THE HISTORY FORT OF

LEAVEN'WORTHI
1937- 1951.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

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1951
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

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The history of Fort Leavenworth, 1937 - 1951

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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Army Command & General Staff College,Combined Arms Research Library ,250 Gibbon Avenue,Fort Leavenworth,KS,66027-2314
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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT

This publication brings up to date the original history published by Colonel Elvid Hunt in 1927 and revised by Captain Walter E. Lorence in 1937. It contains a chronology of events from 1937 - 1951.
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THE HISTORY OF F ORT LE AVENW~JVOR~TH 1937 - 1951 by ~~ ORVILLE Zi TYLER, JR. Colonel of Infantry, US Army wuhich brings up to date HISTORY OFi FORT LEAVENWrORTH 1827 1927 by ELVIDj HUNT Colonel of Infantry, US Army and SECOND EDITION~ brought up to date '1827 1937
-

by WALTER ]E. LORENCE Captain, Corps of Engineers, US Army With F'orew9ord Bly MIAJOR GENERAL HORACE L. McBRIDE UleS ArmyP

THE COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1951
Copyright 1952 by Orville Z. Tyler, Jr. All rights in this hook are reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced without written authorization from: The Secretary, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMVENTS
The following acknowledgements are gratefully made of the assistance and cooperation which made this booklet possible: Mrs. Meredith of the Library' and others of the Ltibrary staff for advice and research assistance on the bibliography and some of the appendixes; Public Library, Leavenworth, Kansas, for use of facilities; M~r. Cleve Williams for valuable background material; Miss Foley and others of the Post Engineer Office for data on building construction and street names; Generals Gerow, Bruce, Truesdell, Gilbreath, Trudeau, Jenkins, and others for reading and commenting on the manuscript; Mrs. Michelson and Miss Feth and the members of Miss Larkin's pool for typing and stenographic help; The Leavenzworth Times for use of their microfilm files; The Historical Division, Department of the Army, for advice and material; Miss Bagley and others of the Adjutant General's Office for orders, extracts, and information; Miss Bernard, Major Winningham, and Mr. Galloway and others of Editing and Publications Department for work on proofs and for technical advice; and M/iss Lula Baum, Dr. Ivan Birrer and those countless others who in innumerable ways have contributed toward the culmination of this project. O.Z,.T

CONTENTS
Page

FOREWORD-____,,,

__-_---

----

----

----

---

-------

--

vii

INTRODUCTION-lx,__-

-I------------_1. 1 3

CH~APTER I. 'FORT LEAVENWORTH BEFORE WORLD WAR II ,_-, T~he Post in 1937 ---~---------------Th'le Sc'hool in 1937 _---------------;---CHAPTER~ ICI. WA~~R CLOUDS GA1THE R , Thae Post ina 1938 ,~-----1-.----------The year 1939 _-------------I-----1940 ACcceleration -_---Y,,,,1---10----17-l c

~6
7 9 11 12r _ 25 25 26 28 32 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 38 39 40 41 45

CH~APTER III. LEAVENWORTH GEARS FOR WAR-_, ______,,, Reorganization _,_------ -I--11 - ~-I ------T6hee Second Special Class --------L, ~ ,,,,, ___,,, CHAPTER IV. LEAVENTWORTH DURING WORLD WAR II ,-.-----1~6 ------ --. --- P - I--- -Thie War Years-17__-_--

CHAPTER V. LEAVEN\WORTH AFTER WORLD WAR II-_,______24 - - -I-- -----------Survey of the College - Gerow Report ______~---~--------Chart; of Gerow Board Recommendations ---------------General Eddy ,____-----------I--CHAPTER VI. COLLEGE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION -- 1---Department of Analysis and Resear~ch _---------------Operation of the College _-----1------------T1Lhe Author ---------------------Formal Review --------------------Briefings-,,,__^-------------Presentation ,,_,__--1----------__,_-35 After-action Report ---------------Adviser Program ___------------,,,-Student Evaluation __-----------------Instructor Training ,,-_-----------^----36 Applicatory Method ___,---------------1------------37 Other Courses -------Extra-mural courses ----------------~---37 Extension Courses -------------------I-11Navy and Air Sections ---- I ---. ------ ----Guest Speaker Program __ , . --------------------- . Field Trips -Instructional Aids ,____-------.------Aarmny Manuals-,,,_____---~--I------38 Observers Is CHAE~PTER Y,,,,,,,,,,_, VII. THE ARMaY WjAR COLLEGE -Command and General Staff College in 1950 -------------

CHEAPTER VIII. EVALUATION _,_-_-_------------I---Problems to be Solved for the Future ----------___--------------45 Improved Plant ,_,, Instructor Selection _-1------------------46 Longer Duty Tour -1------1------------46 Student Selection-,,, _1----,--~------Leavenworth and the American General Staff _^1------~---46

