VERBUL Are 3 categorii: A. Auxiliare B. Modale C. Restul A. Verbele auxiliare (to be si to have) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Sunt verbe deosebit de puternice Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut Intra in alcatuirea altor timpuri verbale: to be la toate formele de continuu to have la toate timpurile perfecte Nu-si pot forma participiul nedefinit (forma in ing) cu exceptia situatiei cand verbul to have pierde sensul de a avea, a poseda si intra in alcatuirea alocutiunilor verbale (to have a bath, to have a shower, to have a rest, to have talk, to have a walk, to have lunch). 5. Isi fac singure interogativul prin inversarea cu subiectul 6. Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei not 7. Isi fac singure intrebarea disjunctiva si raspunsul scurt Ex: He has a car. Hasnt he? Yes, he has. 8. Trecutul verbelor auxiliare Pt. to be was la pers I si a II-a singular, were pt. toate celelalte Pt. to have had

B. Verbele modale 1. Verbe puternice 2. Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut 3. Nu au infinitiv lung (adica cu to in fata) Ex: I can (fara to) go 4. Nu permit dupa ele verbe la infinitiv lung 5. Nu apar niciodata singure, cu exceptia raspunsului scurt 6. Nu pot avea forma in ing 7. Nu isi pot forma toate timpurile 8. Au inlocuitori 9. Isi fac interogativul prin inversare cu subiectul 10. Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei not 11. Isi fac singure intrebarea disjuncta si raspunsul scurt

CAN 1. Can = pot ca abilitate (1) fizica si (2) mentala. Ex: (1) I can speak English. (2) I can do this job. 2. Se mai poate folosi cu verbe de perceptie atunci cand sugerez o actiune ce se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii. Ex: I can see the plane. (!si nu I am seeing) 3. Pentru a exprima posibilitatea cand exista o circumstanta in acest sens Ex: We can go to the theatre if my friends come. 4. Pentru a exprima o cerere politicoasa Ex: Can you help me please? 5. Pentru a exprima o imposibilitate Ex: Can Carmen make such a thing? 6. La negativ are doua forme: cant si cannot (!nu exista can not) 7. La trecut Can+have+participiu trecut precum si could mai mult pt conditional Ex: I can have done it. I could do it. 8. Inlocuitori: to be able to, to be capable to

MAY 1. = pot, am permisiunea, mi se da voie; (In toate cazurile depind de altcineva) Ex: May I open the window? 2. Exprimarea improbabilitatii Ex: It may rain. 3. Exprimarea unei interdictii Ex: People may not bring dogs into the hotel. 4. Exprimarea unei urari Ex: May all your dreams come true. 5. Dupa verbele to hope si to trust Ex: I hope you may find tickets for the cinema. 6. La forma negativa are doar forma may not (nu exista forma contrasa maynt) 7. La trecut are forma may have+participiu trecut si might mai ales pt conditional. 8. Inlocuitori: to be allowed to, to be permitted to

MUST 1. = trebuie, arata obligativitatea Ex: I must go now. 2. Arata o deductie logica Ex: As she left at four she must be at home now. 3. Negativ: mustnt (nu trebuie), neednt (nu este necesar).

4. Trecut: must + have + participiu trecut si had to. 5. Inlocuitori: to have to, to be obliged to, to be compelled to (toate = a fi obligat) 6. Diferenta dintre must si have to. Must => arata obligativitatea din punctul meu de vedere; Have to => arata obligativitatea impusa de altii. Ex: I must go now. I have to wear uniform.

