E2-E3/Civil

Rev date: 01-04-11

E2-E3: CIVIL

CHAPTER-4 EXTERNAL SERVICES ROAD & DRAINAGE

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External Services Road & Drainage

Sanitary Installations
Basic Philosophy It is a non pressure system, in a building is a non pressure system. This means that hydraulic pre ssure does not exist in the systems against water suppl y which is a pressure system. In case of water suppl y there is always full bore flow where it is essential that sanitary pipe should not have flow more than 1/4 to 3/4 of its bore capacit y if noise in the system and excessive air pressure fluctuation are to be avoided. The flow in the vertical stack finall y becomes horizontal at bottom The self cleansing velocit y concept therefore becomes important should serve the primary purpose of convenience and co mfort to provide a system of conduits which are designed to be self cleansing while conveying soil, waste water to the sewer without risk of nuisance and Hazard to health . To carry waste and soil water without any leakages Water tight & air tight easy acce ss for cleaning most of the horizontal branches will not have a continues flow but only a surge flow which is sufficient for cleaning However a cleansing velocit y of 1 Mt/sec is recommended

Design All fittings are not in constant use therefore if the sys tem is designed assuming all fixtures being used continuousl y it would be uneconomical, would also make velocity of flow less making it less than self cleansing velocit y leading to deposition of solids The probabilities of simultaneous discharge are:

0 in 10 1 in 10 2 in 10 3 in 10 4 in 10
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probability 1.000 probability 0.1534 probability 0.0124 probability 0.00068 probability 0.00002
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For office buildings, considerations

size

could

be

decided

on

following

Layout should be as simple as possible Make sure that WCs discharge directl y in to the stack without unnecessary bends Pipes should be approachable Pipes when not embedde d should run clear on the wall Holes made in the wall for laying of pipes should be closed to stop entry of mosquitoes Any unused drain pipe should be demolished to keep it free from rodents

Gradient and pipe sizes The self cleansing velocit y of 0.75 m/s ec should be aimed Sometimes people tend to increase the Dai. of pipe where gradient is not available. Wherever not possible a flatter gradient can be used but min. velocit y should not be less than 0.61 m/sec wherever unavoidable velocit y should not be gr eater than 2.4 m/sec- If so use Cast -iron pipes The approximate gradients which give this velocit y when flowing half full are as follows

DIA mm GRADIENTSDISCHARGE m3/min. 100 1 IN 57 0.18 150 1 IN100 0.42 200 1 IN 145 0.73 230 1 IN 175 0.93 250 1 IN 195 1.1 300 1 IN 250 1.7

DIA. GRADIENT DISCHARGE 100 150 200 230 250 300 1 IN 5.6 1 IN 9.7 1 IN 14 1 IN 17 1 IN 19 1 IN 24.5 0.59 1.32 2.40 2.98 3.60 5.30

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Fixture Unit Value Flow in the stack depends upon simultaneous probable use of appliances. All appliances do not have similar discharge rate and characteristic Hence one way to approach the problem would be to assign some weight age to each appliances Loading Unit

FIXTURE UNITS FOR DIFFERENT SANITARY APPLIANCES sl.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Type of fixtures kitchen sink(with drain board) Kitchen sink, Wash basin shower urinal,wall lip urinal stall water closet,tank operated water closet,valve operated load factors 3 2 1 2 4 4 4 8

FIXTURE UNITS VALUE FOR FIXTURES BASED ON FIXTURE DRAIN OR TRAP SIZE

SI.NO FIXTURE TRAP SIZE

1 2 3 4 5 6
30 MM OR SMALLER

FIXTURE UNIT VALUE

40 MM 50 MM 65MM 75MM 100MM

1 2 3 4 5 6

* A shower head abov e bath tub does not increase the f ixture v alue ** Wash basin with 32mm and 40 mm trap hav e tha same load v alue

Layout of Sewer System: Flowing layout for sewer system may b e followed: Separate S ystem Combined S ystem Partiall y Separate S ystem

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Comparison of Separate & Combined System Separate Combined

1. Quantit y to be treated is Treatment cost is high less More suitable for areas having 2. More suitable for area less rainfall having more intensit y of Cost of pumping is high because rainfall load increases 3. It sewage pumping is Overall construction cost is more required more suitable than separate. 4. Cheaper; storm water in High degree of sanitation is open drains achieved 5. Less degree of sanitation. Suitable for narrow streets. Storm water directl y disposed More suitable. 6. Difficult to use in narrow streets 7. If less intensit y through -out year Not suitable Merits and demerits of partially separate system Merits: 1. Economical with reference to a combined system. More efficient with reference to a separate system. 2. House plumping is reduced (bath & Kitchen sullage taken from same pipe). 3. No flushing required. Demerits: 1. Possibilit y of overflow. 2. In dry weather. Self -cleaning velocit y may not be obtained. Some Important Points Two t ype of pipes are available Sand cast iron pipes -conforming to 1759 -available in 1.8 m length spun cast iron pipes conforming to 3989 -available in 1.74 m length There is a tendency on the p art of contractor to use Rain water grade pipes There is a tendency to use more of yarn and less of lead
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Sanitary fittings are classified as First, Commercial& off grade, A the standard companies mark commercial fittings boldl y. The commercial qualit y wall have defects which are not visible but the later performance is poor. off grade fittings should be avoided at all costs

Check list Pipes-check for size and strength of materials Valves- check for conformit y to specification for fitting pressure Check jointing Check that all installations are approachable for maintenance Check standard weights, Dimensions Check clamps check Qualit y of lead Water tanks, size, fittings, whether mosquito proof -whether lid fixes properl y General lines and levels of installa tions Some Common Usual Defects In laying Less slope No provision for clean out Incorrect &improper jointing Pipes not periodically cleaned pipes & joints not tested incorrect supervision In designing flat slope results Numerous pipe joints result Network clash with each other No provision for clean out Important Pipes less than 75 mm should not be used as waste pipes For self cleansing velocit y use: use slope not less than 1 in 48 for 100 mm pipe 1 in 36 for 75 mm pipe General Guidelines for execution o f works. 1. Plinth level is to be decided with reference to compound drainage scheme. Compound drainage should be finalized prior to giving the layout of the building.

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2. Casting of RCC slab should be depressed to the following extent, W.C 600mm, Bath 300mm, Kitchen 300mm, Balcony 150mm. As soon as the structural / Architectural drawings for the slab and beams are received, the problem of taking out soil and waste pipes should be studied thoroughl y. Due to carelessness on this account, the entire purpose of giving above depressions may be defeated. 3. Before starting the work of flooring, Floor level plan should be finalized showing the final levels of rooms, bathroom, Kitchen, balcony and W.C. etc. 4. Bathroom flooring should have a drop of 20 mm from the outer face of the shutter with further slope of 1 in 72 towards trap. 5. W.C. flooring should have a cut of 25mm. From the outer face of the shutter with further slop of 1 in 60 towards trap. 6. Kitchen and balcony should have a fillet of 20mm with a further slope of 1 in 100. 7. Separate plans for Bathroom, W.C. Toilet and Kitchen details should be drawn from the utilit y point of view. All the traps with levels should be marked in the plan. Layout of G.I pipes (inlet and outlet) is also to be shown along with layout of trap and soil / waste pipes in different colors. Number s of urinals / wash basins are not to be provided blindl y as shown in the Architectural drawings. In case 3 urinals /2 wash basins have been shown but the space avai lable can accommodate onl y 2 urinals / 1 wash basin, it will be advisable to go for 2 urinals / 1 wash basin instead of making it congested. 8. Drops for rain water pipes , soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes, GI Inlet and outlet pipes should be drawn o n plan and elevation in different colors immediatel y on award of work. 9. The niche of 35cm. X 55cm. With a dividing self, should be provided to serve as storing space for soap & surf etc. at the proper location after making proper study of bathroom plan. 10. Instead of Glass shelf a Ni che of size 150 x 110 mm equal to the width of wash basin should be provided in the brick wall above the wash Basin with a slope of 1 in 20. 11. Onl y one tap should be provided in the wash basin where water suppl y is being fed from one source. No tap in wash basin should be provided where proper water suppl y system does not exist. 12. Dado of at least 15cm. Should be done along with the flooring of W.C., bath and kitchen and is to be rounded at the junction.
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13. Black chi ps should not be added in Terrazzo flooring of W.C. bath and kitchen. 14. Height (finished) of wash basin, cooking platform and urinals should be 800, 775 and 630 mm. respectivel y. 15. The plastering and white washing work in W.C. and bathroom is generall y observed to be poor in finishing. White washing should not be allowed till the plastering has been done properl y. 16. The width of door in W.C. and Bathroom should not exceed 700 mm and 750 mm respectivel y. 17. Terrace drainage plan should be prepared showing levels in advance before actual execution of Terracing. slope and

18. Terracing should be allowed to start onl y after the work of khurra and rain water pipes have been completed. 19. Khurra of provided. size 600 x 600 instead of 450 x 450 should be

20. RCC tanks should be provided instead of M.S. / Sintex tanks speciall y where there is no provision of vertical extension. The clear space available between bottom of the tank and Terracing ( finished ) should not be less t han 600 mm. 21. Schedule of doors, windows, ventilators ( fixed & open able ) with drawing drawn to scale showing sizes with reference to grill details should be finalized immediatel y on award of work. 22. While fixing steel windows, sagging of lintels / chajjas and thickness of the plaster below lintel and on jams is not considered with the result , opening of windows becomes difficult. The thickness of the plastering on lintel and jams should be kept in mind while leaving opening in b rick work for windows or while preparing the schedule of door and windows. 23. Geometry of jams of the door an d windows and also that of ni ches and chajjas / fins should be in true plan.

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24. the 25. the

Windows provided in the stair case partl y above and partl y below landing are not desirable. All the windows must be operated by J.E / A.E. to confirm that windows are opening and closing smoothl y and properl y.

26. Finished thickness of RCC shelves should not exceed 40 mm. Finished thickness of R CC railing should not exceed 65 mm. The corner of plaster on brick work, RCC should be rounded. 27. Details of cupboard and wardrobe should be drawn from utilit y point of view. Hanger height in wardrobe should not be less than 1000mm and depth not less than 520 mm. Inside surface should be neatl y finished. 28. Stair case details with reference to Tread, Riser, angle iron nosing, Railing with hand rail should be studied properl y before asking the contractor to start the work blindl y. Inverted and pro jected Angle Iron nosing should be provided on the steps of stair case and open platform. Treads should have dead level. 29. Parapet should have a slope of 1 in 3, 40 mm. CC 1:3:6 coping should be provided at the top of parapet with projection of 2 0mm on the inner face. 30. Drip moulding is to be provided in chajjas & balconies etc. 31. Junction of outer wall and chajjas should be rounded with sufficient slope towards spouts to check dampness. 32. Water suppl y including water conne ction, sewerage scheme including sewer connection / septic tank and internal roads along with compound wall should be complete along with building from the users point of view. Effort for solving the difficult y such as U.G. tank, Pump house, O.H. tank , pumps, water / sewer connection should be taken much in advance, right from framing of Preliminary Estimate to the award of work, if the provision did not exist in the sanctioned Preliminary estimate. 33. Data required by the EE (E) for installing the pumps should be supplied as earl y as possible to minimize the chance of getting unnecessary blame for the delay of installation of pumps.

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34. Copy of specifications, D.S.R., P.E, D.E (Schedule of Quantities ) and plinth area rates should be availa ble at the site at least for the major work. 35. Registers such as cement and steel register, Drawing (Structural and Architectural) register, Hindrance Register, site order book, Technical register in proper Performa should be available at site.

Road Work
Review of Geometric Design Standards for Rural Roads in Plains
S. No . It e m As pe r IR C: SP:2 0 ( Ru r a l Ro a d s M a nua l)

1. 2. 3.

Classification Carriageway width Roadway width mini mum

(a) Other District Roads (b) Village Roads 3.75m but can be reduced to 3.00m where traff ic less than 100 motorised vehicle per day. ODR and VR : 7.5 m for traffic more than 100 motorised vehicles per day : 6.0 m for traffic less than 100 motorised vehicles per day Widening of Pavement and R oadway Upto 20m radius 0.9 m 21 60m radius 0.6 m More than 60 m radius Nil 5.5 m 4.25 m where traffic less than 100 mot orised vehicles per day

4.

Widening at Cur ves

5.

Width of Bridges

6.

Roadway width causeways

of

culverts

and 7.5 m

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7.

Minimum radius of horizontal curves

As per IRCSP:20 Plain Terrain (i) Ruling Absolute Minimum (ii) Ruling Absolute Minimum VR 90 m 60 m 60 m 45 m ODR 90 m 60 m 60 m 45 m Rolling Terrain

8.

Longitudinal gradients Plain Terrain 3.3 % 5 % 6 % Rolling Terrain 3.3 % 5 % 6 %

Ruling Gradi ent Li miting Gradient Exceptional Gradient

Compaction Requirement for Embankment & Sub -Grade As PER IS: 2720 (PART 8) Sr. Type of Relative Compaction as percentage of Max. No. Work/Material Laboratory Dry Densit y 1. Sub-Grade & Earthen Shoulders Embankment Expansive Clays: (i) Sub-Grade & 500 mm Portion below Sub -Grade (ii) Remaining Portion of Embankment Not More than 97

2. 3.

Not More than 95 Not allowed Not more than 90

General Guide to the Selection Of Compaction Plant for Different Types of Soil Type of compaction Suitabilit y of compaction plant for Remarks plant different t ype of soil Cohesive Well-graded Uniforml ysoil granular and dry graded Cohesive Soils materials 1 2 3 4 5
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1 Smooth-wheeled roller

Suitable onl y if the roller is towed by tractors and the load per cm width of the roller is less than 55 kg 2 Pneumatic-t yred Suitable Suitable when Suitable onl y roller load on each if the roller wheel is more is towed by than 2 tonnes tractors and (tons) the load on each wheel is less than 11/2 tonnes (tons) 3 Vibratory roller Suitable Suitable Suitable; but onl y when the when the static load static per cm width load per of the cm width vibrator y of the roller is vibratory more than 12 roller is kg, the roller more should be than 7 kg towed by tractors. 4 Sheeps foot roller Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable 5 Power rammer* Suitable Suitable Unsuitable Note:- For the purpose of this table, soils are grouped as follows: 1. Cohesive soil includes clays with upto 20 per cent of gravel and having a moisture content not less than the value of the plastic limit minus 4; 2. Well-graded granular and dry cohesive soils include clays containing more than 20 per cent of gravel and/or having a moist ure content less than the value of the plastic limit minus 4; well graded sands and gravels with a uniformit y coefficient exceeding 10 and all shales and clinker-ash. 3. Uniforml y-graded material includes sands and gravels with a uniformit y coefficient of 10 or less and all sits and pulversied fuel ashes. Any soil containing 80 per cent or more of material in the particle size range 0.06 -0.002 mm will be regarded as sit for this purpose. Densit y Requirements of Embankment & Sub -Grade Material When Tested
AS PER IS : 2720 (PART 8)

Suitable

Suitable

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S. No. 1. 2.

Type of Work Embankments up to 3 metres height, not subjected to extensive flooding Embankment exceeding 3 metres height or embankments of any height subject to long period of inundation Sub-grade & earthen shoulders/verges/backfill

Maximum Laboratory Dry Unit Weight Not less than 15.2 KN/Cum. Not less than 16.0 KN/Cum. Not less than 17.5 KN/Cum.

3.