46

THE HISTORY

OFi FORT' LEA'VENWORTHN

Page

CHAPTER IX. FORT LEAVENWIORTH IN 1951 ______________48 -Military Review-- ,, _______________ ___________~ __48 The Post in 1951--__ , __, __ ________________ __ __48 Fort Leavenworth News -52_'-_i__________.___ US Disciplinary Barracks--_ _ _,_, __ _,__,_ ___ _52 Activities--____,_,___________,_53 Conclusion--________ . __. ______ __________54 APPENDIX I. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GENERAL STAFF -______55 II.~THE ~MEN BEHIND LEAVENWORTH-,________58 III. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 1937-1951- __.______62 I[V. MAP OF POS.T-,__, _________,______65 V. COMMANDANTS FROM~1937 TO 1951-___,,_,_,66 VI. ASSISTANT COMMANDANTS FROM 1937 TO 195L -___,66 VII. CLASS DIRECTORS FROM 1937 TO 1951 --- ,,,_, 67 VIII. SECRPETARIES AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS FROM 1937 TO 1951-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_68 6IX. CHARET FA~CULTYTd~~~ ANDi STUDENTS-D~EC 1940~MAR 1945-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,68 Xkj.ORDER OF BATTLE, EUROPEAN AND PACIFIC THME~ATERS OF OPERPATIONJS ,--I,_,,_, _70 XI. INSTRUCTORS--1_936-3 7-7_________,______ 4 XII. INSITRUCTORS-1939-____,____________76 XIII. ERECTION OF BUILDINGS FROM 1937 TO 1951 -7___. _'8 XIV. STREET, PLACE, AND BUILDING NAMES -,______80 XV. UNITS STATIONED AT FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS, 1941-50 ,_________,,-_____ 81 XVI. MASTERS OF FOXHOUNDS FROM 1929 TO 1940 -____83 XVII. ANCIENT VEH-ICLES AVAILABLE FROM FORT LEAVIENWTORTH MUSEUM-,,,______,84 XVIII. PROGRAM OF DEDICATION\ CEREMONY, POPE HALL, MAY 23, 1941 ,_____________85 XIX. FILE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS FROMI 1936 TO 1951-,,,,,-,__, _., ____,86 XX. PERSONNEL H3EADING CER~TAIN KEY ACTIVITI ES AT F ORT LE AVE:NWORTH FROM 1937 TO 1951-___ __ _______________123

BIBLIOGRAPHY-________,,,,_________125 INDEX-f _______ ________________ ___ ______________________ 27

sii

FORWEORD In 1952 Fort; Leavenwort~h will celebratce its one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of service to this Nation. Founded in 1827 as a frontier~ post to protect the westward expansion against the Indians, itu serves now in an even more important role. As seat of the Command and General Staff College it has gained renown by the achievements of its graduates in two In this anniversary year it faces an increasingly important world wars. mission as our Nation, again prepares to contain the forces of aggression. It is qluite in keeping with the spirit of our anniversary to publish at from 1937 to 1951 which this time this Histor~y of Fort Leavenwoartht brings up to date the original history published by Colonel Elvid Hunt in 1927 and revised by Captain Walter E. Lorence in 1937.

H. L1. McBRID~E Major Genleral, US Army Commandant

vii

INTRODUCTION
High on a tree-shaded bluff overlooking the wide,, winding Missouri River stands Fort Leavenw~orth. Here in K~ansas in t~he haeasrt of ~the Nsationz is one of the Army's oldest and most famous posts. Founded by Col 1-enry Leavenworth in 1827 as an outpost against the plains Indians it has grown in, reputationa for qluite a differen~t reason. As home of ~the Coamman~d and General Staff College, and for a time also of the Army War College, its name has becomae synonymous world-wide with higher military educationa. Graduation from "Leavenworth" has become in the Armzy a siesame to high comm~an~d or staff~ position. WVith thae success of ouxr armies ine two worlld wars, this g~reat schnool has gainedl in pres~tige and fam~e.
1

The College building.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: central

Gen~~~~~eonzigtene ~ ~ ~ W. T.Semn o rindofcr o h Army Civil War, establ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~ished Levenwort after ththefirst shool atFort in1881.2 the institution, "School of Application for Infantry~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ nameThe of
'Elvid HuntandLorence, Histry of Fort Leavenwoth 1827-1937, Secon Waler E. editin (Frt Lavenorth Kanas, 937) p'. 17. Directed by GO 14, Adjutant~ General's Washington, March 7, 1827.~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~iki~Q Office,

ixa

HISTISIORY OF' FORTI LE~A VENWORT'H THE-~F

and Cavalry,"" is indicative. Emphasis on application, is still paramount at Leavenworthn. Instruction of" students by practical application of techniques has remaained one of the outstanding scholastic characteristics of Leavenworth as an institution of learning. The school was closed in 1898 for the duration of the Spanish-American Wiar to free instructors and students to join units in the ifield.
'"

ORIGIN

OF THE AMdERICAN GENERAL STAFF

It was shortly after this, in 1899, that ElihuL Root, 5 the father of the American general staff, became Secretary of WVar. The mista~kes of the expedi-tion against Cuba had convinced this farsighted statesman of the necessity for a UJS general staff. Risking his political future he almost single-handedly pushed through Congress in 1903 a bill 7nich provided for a general staff. Root was aided in his efforts by such progressive American military thinkers, as Genaerals Wrilliam Ludlow, WTilliamn Ha~rding Carter, and Eben Swift. 0 The great statesmnan also acknows~ledged his indebtedne~ss to the Englishaman, Spenser Wilkinson, who wrote a book on the general sta~ff entitled The Brain of an kArmyin. The bill. f.or the creation of the General S~ta-ff provided for an A9rmry Wir College. This, agency, the 3d Divisioan of the General St~aff, was chatgedl among other things with the direction of military studies of all kinds including supervision of the school system. Part of this school system was the Staff School at Fort Leavenworth. 8 Its graduates were to supply t~he mnemlbers o-f the General Staff of the UJS Armrzy. HMows this task has been accom7plished from the year 1937 up to the present weill be covered briefly in the pages to follow.

"Ibid;

p. 1_36,(GO 8, AGO, Wiashington, January 26, 1882) General Sherm~an wrote to General Philip Sheridan, then in command of thze Division of M\/issouri on N;ovember 22, 1881: "My Dear Sheridan: I am just in receipt of your letter of the 19th with the tabular list of the o~fficers comprising the new School of Application at Leavenworth.. I need hardly say that I regard it as admirable, and I feel sure that thlis school wil~l become the best practical military schzool of a'll in the United States." IXbid; p. 150. "J. D. Ilittle, The! M/ilitaryaStaff: Its Histor-y acnd De~velopm1~ent (Harrisburg, Pa. 1944~), p. 169. IPbid; p. 170, Brig Gon Wina.Ludlow sent t~oEurope on a special assignment to studly the Pr~ussia u Stafh systemi, chairman of a boned conveoed forI the purpose of I"takring preliminary m~easures toward the organization of a, War College for the Army." p. 178, Mvaj Gen Winr.Hard~ing Ca ter, author of Crectizon of thte Amzerican Stalff, and close associate of Elihu Root. p. 170-171, Brig Gen Eboen Swift, instructor and later Comm~andant at Fort leavenworth "introduced a course in tactical orders." "In a real sense it was Eben Swift, as well as Elihu Root, who gave us our modern General Staff." ;Ibid; p. 132, Spenser Wilkrinson, Eng~lish military writer on staff organization. Order' No 89, AGO, Washington, tAugust 1, 1902, published program of The 8 General reopened school w7/hich was designated The General S~taff College.

CHAPTER I LEAVENWEORTH BEFORE WfORLD WAR IIQ

Leavenworth was a "h2orsey" Post. Each year THE POST IH 1937 saw a 3 day "Spring Race Mleet and Horse Fo'rt L~eavenxvorth in 1937 was a quiet, leiThis even~t attracted horsemen from surely post of the "old" Army. As at present it Show"w) was a community of about 6,000 acres and 4,000 far and near to compete for flashing sterling p~rizes in quality events. Amzong the particiinhabitants. Ltocation of the famous Command and General Sta~ff College, it wore its distincpants had been Col Jonathan M~. WainwYright, then Deputy Commander at the Cavalry School t~ion with the becomning dignity of one accusat Riley. Lt Col Frederick Gilbreath, Cavalry, tomed to honors. The handsome, comfortable, the Execut~ive of thke PSost andl school wvrote '"Mly red brickc quarlters wh'Bichz housed most of tche 1 dear Skinny" to invite him, over for ~the meetfaculty, lined shaded avenues arched by treing of 'the yrear Ibefore@. 4 mendous elms. T'he students in the class of approximately 225 with their families, were TFhe Post, mzor~eover, wcas usually representedl at the '"American Royal" in Kanssas Citly, Mluishoused from September until June in rows of souri.5 This celebrated annual horse and stockt ~ubstantial apartm~ents either facing the polo field or along shaded Pope Avenue. Other fai~nshow usually featuPred an entry from Fortl ilies lived in older smore crowded three story Leavenworth. On October 19, 1938, a sizable apartments, called because of their buzz of livcontingent participated in the "Gay Nineties" ing, the "]Beehive." event. W15earing pioneer costumes, the LeavenIn addi~tion to its status as a school post, worth group rode in a collection of ve-nerable vehidles a~ffection~ately named by the people of Leavenworth ias manned by the Headquartcers the Post, the '"Old Rolling WNheels." Troop and 1st Squadron of the fi;ne old 10th Cavalry Regiment. This -fact is significant since TIhis ancient collec-tion of st~agecoaches, it gve te lie ofthe ost.The favorto breaks, and wvagons was *the basis fEor particimounted troo~ps of his histeoric colored regit pation by the Post in other local celebrations. 0 mentfurnshedthe gardsof hnor requnt IUnder the direction of such stalwartes as Sgst Wedl0.YutWiia1'cinndwg for the st~ream of distinguished visitors. The onatrFizShltePstnrymd riding hail and ~the stables were im~por~ta-nt niyTer godwlthuhuthecm buildings on the Post. ACreas were picturesquely designated in General Orders: Cody Field; Race calendar of events included: Track Pasture.2 TE`he poio field was the scene of many colorful matches betweena the Post i he Pony Express Rodeo, St. Joseph, ML~issuiMy2-3 97 team and teams from Fort Sill and Fort Riley. Even the children rode, and the miBounted The Platte Purch~ase Centennial, St. Jotroops of the Iboy and girl scouts gave excel)seph, M~issouri-A-ugust 18-20, 1938. Thee Annual. Old Settlers Association Pictional dash to the wJell-organized scouting ac-niadPoerDyPrdOlt, ~tivity. hastinags Road on the Post was named Kgansas--September 28, 1938. in honor of one of the girl scouts, V~irginia Marsh Has~tings " a membller of the Sunflower One year this group put on? th7Pe "Old Santa Fe Trail Pionee' and Wilild WMest Showv," a twoTroop. The sm-ialler children also got .n early hoLur spectacle of sta~ecoaches, Consestoga w' gstart. As late as 1946 a coalored trooper by the nYame of "H-oss" Harris led a string of sm~all ons, cowboys, and Indians. It was wcheduled horses around the Post singiang and wrhistlli~ng to play in Olathxe, St. Josep 1 , ~Atchiso-n, L~wup the kids for a ten cent ride, men e, 'Excelsior Springs, and Leavenworth.
1

January 20, 1940, gives the numb1er of the 1_939-40 class as 225. 2 General Order No 5 Fort; Leavenworth, KGansas, 1937. ' General Order No 10 Fort Le .venworth, Kansas, Jannary 10, 1937.
Tihe UavLenwzorthh T~im~es,

'"Letter Gilbreath to W~ain~wright, Museum file, Transportation Office, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 'Correspondence, Museum file, 'Appendix XjIVII, List of Ancient Vehnicles Available from Fiort LeavePnworth. MSTuseum.l.

THE~i HI-STORY

OF FORT LIEAVETNWORTH-

Old Santa Fe Trail PIONEER AND WILD WEST SHOW

OLD SANTILA TIRAIL PIONEER ANVD WILD WESTF SHOW F]E

S~~~k~~g~~a~~-rz~~~~, I

F~~resented

by

Tuel~ Officers anrd Men of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, with ye. hide]s and eq~uipmnlltfrom the priceless collection of the Fort Leavenworth Museum. To Showt JI

Olalhe1--St.,

Josc~lm-ALZtch ison--Law rence--Excelfsio~r and Other Places Leavenwvorth

Sprinags

d~~I~~,,, ~ ~ A Frontier Pageant

Program
1. Grand Opening Review 2. Daredevil Coach Driving (Four Coaches-Four, four-horse teams) .1. Buck Keegan and his Bull Whips (He snaps the spot at 50 feet) 4. Roman Riding Race (Four racer~s each riding two horses) 5. Indian Buffalo Hunt (Many Indians Spearing Buffalo Bulls) 6. Fort Scott Stage Coach Holdup (Changing Horses-Robbery-Bandits Captured) 7. Local Evente (Act or CometitionCitizens)its stged by Loca (Act or Cmpetitio itizens)Butte, staged y Local 8. Pony Express (Dispatches Carried--Ponies. Changed--Bandits Avoided) 9. OregonPioneer Wagon Train (March--Camp-IJndian Athtack-Relief by Cavalry) 10. Walter Ruarkr and his Acrobatic Hulls (Jumping-Balancing-Performing) 11. Los Rurales Lancers Musical D~rill (25 Rurales of Old Mexico under D~iaz) 12. The Grand Finale
__________

l'bTrills.

Spills, hourses, Stage Coaches, Prairie Schooners, indians. Cowboys, Sher~iffs and Frontier Cavalry Soldiers.

A~Tw-o Hour Show Enacting Pioneer D~ays.

Old Rolling Wheels

The ten animal-drawn vehicles used in the parade and the show are all renovated and reconditioned originals. The vehicles are only part of a great nsany, which are the property of the Fort Leavenworth Museum. The moat spectacular piece is the Concord Coach. This sturdy pas. senger carrier started life in Concord, Mass., in 1834. It travelled the~dirt

~a

States ~~~~~~~~~~~roads before itsWestern United 1915, it until of the Eastern, Central, Mountain and it reached The Dalles, Oregon. Just retirement in was o uyo assrn from Ohio ta the valley of Salt Creek in Kansas, shortly after the Civil War. Five years ago the remains of the Schooner were dug up from the creek bed on the farm. Enough parts were found to allow reconstruction. stage coach, the yellow mountain hack, was used througho4t active ser~iice on a Snake River run, from Pocatello, Idaho, north to Montana. The big, red Conestag~a wagon was built from abandoned parts left at Fort Leavenworth, when Russell, Majors and W~addell closed their enterprise of six thousand teamsters and 45,000 oxen. Through the kindness of the WyyethHardware and Mdanufacturing Company of St. Joseph, Mo., there is shown an exact replica of one of the Ponly Express saddles and dispatch pouches. large pioneer freight wagon was brought to the West by Mr. Walters Watkins in 1818, who established a woolen mill at Watkins' Mill, which is now seven miles northwest of Excelsior Springs, Mo.

~~~~~~~~~~The carried the Wilkinson family bull-drawn prairie schooner ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Another

~~~~~~~freighting ~~The

~~~~~~~~~~officers the gold and silver to the troops in and the paymaster, who carried
the field before and after the Custar Massacre.'

Dougherty wagons were the palatial army transportation vehicles of the pioneer peried. The wagons displayed carried many generals, staff

Following an afternoon performance arrangements may be made with the Wagon Boss for rides in the "Old Rolling Wheels."

The three roof breaks are relica of classy rural transportation before the automobile became popular. One break, formerly belonging to Mr. John Tough of Kansas City, was an elegant conveyance in ite time.

The home of these priceless specimens of "Old Rolling Wheels,' the Fort Lreavenworth Museum, established February 12, 1938, by authority of the Secretary of War, for the housing of a collection of animal-drawn All o theactar diparagmentof ay rac or lassvehicles o areamaturs. of the Nineteenth Century type and other pioneer relics, is open for of peoples is intended. The parts of Indians, Mexican Soldiers, Marshalsfreisctofom10to50PMdaltFrtLvnwthKna. and Cowboys are all tken by amateurs.
2 -/401

LEAVENWORTH

BEFORE WORLD WAR II

The old vehicles were gathered from far and t wide to become the prosperty of he Fort Leavenworth Museum. The museum was given official status by approval of the Secretary of War on February 7, 1938. Col Gilbreath wrote letters all over the country in connection with assembling this fine old collection of p~ioneer transpor~tation. Among "roof breaks," Dougherty wagons, and stag~ecoaches, a most interesting item was an authentic Conestoga wagon. These wagons, manufactured in Pennsyl-

Another of the horse activities of thle Post was the Leavenworth Hunt. Founded in 1929 with Maj John C. Daly as the first Master of Foxhounds, the hunt flourished until after World War II was under way. The pink-coated riders were a familiar sight as they followed the pack over the hil'ly terrain of the reservation or paraded on special occasions along the shaded streets of the g~arrison. In good weather the hunt met twice a week on Wednesday afternoons and Sunday mornings. Of ten on Sun-

-'I~~~~~~~

~ j~~i~B~i~i

The Leavenworth Hunt.I

for primarily vania use by the pioneers in the were migration, western among the first exof American maufacturing genius. amples Carefully employed only three they designed, basic dimnsions. wer multiince all arts ples of these asic rapid manumeasuremets factreassmbl, ad rplaemet off part of were age In handicraft this facilitated. an notable was a dvance and accunted for the popularity of tremendous the Conestoga wagons

days the hunt would end at the rustic Hunt~~~~~~~ Lodge on the far edge of the Post for a tempt-~~~~~~~ in breafas.l THE SCHOOL IN 1937~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ aimpesvaaei I 1937, a now, th h building withitcloc oedoiae rn cn.Cmpsdo eta Levnot Hall pierced by a sally port, and the attached~~~~~~~

hrmnHllti n ing fShrdn was the original Command and General Staff~~~~~~ Schol. Thee wer the uildins of he ol

_____

TH

HISTORY

OF FORT LEAV.ENWORTH

arsenal joined together to make the composite structure. 7 Here were locatedl the assemlbly rooms for the ReguAlar Class. The class was divided into instructional groups ~A and 13 which were further broken down occasionally into sections. The ent~ire class assembled in Grant H~allL for lectures. The course of 1 year for the Regular Class was designed to produce commanders and staff o~fficers. Instruction was conducted at an unhurried pace. Classes started at 0830 for the morning session which was generally divided into three periods.8 Afternoon classes started at 1 o'clock. Study assignments and instructions for students were, as they are now, usually issued in boxes located in the assembly rooms and in tIhe riding hall. Students were not required to clear their boxes on Saturday but were required to clear them after 12 o'cloclk on Sundays. Instruction emboodied among other things: and. combat orders, field engineering, leadershippsychology, military history, equitation, meth-' ods of training, strateg~y, tactics, planning, anda troop leading. The theory of instruction was based on applicatory learning. The students learned generally by applying military principies to the solution of tactical exercises and map maneuvers. Some of the problems were two-sided war games in which students vied as commanders and staffs of opposing forces. Some of the exercises were mounted terrain exercises where tactical and logistical problems were actually solved on the ground. The regulations for students contained cautions as to liability under the 105th Article of War for damage to private property. The course consisted of 1,309~ hours of varied instruction. It included 39 hours of eqyuitation, 10 tactical rides, and- 23 terrain exercises;- 17 of which were graded. Twelve of these marked problelms, a mnap problem, and a command post exercise were held at the very end of the course in June. Only 14 lectures were scheduled. The majority of the instruaction (161 hours) was imparted by means of conferences. Time was a~bout equally divided between map exercises (53 hours) and map problems (55 hours).
7

A1.T. Andreas, History of Kacnsas (Chicago, 1883). T~he two main structures were erected in 1859.Thsofieuualletnntcoesad hs 'Instrztct~ion Circular~, C&tGSS, 193 6-37.

Fifty-seven hours were allotted to technical staff aznd logistics instruction. One hundred twenty-seven and one-half hours were devoted to study of the infantry division, 203~ hours to corps operations, and 141 to Army. There was a total of 318 hours of graded work. Nine hours were spent in committee work. The 4-day command post exercise followed by 5 days of graded exercises was in the nature of a final examination for the graduxating class. Graduation exercises held on June 21, 1937, in the shaded g~reenness of the M/ain Parade, called Sumner Place, came as a welcome relief. St~udentcs of the Regular Clas~s were carefully selected from Regular Army majors and captains with superior records. MI~aj Gen Charles G2 ~A. W7~illoughby, who was G-en M~acArthur's wrote while he was an instructor at the Coinmand and General S~taff School: "Leavenworth is a school for war. The course of instruction there, designed as a t est o-f the physical, mental, and moral fiber of the students,: seeks to discover and develop those competent to lead and direct our armies of the f~u~ture.. "No one enters upon the course there wvithout trepidation,ofand no one graduates withrelief. But no officer can out a feeling honestly say that he has passed the course without having derived from it vast benefit." There was a facetious saying at one time in the Army that the student body was made up of "aides, adjutants, and asses." If this in fact was a basis of selection, results have more than justified its worth. .The frequent g~raded map problems and terrain exercises testedi student ability to apply tactical doctrine soundly. Solutions which were assigned a mark below 75 percent were rated unsatisfactory. Only two marks were given-S for satisfactory and U for unsatisfactory. Under the provisions of the National Defense Act; of 1935 the nlame of no off3icer could be added to the General Staff Corps eligible list unl~ess he was specifically recommended as qualifled for general staff duty upon graduation from the Command and General Staff School. Upon graduation students were rated superior, excellent, very satisfactory, and satisfactory. A recommendation was also made as to eligibility for further military education. The faculty comiprised approximately 73 officers of whom 55 did most of the instructing.
fie, ual etnn coes d

LEAVENWORTH

BEFORE WORLD WAR II

Courses. He was later to become Commandant after distinguished service as Commander, XII Corps, in World War II. As Assistant Secretary and head of the Editorial Group was Lt Col ANID GENERAL FACULTY COMMAND~H F. W. Mlburn, another future corps commander STAFF SCHOOL 1936-1937 (XXI). The Air Corps subsection was head~ed Commandant, Assistant Commandant, by Lt Col L. H. Brereton, who later commwanded Five Chiefs of Class Supervisor, the First Airborne Army. Other muembers of 11 Sections, etc. the faculty at that time wereNavy Section, Judge Adtvocate, and Lt Col H. F. Hazlett, Chief of 1st; Section; Air Section later Commander, Replacemernt and Instructors who made no platform School Command of Army Ground 4 appearances ~~Forces. (M~aj Gen) Maj H. L. McBride, later Commander, 80th 18 Total noninstructors D5~ Eivision, and present Commandant, n hepla~tform Netintru~trs C~ommand and General Staff College. Net instructors on the ~~~(M6aj Gen) Total Maj A. F. Kibler, Director, Joint American Toa ~ ~ ~ M~ilitary Ahdvisory Group, London (M~aj Gen) CHART Maj A. C. Smith, Deputy Commanding General, Fifth Army, Chicago (Maj' The five sections majored in oitensive operaGen) tions, intelligence and history, defensive operaMaj R. Gf. Tinda'll, Elxecutive, Mlissouri supply and logistics, and miscellaneous tions, District, St Louis (Brig Gen) secions of th majo hereMilitary Cftemao L. W/eiblle, Commanding General, apt WV. ecin hr matters. As a part Japan Logistical Command (Miaj Gen) were six subsections corresponding to branches Maj XV. ~K. Harrison, Jr, Commanding as follows: Infantry, Cavalry, of the Army General, 9th Inf Div (Tng), Ft Dix, NJ Field Artillery, Coast Artillery, Engineer, and (Maj Gen) Air. As small subsections there were also repMIaj L. A. Pick, Chief of Engineers, W~ashfington, DC (Lt Gen) the Signal Corps, Chemical W~arfare resented M~aj G. L. Eberle, ACofS G4, GHQ, FEC, Service, Adjutant General's Department, Judge and SCAP, Japan (Maj Gen) Advocate General's Department, Medical Corps, Maj P. Ji. MVueller, Chief, Career ManageOrdnance Department, and Quartermaster ~Division, ~AGO ~~~~~~~~~~~ment (M~aj Gen) Corps. Col D. L. W~eart, Commanding General, lai wer Whenplan fo the193637 cassLt ~Whe plas wee lad fo the193637'cassEngineer Center, Ft Belvoir, 'Va, and President, Engineer Boardl (Maj Gen) at Leavenworth, M~aj Gen H3. J. Brees was Capt ]F. H. Lanahan, Commanding General, Commandant. The Assistant Commandant was Ft Monmouth, NJ (MNaj Gen) Col J. A. MIcAndrew, and the Secretary was MaajQuartermaster General,Assistant to the R. C1. L. Graham, Lt Col Frederick Gilbreath. It is interesting and Commanding General, Ft Lee, Va, and Quarterto note that M~aj M. S. Eddy was assistant to master Center (Maj Gen) the Director of the Special Class and Extension majors, made up the five instructional sections. (See chart.)
--___ _______________ _

CHAPTER II WAR CLOUDS GATHER

Prior to the assemboly of the 1936-37 class Gen Brees was succeeded as Commandant b0y Brig Gen Charles M. Bundel. This scholar'ly and sensible soldier addressed the class at the opening of the Command and General Staff School at the Service Club on Septemlber 1, 1936.' He congratulated them upon their selection to attend the school as one of the most valuable and important activities of the Army. In a similar address a year later hie remarked significantly, that one measure of a school was the manner in which the student is treated. The standard he set in this regard was the .consideration due mature, conscientious men eager to improve themselves professionally, This idea that the caliber of a school may be judged by its attitude toward the student is new in some academic circles, In this address Gen Bundel talkced about another reputation of the Command and General Staff School, that of being a man-killer, 1-e had checked with the Surgeon General of the Ar~my on the prevalence of nervousness or mental breakdown cases by students. Statistics showed that over a 15 year period, not only was Leavenworth lower than several other service schools but was lower ~than the general average for the Army in admissions for nervous disorders. It is noteworthy that this discerning soldier gave his attention to other han purely acat demic and administrative~ duties. In addition to talks to the faculty and the regular and specal lasss, spoe wdelyand en Bnde well. Among others he addressed during 1937, the Wiomen's Club, the Boy Scouts, the ParentTeachers Association, a West Point Luncheon, the ROTC, the CMITC, the National Convention of the American Bar Association, and the Junior High School. In his speeches on and off he t PosttheCommndat ws th arent dvoate of good citizens'hip and friendly relations with the civilian community. His alks set a high t moral and spiritual tone for the Post. His sup?port~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ofwrhhl ciiiswsapteno
_________

good neighborliness in ]keeping with the best traditions of the Army and the school. His example of leadership in the community and good civilian-army relations was an admirable one which has been characteristic of the officers who have held the position of Commandant. Interesting notes rom The Leaven~worth f Times of Janu~ary 10, 1937, mentioned that Capt Alfred Gruenther,5 bridge authority at ~the garrison would conduct lectures on the 19th and 26th of January. The temperature was down to 1.90 with no relief in sight. Elihu Root died February 8, 1937. The Annual Winter Horse Show Carnival and 10th Cavalry Troopers Horse Show were held in Mdarch. The Dramatic Club presented "The D~over Road.", The Spanish War and sitdown strikes were going on. Juliana of Holland got married and Wallace Simpson and the Duke of Windsor were featured on the front page while Mvan MYountain Dean made the sport. columnns. There was a picture of the Army's new flying fortress in the newspaper. On lV~ay 8, 1937, Gen Bundel spoke at the dedication of Fuller H-~all.' Named for Col Eizra Bond Fuller, former editor of the Cavalry Joilrnai and Secretary and Treasurer of the Army Cooperative Fiire Association, this small building houses the Book Department of the school. A~lthough converted from a stable, this graceful, low building facing Augur Avenue andi adjacent to the school adds dig~nity and beauty to this sedate and beautiful Post. Connected with the Book Department at that tieadfrmnyarwsCW Clvad (lv)Wlim.Ti eakbeidvda i elkontruhu h evnot omnt d h ry evg s f i comntadthArySevgmstfhi long service in the Army at Fort LCeavenworth, he is a veri~table landmark. He made such contributions to the community life in 1937 as a takothWme'Clbn"Teiruad Its people"" from his own experiences. He Gen Alfred Gruenther is now Gen Eisenhower's Chief