NEED 1. Are 2 valori: (a) verb lexical, (b) verb modal. (a) Verb lexical - este un verb regulat Ex: I need a new car. Do I need a new car? (b) Verb modal se foloseste numai in propozitii interogative si negative. Ex: Need she get up early? She neednt go there. ! Totusi need se poate intalni si in afirmative ca modal propozitii in care exista de regula never, hardly, barely, scarcely Ex: He hardly need mention his name. 2. Exista 2 constructii cu need considerate arhaice. a) Must needs Ex: I must needs see your teacher. b) Needs must sugereaza ideea de sarcasm Ex: She needs must bring me now when I have

OUGHT TO 1. Arata obligativitatea morala de a-si face datoria Ex: I ought to go (nu are acelasi nuanta cu must) 2. Daca e urmat de have si verb la participiul trecut exprima o datorie care s-a indeplinit Ex: You ought to have waited till 2 oclock.

3. Nu are forma de sine statatoare de trecut. Se formeaza din: ought + have + participiu trecut + to Ex: Ought have invited to join the party. 4. Negativ: oughtnt

SHOULD Este mai moale ca ought to 1. Arata o datorie ca recomandare, e cel mai slab din cele care = trebuie Ex: You should read this book. 2. Pt exprimarea supozitiei Ex: For his age he should be taller. 3. Folosit daca e precedat de verbe ca: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advice Ex: I suggest that you should learn English. 4. Folosit cand este precedat de o constructie impersonala: it is important/ necessary/ natural/ better Ex: It is important that you should understand. 5. Folosit dupa constructii ca: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest (ca sa nu). Ex: I got up early for fear that/ lest/ so that I should arrive in time. 6. Dupa verbe de stari emotionale: to feel sorry for, to be delighted, to be annoyed (uimit). Ex: I feel sorry that he should go back. Imi pare rau ca trebuie sa se intoarca. 7. Dupa expresiile: dont know why, cant think why, see no reason why Ex: I dont know why you should ask me that.

WOULD 1. Folosit pt. o cerere politicoasa Ex: Would you give me your tel. number? 2. Urmat de like ca sa aiba inteles mai politicos Ex: I would like to meet you. 3. Poate fi urmat de rather sau sooner pentru a exprima preferinta Ex: I would rather sleep than go for a walk. 4. Pt. a exprima un obicei, actiune repetata in trecut Ex: I would meet you whenever I crossed the road.

5. Pt a exprima probabilitatea Ex: The man would be his neighbor.

USED TO 1. Arata un obicei trecut Ex: I used to visit my grand parents when I was child. 2. A nu se confunda cu to be used to care cere dupa ea verbul in ing Ex: I am used to getting up early. (sunt obisnuit cu sculatul de dimineata)

DARE 1. Are 2 valori: (a) modala; (b) lexicala. (a) Valoarea modala in propozitii negative si interogative. Ex: Dare you say this? (indraznesti sa spui asta) I darent go there (nu indraznesc sa merg acolo) (b) valoare ca verb lexical in propozitii afirmative fiind verb regulat. Ex: I dare to ask you about my dog. I dare say = I suppose I dare say I will invite them to dinner. I daresay = I accept I daresay you are right again. ! Pt a exprima indignarea se foloseste expresia: How dare you Ex: How dare you come so late?

C. Verbe lexicale Se impart in doua categorii de moduri: (1) Predicative; (2) Nepredicative. (1) a) b) c) d) (2) a) b) c) Modurile predicative (pot sa fie predicat in propozitie): indicativ conditional subjonctiv imperativ Modurile nepredicative: infinitivul participiul gerund

MODUL INDICATIV Are 3 timpuri: - prezent - trecut - viitor - Simplu - Continuu - Perfect - Perfect continuu PREZENTUL SIMPLU 1. Desemneaza o actiune repetata ce devine o obisnuinta 2. Adverbe specifice: usually, often, always, every, never Ex: Every day I go to my office. 3. Desemneaza un adevar universal valabil, o lege Ex. Fish swim. 4. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de un program. Ex: The train arrives tonight. 5. Pt actiuni pas cu pas (instructiuni de utilizare, indicatii regizorale, comentarii sportive)

Prezentul are 4 aspecte:

6. In naratiune Ex: The boy enters the room, takes the ball and goes out. 7. Pt actiuni care, desi se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, nu au durata (verbe nondurative): to start, to end, to finish, to stop, to quite, to cancel, to kill, to die, to shoot. Cu verbe de perceptie senzoriala: to see, to hear, to taste, to smell, to sound, to feel etc.

8.

9.

Cu verbe de perceptie mentala: to think, to realize, to remember, to forget, to remind, to suppose.

10. Cu verbe de perceptie afectiva: to like, to enjoy, to hate, to dislike. 11. Se formeaza din subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt ; pentru pers III sg se adauga s 12. Modificari ortografice la persoana a III-a: a) Daca verbul se termina in s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x, z sau o se adauga es Ex: to go => goes wash => washes b) Daca verbul se termina in y precedat de consoana se transforma y in i si se adauga es. Ex: cry => cries 13. Interogativul do/does + subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt Ex: She cries a lot. Does she cry a lot? 13. Negativ subiect + dont/doesnt + verb la infinitiv scurt Ex: She doesnt cry. PREZENTUL CONTINUU 1. Desemneaza o actiune ce se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii (in this very moment/now/right now) Ex: I am speaking now. 2. Se foloseste in descrieri Ex: The sun is shinning. 3. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de subiect Ex: I am leaving soon. 4. Pt. actiuni prezente paralele in desfasurare (when, while). Ex: While I am talking he is sleeping. 5. Pentru actiuni care, desi nu se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, constituie o rupere de ritm. Ex: Every day I get up at 7, but on Sunday I am getting up at 9. 6. Pt. actiuni repetate care ma enerveaza Ex: She always eats fruits before soup. (constatare obisnuita) dar She is always eating fruits before soup. (enervare) 7. Se formeaza din subiect + verbul to be + verb in ing. (se conjuga doar to be)

Verbul in ing = participiu prezent si are urmatoarele modificari ortografice.: a) Daca verbul se termina in e acesta cade inaintea lui ing Ex: to dance => dancing b) Verbele terminate in ie transforma ie in y Ex: to lie => lying c) verbele terminate in consoana precedata de vocala moale dubleaza consoana finala Ex: to sit => sitting ! Sufixul ing nu afecteaza y si i final al verbului Ex: to play => playing to ski => skiing 8. Interogativul - se formeaza prin inversarea auxiliarului cu subiectul Ex: Am I sleeping? 9. Negativul - se formeaza prin adaugarea negatiei not la verbul to be Ex: I am not drinking.

PREZENTUL PERFECT 1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, care fie tocmai s-a incheiat, fie ca se desfasoara intr-un timp deschis, nedeterminat. Spre deosebire de trecut, care desemneaza tot o actiune trecuta, la prezent perfect momentul incheierii actiunii nu trebuie sa fie cunoscut

Ex:

I saw her yesterday. (stiu cand => trecut) dar I have seen her lately. (nu stiu cand => prezent perfect) Did you see Gone with the wind? (nu mai poti sa-l vezi) dar Have you seen American Pie? (mai poti sa-l vezi)

Ex:

! de multe ori la o intrebare in prezent perfect raspunsul vine in trecut daca precizez momentul cand a avut loc actiunea Ex: Have you met her? Yes, I have. I met her an hour ago. (raspunsul trebuie sa contina have-ul din intrebare, dar trebuie sa precizez momentul, si atunci intra pe trecut). Se formeaza din have / has + verb III (participiu trecut) Verbele se impart in: - regulate (a) - neregulate (b)

(a) Verbele regulate Au forma II si forma III identice, se formeaza cu sufixul ed adaugata la forma infinitivului scurt Modificari ortografice: 1) daca verbul se termina in e, adauga doar d 2) daca verbul se termina in y precedat de consoana, transforma y in i si adauga ed Ex: cry cried 3) daca verbul se termina in l, il dubleaza mereu Ex: travel travelled cancel cancelled 4) daca verbul se termina in ic, adauga ked Ex: panic panicked 5) daca verbul se termina in consoana precedata de vocala moale (vocala intre 2 consoane), dubleaza consoana si adauga ed Ex: to stop stopped (b) Verbele neregulate Au forma II si forma III diferite. Adverbele specifice prezentului perfect Intre cele 2 verbe (auxiliar si verb) avem - adverbe de frecventa definita: (often, seldom, ever, never, usually, sometimes) - adverbe de frecventa indefinita: (just, recently, already) Ex: I have just met her. yet se aseaza doar pe finalul propozitiei si numai in propozitii interogative si negative. In interogative are sensul de deja: Ex: Have you met her yet? (daca ar trebui transpusa in propozitie afirmativa, yet ar deveni already) => I have already met her. In negativa are sensul de inca: Ex: I havent met her yet. for timp de (arata durata actiunii, fara a preciza momentul de inceput si de final). In propozitie are pozitie aproape finala. Ex: I havent met her for 2 years. since incepand din (arata momentul de inceput, fara a preciza durata sau momentul de final). Pozitia este spre finalul propozitiei. Ex: I havent met you since Monday. ! dupa since urmeaza intotdeauna trecut daca mai urmeaza o propozitie Ex: I havent met her since I came. (este o actiune mai trecuta decat cea cu intalnirea) Pe pozitia finala mai avem adv de timp deschis (lately, today, this year / month / week). ! prezentul perfect corespunde in romana trecutului (perfectul compus) Ex: A nins = It has snowed (nu stiu cand) dar A nins acum o ora = It snowed an hour ago. Interogativul avand in constructie auxiliarul to be, se obtine prin inversia acestuia cu subiectul

Ex: Has it snowed? Negativul prin adaugarea negatiei not la auxiliarul have Ex: It hasnt snowed.

PREZENT PERFECT CONTINUU - corespunde in romana prezentului Ex: Ninge de 2 zile. (ninge = prezent; de 2 zile = actiunea a inceput in trecut si continua pana in prezent) have / has + been + V-ing - desemneaza o actiune trecuta care s-a desfasurat necontenit si care fie tocmai s-a incheiat, fie se desfasoara intr-un timp nedeterminat Ex: It has been snowing for 2 days. ! se foloseste doar cu verbe durative care au o durata de actiune (nu poti sa spui ca moare de 2 ore) ! se foloseste cu verbe meteo ! are caracter subiectiv (nu pot spune despre altul ca doarme de 2 ore) to work to live to study nu se poate folosi forma continua decat daca precizez anumite conditii Ex: NU ! I have been working all my life. (verb existential = pleonasm) DA I have been working in this company all my life. ! daca precizez de cate ori s-a desfasurat o actiune, nu mai pot folosi forma continua, pentru ca practic se fragmenteaza actiunea. Ex: Citesc cartea asta de cand am venit (nu stiu de cate ori) I have been reading this book since I came. dar Am citit cartea asta de 2 ori de cand am venit. I have read this book twice since I came. (am inceput, am terminat, iar am inceput, etc.) Adverbe specifice sunt de continuitate (since si for) Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul have ! cu:

TRECUTUL Timpul trecut are 4 forme: - simplu (I) - continuu (II) - perfect (III) - perfect continuu (IV) I. Trecutul simplu Forma: verbul la forma II 1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, repetata, devenita obisnuinta (in romana corespunde cu perfectul compus) Ex: I used to visit my grandparents last year. 2) desemneaza o actiune la care momentul incheierii ei este bine precizat Adverbe specifice yesterday, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago, last year / month, the other day, when, etc. Ex: I visited them yesterday. 3) are valoare de prezent la trecerea de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta Ex: She said, I want to win. devine She told me that she wanted to win. (Virgula are valoare de 2 puncte inainte de cuvintele cuiva si nu exista linie de dialog, ci ghilimelele de sus). Interogativ Did + (S) + V infinitiv scurt Ex: Did you watch TV? Negativ (S) + didnt + V infinitiv scurt Ex: I didnt watch TV.

II. Trecutul continuu Corespunde imperfectului in romana (vorbeam, scriam, citeam)

Forma: was / were + V-ing 1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta ce se desfasoara intr-un anumit moment bine definit sau intr-un moment trecut raportat momentului vorbirii (ieri pe vremea asta = this time yesterday) Ex: I was writing this time yesterday / yesterday at 5 oclock. 2) se foloseste in descrierile pe trecut Ex: That day the wind was blowing hard. ! pentru naratiune se foloseste trecutul simplu. Ex: The child got the ball and put it into the box. 3) desemneaza actiunile trecute paralele in desfasurare (cu when si while) Ex: While I was talking, you came. 4) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, repetata, care ma enerva Ex: He was always asking me to help him! Interogativul si negativul prin auxiliarul to be Ex: Was I dancing when you came?

III. Trecutul perfect Corespunde in romana cu mai mult ca perfectul (cantasem, vorbisem, citisem). Forma: had + verb III 1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, incheiata inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute Ex: O vazusem inainte sa plece = (inainte am vazut-o si dupa aceea a plecat) I had seen her before she left. 2) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, incheiata inaintea unui moment trecut Ex: O vazusem inainte de 1989. I had seen her before 1989. 3) este specifica constructiilor cu hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, mai ales in inversie. Ex: I had met her before she left. cu inversie devine Hardly had I met her when she left. Adv specifice after, before, hardly, barely, scarcely, just, already, by the time, for, since Ex: I had just invited her to dinner when you arrived. Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul had

IV. Trecut perfect continuu Forma: had + been + V-ing Desemneaza o actiune trecuta desfasurata necontenit si incheiata inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute sau al unui moment trecut Ex: I had been waiting for you 2 hours before you came. Adverbe specifice for, since, after si before ! nu se foloseste decat cu verbe durative, are caracter subiectiv doar cand actiunea are o specificatie de genul Ex: I had been living in this house for 5 years before we moved. ! daca precizez de cate ori s-a desfasurat o actiune, nu se mai poate folosi forma continua Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul had

VIITORUL Viitorul simplu Forma: shall (I sg, pl) / will + V infinitiv scurt (in SUA will la toate persoanele) Prescurtare: ll Ex: Youll be home soon.

1) desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura intr-un moment bine definit Adverbe specifice tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next , the following 2) desemneaza o actiune viitoare desfasurata in mod repetat, devenita obisnuinta Adverbe specifice always, usually, often Ex: I shall always think of you. ! daca in propozitia principala am viitor, in secundara nu pot avea decat prezent. Acest prezent poate sa fie: a) simplu daca depinde de un program Ex: I shall come when the train arrives. b) continuu daca depinde de subiect Ex: I shall come when I am finding the ticket. c) prezent perfect cand actiunea este anterioara momentului viitor Ex: I shall come when I have saved enough money. ! propozitiile secundara introduse prin temporale (when, while, before, after, as soon as, till, until, etc.) si if, nu pot sa contina viitor si contin prezent. Interogativul prin inversia auxiliarului shall / will Ex: Will you take this car? Negativul shall + not = shant will + not = wont

Viitorul continuu Forma: shall / will + be + V-ing 1) desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului vorbirii sau intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului precizat (tomorrow this time / tomorrow between 3 and 5). 2) actiuni viitoare in desfasurare (paralele) when, while Ex: While Im watching TV you will be sleeping. ! atentie, nu pot avea viitor in ambele (when si while nu permit viitor) Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul viitor shall / will

Viitorul de intentie Forma: to be going to + V infinitiv scurt (se conjuga doar verbul to be) 1) desemneaza intentia (am de gand sa, intentionez sa), o actiune viitoare ce urmeaza sa aiba loc intr-un moment viitor apropiat Ex: I think its going to rain. ! nu se poate folosi cu verbul to go si to come, ci cu to leave si to return Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul to be

Viitorul apropiat Desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura datorita unei porunci, ordin, rugaminte, sau intr-un moment imediat urmator. Are 2 forme: a) to be to + V infinitiv scurt (folosit pt ordine, comenzi) Ex: You are to read the book before midnight. b) to be about to + V infinitiv scurt (= a fi pe punctul de a) Ex: He is about to cry.

Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul to be

Viitorul in trecut Forma: should / would + V infinitiv scurt

Este un timp sintetic care nu poate sa apara in propozitia principala, ci in secundara atunci cand in propozitia principala am un verb la timpul trecut si vreau sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara acelui moment trecut. Ex: I-am spus ca ma voi duce la film. (trecut) viitor (in rom) I told her that I should go to the movie. ! daca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in propozitia secundara are durata, voi folosi forma continua => should / would + be + V-ing Ex: I told him that I should be waiting for him. Celelalte forme de viitor in trecut (viitor de intentie in trecut / viitor apropiat in trecut) apar cand am un verb la trecut in principala, iar in secundara trebuie sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara. In acest caz verbul to be apare la trecut. Ex: I-am spus ca am de gand sa cumpar masina. I told him that I was going to buy the car.

Viitorul perfect Forma: shall / will + have + verb III Este o actiune viitoare desfasurata intr-un moment viitor anterior inceput. Ex: Pana la sfarsitul anului voi fi invatat toate verbele. (incep sa invat mai de mult si pana la momentul viitor de reper, actiunea va fi terminata). I shall have learned all the verbs by the end of the year. ! daca exista actiune cu desfasurare necontenita, folosesc o forma continua shall / will + have + been + V-ing Ex: Te voi fi asteptat 2 ore pana la sfarsitul zilei. I shall have been waiting for you 2 hours by the end of the day. Viitorul perfect si viitorul perfect continuu nu se folosesc decat in vorbire (nu le intalnim in TOEFL decat la listening !!!) Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul CONDITIONALUL Are 3 forme: In principala In secundara 1) viitor (conditie reala, posibil de realizat in viitor) conditional viitor (shall / will + V inf scurt) prezent simplu (daca depinde de un program) Ex: I shall come if the plane lands on time. prezent continuu (daca actiunea depinde de mine) Ex: I shall come if I am desiring this. prezent perfect (daca actiunea este anterioara) Ex: I shall come if I have done my homework.

Acest conditional corespunde regulii de la viitor (viitor in principala prezent in secundara), diferenta constand in faptul ca am conjunctia if. 2) prezent (actiune ireala, dar posibil de realizat in prezent sau viitor) In principala In secundara timp. I should come if I had time. Daca as fi in locul tau as citi cartea. If I were you I should read the book. 3) trecut (actiune ireala si imposibil de realizat, tine de un moment trecut) In principala In secundara conditional perfect (should / would + have + V III) subjonctiv trecut perfect / trecut perfect Ex: M-as fi dus acolo daca as fi stiut adresa. I should have gone there if I had known the address. ! if poate fi omis pentru cazurile 2 si 3. Omisiunea se face prin aducerea propozitiei secundare in fata si inversia subiectului cu predicatul. conditional prezent (should / would + V inf scurt) subjonctiv trecut / trecut simplu (diferenta subj trecut este ca to be are la subj. forma identica were)

Ex:

As veni daca as avea

Pentru conditionalul 2: I should go there if I had time. devine Had I time should I go there.

Pentru conditionalul 3: I should have gone there if I had known the address. devine Had I known the address I should have gone there. ! daca in conditionalul 2 nu am un verb auxiliar sau modal care sa poata face inversia cu subiectul, ma voi folosi de should. Ex: I should go there if I knew the address. devine Should I know the address, I should go there. ! (este singura data cand avem 2 de should) If poate fi inlocuit prin alte expresii ca: unless but for in case so long as providing that provided that supposing that suppose that unless (=daca nu) - se foloseste pt propozitii negative Ex: I shouldnt go there if I didnt know the address. I shouldnt go there unless I knew the address. but for se foloseste atunci cand in propozitia secundara am verbul to be cu valoare de predicat verbal la sensul negativ (il y a). But for nu se poate folosi decat pentru conditionalul 2 si 3. Ex condit. 2: I should go for a walk if it werent for the rain.
pred verbal neg

But for the rain, I should go for a walk. Ex condit. 3: I should have invited them if it hadnt been their choice.
pred verbal neg

But for their chioce, I should have invited them. in case se foloseste numai cu conditional viitor Ex: I shall return if I find the ticket. In case I find the ticket I shall return.

so / as long as se foloseste cand sugerez ideea de restrictionare Ex: I shall give you the book if you take care of it. So /as long as you take care of the book, I shall give it to you. providing that / provided that tot pentru restrictie supposing that / suppose that (presupunand ca)

SUBJONCTIVUL Subjonctivul are 2 forme: - sintetic (1)

a) prezent b) trecut (simplu si perfect) - analitic (2)

1.a) Subjonctivul sintetic prezent Identic ca forma cu infinitivul scurt; foarte folosit in engleza americana 1) se foloseste in urari Ex: May all your dreams come true. Long live the Queen. 2) la injuraturi Damn you! Ex: Curse this rain! God bless you! 3) in propozitii secundare introduse prin that daca in principala am o dorinta, o obligatie, o necesitate: to suggest

to recommend to order to demand to urge Ex: I urged that she sit down. 4) in propozitii care contin urmatoare;e expresii impersonale: it is necessary it is essential it is important Ex: It is impossible that he arrive in time. 1.b) Subjonctivul sintetic trecut Simplu Este forma a II-a a verbului, numai ca verbul to be are mereu forma were. Utilizare: 1) in propozitiile conditionalului 2 Ex: I should take it if I were you. 2) dupa verbul wish Ex: I wish you were here. 3) dupa constructiile its time its high time as if as though even if even though would rather would sooner suppose that Ex: Its time you went there. I would rather didnt go there. I talk as if I didnt know you. Perfect Identic ca forma cu trecutul perfect (had + verb III) Utilizare: 1) in conditionalul 3 Ex: You would have invited them if you had found enough space. 2) dupa verbul wish atunci cand actiunea este trecuta si regretata (sensul propozitiei trebuie se fie negativ) Ex: I wish I hadnt said that.

2. Subjonctivul analitic Se formeaza dintr-un verb modal (should / would / might / could) + V infinitiv scurt. El a luat oarecum locul subjonctivului sintetic prezent; este intalnit atat in propozitia principala, cat si in cea secundara. Forma shall + V infinitiv scurt - se foloseste in principala cu sensul de vrei? Ex: Shall I help you? (sa te ajut?) - se foloseste in secundara cu sensul de trebuie Ex: I have decided that they shall help her. Forma should + V infinitiv scurt - se foloseste in principala cu sensul de daca e necesar Ex: Why should you come so early? - se foloseste in secundara dupa: a) expresiile impersonale: it is important it is necessary it is essential Ex: It is necessary that you should understand the problem. b) in propozitiile care contin constructiile: for fear that (de teama ca) lest (ca sa nu)

in case Ex: I got up early lest I should miss the train. c) cu urmatoarele verbe: to demand to command to suggest to recommend to request to insist Ex: I insisted that you should learn this lesson. d) atunci cand sunt introduse de: although whatever though Ex: Whatever she should say dont interrupt her. Forma may / might + V infinitiv scurt 1) se foloseste cand se exprima o urare Ex: May your dreams come true! 2) in subjonctive introduse prin: it is likely it is probable it is possible Ex: It is possible that they might invite us to dinner. 3) in propozitii introduse prin: so that that in order that Ex: I put the perfume in front of you so that you might smell it. Forma would + V infinitiv scurt - se foloseste dupa wish Ex: I wish you would call on you. (to call on = a vizita) Forma could + V infinitiv scurt - se foloseste pentru a exprima o certitudine Ex: We studied a lot so that we could pass TOEFL.