Chapter 8 Punishment- anything that is done to reduce behavior Negative reinforcement- something that is taken away to increase behavior

Definition of memory -composite -plato: engraved on something, wax tablet -freud: rooms in a house Memory: 1. Encoding: code and put into memory -by the 5 senses Methods of encoding Most often misremembered- similar sounds KJ BCDEGPTV IY Not usually confused- similar shapes COQP EF HIY RB UV Acoustic encoding Visual encoding -by size -example: easier to picture a mouse than an elephant -What takes up more mental space are harder to visualize Semantic encoding-location:cerebral cortex - we remember by content 2. Storage: maintain in memory -classical conditioning-stuff that you've learned Post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) -getting rid of unwanted memory Implicit memory: unconcious memories Example: the psychiatrist and the pin Priming: primed with something so that we are forced to think of something related to it Procedural implicit memory-memories easier to demonstrate than explain Explicit memory: You can talk about but not learn at school,,not semantic

Episodic memory: something you remember visually example: graduation

Info-processing: 3 stages of memory storages: external stimuli 1. Sensory memory -briefly retains info picked up by the sensory organs -iconic memory Example: song, movie -large capacity 2. Short term memory -temporarily stored info in consciousness -remembered for 20 seconds -short lasting -stores 7 pieces of information -small capacity Power of Chunking -tip to remember more than 7 pieces of info -maximize the capacity of short term memory 3. Long-term memory -Can retain info fir long periods of time often until the person dies -language Explicit memory: conscious remembering -episodic memory: picturing what happened to remember something :golf score -semantic memory: rules of golf

*Arrow from long term to short term -2 way passage from long term to short term...taking from long term, put to short term, regurgitate, forget Working memory Serial-position Curve Primary effect, recency effect=high probability effect Position of word in a list- middle ones, less likely remembered 3. Retrieval: recover from memory

3 types: 1. Recall memory with cue - fill in the blanks 2. Free recall- no cues - talk about blablabla... 3. Recognition- multiple choice To maximize retrieval: the method of encoding is crucial Mental Schemas -leading the audience to think of something -importance of: the/a Forgetting Decay theory-memories are decayed -alzheimers Interferance theory-pushing out memory due to interference o Retroactive interference- you forget because you keep having new ones - example: birthdays o Forwards interference- remembering stuff youve learned before rsther than remembering what you are learning now. -example: learned spanish last year, french this year...recall expressions in french...You remember spanish expressions Memory analogies -russell,1979 -loftus,1994: we can erase and rewrite -mark twain: memories are recreated rather than reliving the memory Self esteem- helps us create positive memories Models of memory -levels of memory 1. Stuctural-note the size of the letters 2. Semantic-synonym 3. Accoustic-rhyme 4. Self referent-describe yourself