900 Dualband
890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz
GSM900 Uplink - MobileTx
GSM900 Downlink - BaseTx
GSM1800
1710MHz 1785MHz 1805MHz 1880MHz
GSM1800 Uplink - MobileTx
GSM1800 Downlink -BaseTx
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A few terms
Frequency Allocation Re-use
o FAR = Total Number of Frequency Channels Number of Frequencies per Cell
Effective Re-use
Reff= Total Number of Frequency Channels Average number of TRX per Cell
Fractional Load
o Lfrac= Number of TRX per Cell . Number of Frequencies per Cell
Hardware Load
o LHW= (Busy Hour Traffic) / (TN /TRX)
A few terms
Frequency Load
o Lfreq= LHW Lfrac
Effective Frequency Load

o EFL =. Busy Hour Traffic per Cell . (TN per TRX for Traffic).(Total # FreqCH)
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Optimum # carriers to Hop over = 24/6

Optimum frequency Re-use
40 35 Erlang per Site 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frequency Reuse = #TCH carriers / #TCH per cell 6MHz available for TCH
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Quality vs Capacity
150 145 Minute Erlang per Drop (Quality) 140 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Average Erlang per Cell (Capacity) (deduced from Spectrum Utilisation)
The challenge: To maximize Quality * Capacity
Major Interferers
Effect of reducing major interferers
1 00.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
Cummulative Contribution With 5 sites' interference removed
20.00%
1 0.00%
0.00% 0.00% 1 0.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 1 00.00%
P e r c e nt a ge of C e l l s c ont r i but i ng t o I nt e r f e r e nc e
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What criteria would you use for site selection?

Close to traffic most effective Power Control Contained (high )
o In building o In valleys rather than on top of mountains
What effect will an unbalanced link have?

What criteria will you provide an Automatic Cell Planning tool with?
Propagation Predictions Traffic distribution - GIS Possible sites Equipment used Frequency Allocation Interference Matrix MMR
Effective Frequency load Hand over areas Income: Coverage of potential traffic Cost: cost of changes / sites
Evaluating automatic tools...

Automatic Frequency Planning Tools
o Must Allow various data sources to be imported o Must model the network accurately (e.g. Model hopping accurately) o Must be simple to use, hence most of the modelling should be integrated
Automatic Network Optimisation

o Must be reliable and accurate enough to allow it to run free with very little manual input
Automatic Cell Planning

o Cost function is so complex it should come with the tool... and allow manual changes
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Cell Freq

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Cell- and Frequency Planning

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel

Radio Network Features and their impact Investigating the principles

The inputs to Cell Planning

GoS QoS Quality Coverage Speech Quality System Choice - C/I

4/12 Cell Pattern

o depends on the type of terrain

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Adjacent Channel interference

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Adjacent channel interference

-40 measurement bandwidth 30 kHz measurement bandwidth 100 kHz -50

Frequency from the carrier (kHz) 1/31/20081 May 2004

Edge of TX band + 2 MHz

Frequency from the carrier (kHz) Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Traffic calculations revision

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Underlay / Overlay - MRP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

DTX- Discontinuous Transmission

Dynamic Power Control

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Effect of DTX and PC on Quality

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Base Band Frequency Hopping

Controller CALL 3 Controller CALL 4

Tx and Rx on f3 Baseband Bus Cellular for routing burstsNetwork Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Why does hopping work?

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Frequency Diversity Gain

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP