TOC From Well Logs S K JHA

(1) where; R R ns P P ns K TOC is calculated using; (2) where; TOC LOM is total organic carbon content in wt %, and, is the level of organic maturity. This can be estimated using the LOM vs. vitrinite reflectance crossplot is curve separation is measured formation resistivity is resistivity of non-source shales is porosity log reading is the porosity log reading in nonsource shales, and, is a scale factor dependent on the porosity log measurement units.

Equation (2) predicts zero TOC where there is no curve separation (baseline conditions). In practice, however, all shales have some organic carbon content, so it is necessary to add 0.2 to 1.6 percent to predicted TOC (Passey et. al., 1990). The baseline TOC content of shales is usually determined from laboratory measurements or using local knowledge. In practice it is rare to have both TOC laboratory measurements and reliable organic maturity data. In these situations it is possible to chose a value for LOM that will result in a match with available TOC data.

Baseline Conditions in Lean Shale and Water-Bearing Reservoirs

The EXXON Dlogr technique can be modified to create baseline conditions through the full range of shale to clean sand. Equation (1) can be re-arranged to individually describe deviation from baseline conditions for the resistivity log (Yr) and the porosity log (Yp):

In the absence of solid organic matter or hydrocarbons, the baseline conditions for the resistivity and porosity logs become; and so;

In the absence of organic matter or hydrocarbons, Yr and Yp should both equal zero (they will overlie on a depth plot). Yr and Yp profiles through the full range of clean formations to shales can be calculated by treating Rns and Tns as functions of shaliness:

Rsd RSh-ns PSd PSh-ns Vsh

is resistivity of clean (no shale) formation, is resistivity of non-source shale, is porosity log reading in clean formation, is porosity log reading in non-source shale, and, is shale fraction

In non-reservoir intervals (silt and shale), anomalous resistivity (Yr > Yp) is associated with solid organic matter. In reservoir rocks, Yr > Yp indicates the presence of hydrocarbons. Continuous profiles of Yr and Yp can be used to calculate expected resistivity in water zones and non-source shales (Ro). In the absence of hydrocarbons and organic material:

(3) and, (4) Separation of Ro and Rt (where Rt > Ro) can be used to identify organic-rich shales and hydrocarbon zones in reservoirs.

References
Archie, G. E.: "The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics", Petroleum Transactions of the AIME 146 (1942). Hood, A., Gutjahr, C. C. M., Heacock, R. L.: "Organic Metamorphism and the Generation of Petroleum", AAPG Bull., V.59, June 1975. Passey, Q. R., Creaney, S., Kulla, J. B., Moretti, F. J., Stroud, J. D.: "A Practical Model For Organic Richness From Porosity and Resistivity Logs", AAPG Bull., Dec. 1990.

Scale Factors For TOC Calculation

LOG Sonic Density Neutron

Log Units usec/ft g/cm3 V/v

K -0.02 2.5 -0.04