09/12/2010

Integration

Integration

There is no simple geometric formula for calculating the areas of shapes having curved boundaries like the region R.

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Integration

Integration

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Integration

Integration

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Integration tips

Integration tips

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Integration tips

Integration tips

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Integration tips

Integration

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Integration

Integration

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Integration

Integration

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Integration
rnek

Integration
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Integration
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Integration

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Integration
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Integration
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Integration
Simplifying the integrand

Integration

We consider changes of variable, x, later under various substitution methods, but here we will have a first look at what we might be able to do with the integrand in some simple cases. In general f (x) may be a polynomial or rational function, trig or hyperbolic, log or exponential, or any combination of these. We would first look at f (x) to see if it can be simplified or rearranged to our advantage. we concentrate on the simplest kinds of rearrangements. For example:

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09/12/2010

Integration

Integration
Linear substitution in integration

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Integration

Integration

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Integration

Integration

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Integration

Integration

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09/12/2010

Integration

Integration

So, greater care is needed with other types of substitutions. These questions all involve linear substitutions. In no case is it necessary to do anything to the function before substitution.

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Integration

Integration

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Integration
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Integration by substitution
The du= f (x)/ dx substitution yada

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Integration by substitution

Integration by substitution

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09/12/2010

Integration by substitution

Integration by substitution

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Integration by substitution

Integration by substitution

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Integration by substitution

Integration by substitution

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Integration by substitution

Integration by substitution

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Integration by substitution

Integration by substitution

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Integration by substitution
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Integration by substitution
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Integration by substitution
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Integration by substitution
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Integration by substitution
2. zm

Integration by substitution

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Integration by parts

Integration by parts

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Integration by parts

Integration by parts

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Integration by parts
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Integration by parts

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Integration by parts
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Integration by parts

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Integration by parts

Integration by parts

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Multiple Integrals
The process of integration for one variable can be extended to the functions of more than one variable. The generalization of definite integrals is known as multiple integral. Consider the region R in the x, y plane we assume that R is a closed, bounded region in the x , y plane, by the curve y = f1(x), y = f2(x) and the lines x = a, x = b. Let us lay down a rectangular grid on R consisting of a finite number of lines parallel to the coordinate axes. The N rectangles lying entirely within R (the shaded ones in the figure). Let (xr, yr) be an arbitrarily selected point in the rth partition rectangle for each r = 1, 2, ..., N. Then denoting the area xr yr = Sr Thus, the total sum of areas

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Multiple Integrals
Let the maximum linear dimensions of each portion of areas approach zero, and n increases indefinitely then the sum SN will approach a limit, namely the double integral and the value of this limit is given by

Multiple Integrals
Double integration for polar curves or Integrals in Polar Coordinates

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Multiple Integrals

Multiple Integrals
Double Integrals as Volumes
When (x, y) is a positive function over a rectangular region R in the xy-plane, we may interpret the double integral of over R as the volume of the 3-dimensional solid region over the xy-plane bounded below by R and above by the surface z=f(x,y).

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Multiple Integrals
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Multiple Integrals

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Multiple Integrals

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