~~~~~~~~~~~of Staff.

'Charles M. Bundel, Brig Gen, USA, Selected Profes~sioncti Papers (Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, 1939) P. 10.

'Ibid; p. 64. sLeavenworth Times, April 2, 1937.

WAR CLOUDS

GATHEFR

7 THE POST IN1938 Gen Bundel participated in another dedication during his tour of duty as Commandant when the new War Depar~tment Thea~ter was opened. This attractive building on Grant Ayenue was dedicated August 14, 1938," as a useful addition to the Post and school. Not only has it been in use almost nightly for moving pictures, but it also provides an excellent facility which has accommodated a long succession of graduation exercises, guest speaker appearanlces, not to mention concerts, shows, and glee cluab per~formances. A characteristic garrison event was the sixtieth anniversary dedication of the Post Chapel

was active in Maasonic work at the Post and wcas also elected Potentate of Abdallah Shriner's Temple in the city of Leavernworth. 4 He was a captain in World. War II, but is now retired and living in Leavenworth. However, he is still connected with Myasonic activities at Fort Leavenworth. Col Francis W. Honeycutt was ordered to the Post effective July 1, 1937 as Assistant Commandant replacing Col Jo~seph A. M~cAndr~ew who was transferred to Tientsien, China, Maj Gen Johnson Haygood and Lt Gen Frederick Von Boetticher, German M~ilitary and Air Attache were visitors at the fort. Caprt Elwood Quesada' talked to the Women's Club
6

:1:~:~:~: ~ ~

War Department theater.~:

on Novemer 27, 938. GenBundel aso spok onhis tip to Afica withHonorabe Trubee srvce Te mal utexuiitga atthi~s Secetary Davison, Assistant of War. Other fit ore ~ii~ chapel diate fo telaig and activiies ofthe laies were Spanish stone Geralso convesatio classs andthe man, French~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~li)~l~ijiiiljjjiiiii~ sone o May , 187 by Bshop . H. ail o i Kansas. Beaut~~~~~~ifully proportioned, with a highli current knitting groups. The music events and s~~~~loingii~ roof on the outside, the chapel is even group Mrs.Groves, Jr.8 as accomLeslie R. had more distinctively beautiful inside. The wallsjij::::j:: group showed paintings by and panist, theart Mrs. Louis A. P~~~~~:ick,
4

are Arned withhistoricblack memrial tab arou sze ad saps it nme inscribed in gold. Here on either side of the~lil~

lbid; January 6, 1937.

iiii~~~~~~itsof

ommandting the Manhiatten Projetoral prouctio r te World ary II. Diof h aoicbm isitnt