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Possible Defects and Causes in Hot Laid Flexible Pavements

De fe ct i n P ave me n t P o ss ib l e ca u se o f d e fect I n s u - Mi x Ex c Ex c f f ici - tu r e es s es s en t to o fi ne s B it u B it u - co a in me n me n r se mi x Ex c es s Mo i st ur e in mi x Mi x to o Ho t or B ur ned Mi x to o co ld Poor Sp re ed er Op e rat io n Ina d eq ua te ro ll in g O ver Ro l l in g Ro l li n g wh e n mi x to o ho t Ro l l in g wh e n mi x to o co ld Ro l ler s st a n d in g on ho t p av e me nt Ro l ler s to o he a vy P av e ro p e rat in g to o fa s t T ra ffic all o wed b ef o re co o l Mi x laid in to o th ic k a co u rse

Bleeding B r o wn Dead Ap p r e a n c e Rich Fat Spots Poor S u r fa c e T e xt u r e R o u gh U n e ve n S u r fa c e H o n e yc o m b or raveling U n e ve n Joints Roller M a r ks Pushing or W a ve s C r a c ki n g (Fine C r a c ks ) C r a c ki n g (Large C r a c k) A g gr e g a t e Broken by

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

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Roller Tearing of S u r fa c e o n L a yi n g S u r fa c e Slipping on Base

X X X

X X

X X X X X

No te : So me o f t he se ca n b e co rre cted o n s it e, o t her s at mi x i n g p la n t. I f th er e i s a n y d o ub t t he l o ad , s a mp l es s ho u ld b e ta ke n and s e nt to l ab o r a to r y o f te st i n g.

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Rev date: 01-04-11 Clause 17.12.4.1

ANNEXURE 17.23 THICKNESS OF SLAB FOR CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS RECOMMENDED BY IRC Average Daily Number Commercial Vehicles (With laden weight over 8 tonnes) Thickness both directions anticipated to develop the nest 20 years of slab Not Exceeding 200 Nos.. 150 mm Exceeding 200 Nos. but up to 350 Nos 175 mm Exceeding 35 0 Nos. 200 mm Description grade Thickness of slab based on Traffic Intensit y ( mm) Very Heavy Medium Medium Light Very Heavy Heavy Light Light Very stable Nor mal None 80 230 200 180 150 130 100 Unstable Upto 150 250 230 200 180 150 130 Reinforcements Kg/sqm. 280 250 230 200 180 150 7.5 5.4 5.4 3.8 3.8 2.7 Recommended Spacing of Expansion and Contraction Joints (Clause 5.3.1.2) of sub Thickness of base ( mm)

Sl. No. (1)

Type of Slab

Thickness of Slab

Mass of Reinforcement

(3) (4) m kg/ m 2 (i) Reinforced concrete 0.25 7.6 slabs with expansion 0.20 5.5 j oints only 0.15 3.8 0.10 2.7 (ii) Reinforced concrete 0.25 5.5 slabs with expansion 0.20 3.8 and dummy 0.15 2.7 contraction j oints 0.10 2.2 (iii) Unreinforced 0.210 and concrete slabs above 0.15 27 4.5 0.10 27 4.5 Note : In case of thicker airfield pavement s, somewhat higher ex pansion j oint spacing may be per mitted particularly when constr uction is mainl y carried out during summer months. Construction j oint spacing could be increased to some extent in case a smooth under -layer of sand and pol yethylene sheet ing, etc., is provid ed below the pavement. Type of cement and its early strength development characteristics also have a bearing on contraction j oint spacing. Whereas limited experience with higher spacing indicates the possibility of increasing the contraction j oint spacing to 6 -7.5 m and expansion j oint spacing to abou 60 m, each case may need i ndividual consideration in view of variet y of factors invol ved.

(2)

Spacing of Expansion Joints* (5) m 45 36 25 12.5 51 45 36 30 36

Spacing of Contraction Joint (6) m 17 14 13 7.5 4.5

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Questions:1. Describe the layout of sewerage systems. 2. List the common defects in sanitary installations. 3. What is the self cleansing velocit y for SW Sewers? 4. What is the max imum velocit y for SW Sewers? 5. What is minimum gradient for 100 mm dia sewer? 6. What is maximum gradient for 150 mm sewer/ 7. Compare the combined and separate sewer systems. 8. List the common defects of sewer in design. 9. What is partiall y separate system of sewer 10.List the advantage and disadvantage of partiall y separate system of sewer

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