Problem Solving Part 3

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Problem Solving
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Problem Solving Part-3

Who is an Effective Decision Maker?
Think of someone you know who seems to be a born decision maker.
What makes him or her effective? Most likely :
1.He or she makes decisions with competence and confidence.
2.Most of his or her decisions work out right.
But what is underlying that decision-making skill? Research has shown that
effective decision makers share several attributes.
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Attributes of an Effective Decision Maker

Effective decision makers tend to have the following attributes:
Knowledge: The most important requirement for making sound decisions is a
deep understanding of all factors. The soundness of the decision depends on
how informed the decision maker is.
Initiative: Effective decision makers assume responsibility for beginning the

decision-making process and seeing it through. They take an active part in
making things better.
Current condition: Good decision makers consider current conditions and take
advantage of opportunities that exist at the time. Flexibility Effective decision
makers remain open-minded about new concepts and ideas. They are willing to
change course or try a different approach if better results seem likely..
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Self-knowledge: Good decision makers know their own abilities, biases, and
limitations.
In addition, smart decision makers will begin with a review of the information at
hand (e.g., the EOP, SOPs, etc.) because, if the planning process is complete,
many common situations will have been anticipated, and procedures for what to
do in those situations will be in place.
Advice-seeking: Good decision makers know that they need help from others.
They identify people who can make specific contributions to the decision-making
process and ask them for their advice and counsel.
Selectivity: Effective decision makers seek pertinent data. They avoid getting
bogged down by extraneous facts and figures. Comprehensiveness On the other
hand, they look at all available options and consider every possible alternative so
as to make the best choice
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Good judgment: Sound decisions will not always result from merely
following procedures. Decision makers must exercise their best judgment
in considering factors particular to the situation.
Calculated risk-taking: The risks and results of various alternatives

must be weighed and the consequences accepted, whether positive or
negative.
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Ethical Administrative Decision Making
In simple terms, ethics refer to standards of behavior that tells us how

human beings should act in many situations in which they find
themselves-as children, as friends, as businessman, as teachers,
professionals, administrators, as countryman, as world citizen etc. As
an administrator you would be put in situations where you would have
take decisions based on ethics. We all act ethically when we act
according to our best. Our best is conditioned by our image of an
ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical society, an ethical
government or ethical administration.
Ethics is a set of standards that guides our behavior, both as
individuals and as members of organizations. The ethical principles
are simple standards of right and wrong that we learn as children,
such as being honest and fair and treating others with respect
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An Ethical Decision-Making Model

1.Clarify
(a)Determine precisely what must be decided.
(b)Formulate and devise the full range of alternatives.
(c)Eliminate patently impractical, illegal and improper alternatives.
(d)Force yourself to develop at least three ethically justifiable options.
(e)Examine each option to determine which ethical principles and values
are involved.
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2.Decide
(a)Make a judgment about what is not true and what consequences are
most likely to occur.
(b) Evaluate the viable alternatives according to personal conscience.
(c)Prioritize the values so that you can choose which values to advance
and which to subordinate.
(d) Determine who will be helped the most and harmed the least.
(e)Consider the worst case scenario.
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(f)Consider whether ethically questionable conduct can be avoided by

changing goals or methods, or by getting consent.
(g)Apply three ethics guides.
Are you treating others as you would want to be treated?
Would you be comfortable if your reasoning and decision were to be
publicized?
Would you be comfortable if your children were observing you?
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3.Implement.
(a)Develop a plan of how to implement the decision.
(b)Maximize the benefits and minimize the costs and risks.

4.Evaluate
(a)If any of the options requires the sacrifice of any ethical principle,
evaluate the facts and assumptions carefully.
(b)Distinguish solid facts from beliefs, desires, theories, suppositions,
unsupported conclusions, opinions, and rationalizations.
(c)Consider the credibility of sources, especially when they are selfinterested, ideological or biased.
(d)With regard to each alternative, carefully consider the benefits,
burdens and risks to each stockholder.
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5.Monitor and modify.
(a)Monitor the effects of decisions.
(b)Be prepared and willing to revise a plan, or take a different

course of action.
(c)Adjust to new information.
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Ethical Donts
The following donts address specific ethical challenges in a crisis

or emergency situation.
1.Using inside information gained through your position to benefit

you and/or your family.
2.Using agency t me or property (e.g., a phone or car) for personal

reasons.
3.Using your official position or accepting compensation to endorse a

product.
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4.Dont exceed your authority or make promises.

5.Dont use your position to seek personal gain. Examples of
seeking personal gain would include
6.Soliciting gifts.
7.Making official decisions that benefit you financially.
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Avoid even the appearance of ethical violations. Take the extra step of
making sure that your actions (even if they are above-boar(d) could
not be seen as unethical. Think about how your actions would read on
the front page of the newspaper.
Ethical Dos
Keep these dos in mind
1.Put forth an honest effort, in everything even remotely connected to

your official position.
2.Protect and conserve agency property. This standard applies both to

your actions and to the actions that you should take if you observe
fraud, waste, or abuse.
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3. Act impartially Do not show favoritism to one group (e.g.,

victims or contractors) over another. Two aids in acting
impartially include making sure that all affected parties have
full disclosure, and seeking prior authorization before taking
action.
4.Place the law and ethical principles above private vain.
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Ethical Issues and Emergencies

Decisions that seem simple or routine in a day-to-day context
may become difficult and have serious ethical implications during
an emergency Furthermore, a poor decision with ethical
implications can escalate an emergency into an unmanageable
situation as the emergency response progresses, as the following
scenarios illustrate.
Case Study* : Ethical Issues and Emergencies

Goods Train Derailment On January 17, 2011 at around midnight,
a goods train carrying more than 250 tonnes of liquid propane
(HIGHLY INFLAMABLE) derailed on Moghulsarai-Gaya Section of
Grand Chord Delhi-Howrah route and began to burn.
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*The names of some of places and other recognized symbols could

be fictitious and resemblances to events already occurred or
occurring to the situations described here are only coincidental.
This is just an academic reconstruction.
Upon arriving at the scene and conducting an initial size-up of

impending catastrophe, the Local Disater Cell Head ordered an
immediate evacuation of the people in adjoining villages of the
railway track, telling the people to expect the evacuation to be
completed in not more than 2 or 3 hours.
As the expected evacuation period was short, some people

evacuated without their belongings and the cattle. Electricity was
turned off in the entire area. After 4 hours, the Disaster Cell Head,
in consultation with army officials and chemical experts from IT
BHU, determined that the evacuation should continue until the fire
had completely burnt out.
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What are the ethical issues involved in this situation ?
Answers: There are several ethical considerations in this

scenario. Some of these are
1.Did the Disaster Cell Head do the right thing by ordering an
immediate evacuation? Or
2.Should he have waited for more information before issuing the
order?
3.What should the citizens be told about how long they will be out
of their homes?
4.Given the current level of risk, can the Disaster Cell Head
ethically allow them to return for their cattle and other belongings?
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Problem Solving Part-3

1.He or she makes decisions with competence and confidence.

2.Most of his or her decisions work out right.

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Attributes of an Effective Decision Maker

Initiative: Effective decision makers assume responsibility for beginning the

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Calculated risk-taking: The risks and results of various alternatives

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Ethical Administrative Decision Making

In simple terms, ethics refer to standards of behavior that tells us how

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An Ethical Decision-Making Model

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(e)Consider the worst case scenario.

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(f)Consider whether ethically questionable conduct can be avoided by

Would you be comfortable if your children were observing you?

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(b)Maximize the benefits and minimize the costs and risks.

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5.Monitor and modify.

(a)Monitor the effects of decisions.

(b)Be prepared and willing to revise a plan, or take a different

(c)Adjust to new information.

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The following donts address specific ethical challenges in a crisis

1.Using inside information gained through your position to benefit

2.Using agency t me or property (e.g., a phone or car) for personal

3.Using your official position or accepting compensation to endorse a

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4.Dont exceed your authority or make promises.

7.Making official decisions that benefit you financially.

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1.Put forth an honest effort, in everything even remotely connected to

2.Protect and conserve agency property. This standard applies both to

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3. Act impartially Do not show favoritism to one group (e.g.,

4.Place the law and ethical principles above private vain.

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Ethical Issues and Emergencies

Case Study* : Ethical Issues and Emergencies

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*The names of some of places and other recognized symbols could

Upon arriving at the scene and conducting an initial size-up of

As the expected evacuation period was short, some people

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What are the ethical issues involved in this situation ?

Answers: There are several ethical considerations in this

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Buy CSAT Paper -2 Study Kit in Hard Copy:

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