Seece ttissrie

124.so Bunel, p.de Papemers, Gen8 h mllbteqiiega

_______

__

~~~~~~~~~THE FORT~ LEAV1 HISTOR Y OF EN'WOR

TH

Posthapel

read:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Joh J.Critenen,2d ieuennt, 20h U.S.nanr Killed Act~~~~~~ion in withSioux Idians a Litleig Horn R~i ive Mntn P"~ ~ Killed in Action July1877 3, Lt. Sevier M. Rains Jn 25 17

~ieutenant, LP' 2d

John Anthony Rucker~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6th Cavalryliijj rowned July 11, 187

Samuel A. Cherry IVajr enra"5dthe S. Cavalr U. me bers hi f Kill-aed cMmaydwt h dt f 11, 1881ten msacre Fort NiobraradajGe Ne Nerak Whierleo in oman o fthe aidetchmtientalt Thre iseorh aloa plaque honoringGens THeny

Captainel Jhn U. S.pe Cavarymadn 6t-Ila ee downedisui n181 n whil crossin hisommandratke cui ove Gan Rve, ta ten te sag ofe thel US Arm iy' phart in rthe

Leavnwothfouderof he Pos ortn Septembe wiutnning oftU the greant Ws.Th ertras 19,Theadjcen tow chrteed in 1854o 827 wthestrugglefns, thehrimaeprrydmr getsits amefromthi disingished soldier. vividl Tthan anpecadsci.Wthu Therearemorevertablts t twoof te ofdobti i n fte itntvecaeso ficrs homsteet on Atheost arennamed:y or theArmy

WAR CLOUD)S GAT'HER

Th~E YEAR 1939 On March 23, 1939, Gen Bundel relinquished command of t~he schaool and Fort Leavenworth to await retirement. H-e was succeeded by Brig Genl Lesley J. M~cNair, brilliant soldier and organizer, later to become important as Coinmander of Army Ground Forces. Lilke a new broom, Gen McNair inspected troops, barracks, and messes of the 17th Infantry, 10th Cavalry, and Sherman Field on April 12, 1939.10 The new Commandant soon settled into the busy routine of graduation addresses, welcomning incoming classes, and greeting distisnguished visitors which is the normal lot of his t office. That year 228 officers of he regular class, and 4 foreign officers graduated on June te dstinuised isitrs hat 20, 939 Amog summer were MIaj Gen Pedro Aurelio de Goes 1 Monteiro, Chief of Staff of the Brazilian Army, ' and C~ol Charles A. Lindberg." The official entourage greeting the former at Kansas City airport was smartly attired in white dress uniwold form. Witeuniormoongiv wa to the less showy but mlore practical wartime khaki. In the party was Brig Gen R. C. Richardson, Jr., Commanding General of neighbor~ing Fort Riley, K~ansas, later commander of Army troops Pacific. troops in the Pacific. in the Another duty of the Commandant that summer of 1939 was greeting the 237 ROTC students who came to summer camp on the Post. Still another was attending ceremonies of the 990 CMCTC cadets from Missouri, Ar~kansas, and Kansas. Officers attending these ceremonies and inspections were notably uniformed. in boots and breeches. H~ere we have another picturesque indication of the old order. This uniform has not been regulation in the Army since the beginning of World War II. On September 12, 1939, a garden-party reception was held by the Commandant for approximately 400 officers and their ladies. The occasion was the official welcoming of the 193940 Regular Class marking the opening of the new academic year. A large tent was pitched on the polo field to shelter receiving line, guests, and refreshments. Officers in whites and ladies in summer frocks and picture-hats made a gay colorful gathering. A~t least 15, and probably
Leavenworth Times, April 12, 19393. "Ilbid; June 28, 1939. '"Ibid; July 2, 1939.
10

more, of the class being honored later became general officers. The 32dl US Volunteer Infantry held its sixth annual reunion on the Post on September Th, 1939.13 It was the first time most of these men had been backr to the station since they trained atFrLevnohin19.Egymmbs were present and had their pictures taken, as,sembled around the monument to their unit. You may see the monument today, located in lb fteGl tefedes reale Anothestri event of that farll againng thhiorcsvrfteealbgnigsf FotLaewrhMs.EfeVnTynbhl fteCpanJseLaewrhCatr mrcnRvltope h Duheso sented a bronze tablet to the Post.' 4 The plaque whcdeoastewserpstftesuh ine h omeoae fteFr gt Santa Fe and Oregon trails, the 1\ ilitary Road toFrSctadhexpiinsfFemt anDoihnbtenhedes12ad180 The pleasant approach to the Fort from Levnotthugtisothaehsnt chnegralwihteyrsAdeasihrl rte ony fLcvnot tr afethCilWrsy: ~~~"If unpleasant features find war of the ~grim the visitor expects toof themany at the fort he will be happily disappointed. No grim battlements frown upon him, but rather he is ushered into a beautiful village by way of a broad macadam~ized roadway w~hich conwith Commissary department nects the city of thethe fort. To the right are the buildings and the offices of the heads of departments. The two main structures were erected in 1859 ~for arsenal purposes." B6ut the grim unpleasant features of war were coming near. Activities on the Post continued in their well-ordered pattern. T~he first fox hunt of the season for the Fort Leavenworth Hunt under its new M/aster, Lt Col Paul R. Davison, took place on October 15, 1939. Gen MNcNair rode in the hunt.'5 However, the 17th Infantry left the Post on November 15th for maneuvers in Arkansas. Maj Gen Julian Schley, Chief of Engineers, arrived 2 days later to be greeted by a mounted detachment of the 10th Cavalry and a 13-gun salute. He was inspecting training sites for the prospective mobilization.
Ibid; Sept 15, 1939. "I4bid; October 11, 1939. '"Ibid; October 14, 1939.
"3

10 On December 5, Maj Gen R. E. Truman of the 35th Division and Maj Gen William K. Herndon of the 24th Division, National Guard, were on the Post. December 7, just 2 years short of Pearl Harbor, Senators Elmer Thomas and Dennis Chavez and Representative Sparkman of the Military Affairs Committee visited Fort Leavenworth. Senator Harry S. Truman was also expected.' 6 As usual they were greeted by a mounted guard of honor of the 10th Cavalry, The officers who met them wore dress blue uniforms soon to be replaced by more warlike garb.

THE

HISTORYT

OF FORT LEAVENWORTH

1940 ACCELERATIONI On January 20, 1940, it was announced that the Regular Class would graduate early. After but 5~months of the course their graduation took place at the Theater at 9 AM6 on Thursday, February 1. Early graduation enabled these new possessors of the military master's degree to join troop units in the field and to fill other key positions where their services were sorely needed. It was at this graduation that Gen McNair urged them to fire their "Leavenworth ammunition" not to keep it unused in their caissons. The Special Course for National Guard and Reserve Officers opened on March 11, 1940. The number of students attending this 3 month's course was increased fro~m 50 to 102 because of the seriousness of the world situation. Maj Gen C. R. Powell of the N~ew Jersey National Guard attended the course establishing himself for that time as the highest ranking officer ever to attend the school as a student. However, life went on at Leavenworth. The new Officers' Club and caddy house were under construction. The 10th Annual Spring Horse Show was announced for the 25th of Mlay, Mcaj William NJ. (Neely) Todd, Jr., in charge. It would feature a Gay Nineties and Pioneer Day Parade. But the usual race meet was cancelled since the majority of the officers were on maneuvers. Moreover, the Army on M~ay 26th announced plans to streamline ~the: course,~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ahisedo ~~~~~1 0 haig2casso the normal 225. Nevertheless, the horse show was held. Mrs. Lesley J. M~cNair on Here's How
took a

The ROTC Camp opened at the Post as usual on June 9, 1940. A few days later the War Department announced suspension of the Regular Course for 1940-41 in order to retain on essential duties 892 Regular Army officers. Maj Gen Percy P. Bishop, Commanding General of the VII Corps Area was a visitor at Fort Leavenworth on June 20th. He inspected the ROTC Camp and the new officer's mess building designed in antici~pation of the new class to accommodate 800."' It was announced that two companies and headquarters group of the 17lth Infantry, 212 men in all, would be the nucleus of a new division to be formed at Fort Ord, California. On June 25th, plans were announced for` construction of a recruit reception center. Located on Cody Hill this installation was designed for a capaci-ty of 500.18 There were to be 163 buildings including headquarters, supply, two mess halls, and a recreation hall. There would be 9 two-story barracks with a capacity of 63 men each. Attendance at the CMliTC Camp was different in 1940 than in other years. When the camp opened July 5th in addition to the usual capacity of 900 cadets, -there were also accommodated 175 businessmen. Brig Gen Frank Andrews inspected the camp on July 20th in the course of an inspection of several training camps. On July 25, 1940, Gen Mc~air was named Chief of Staff of General Headquarters with station in Washington, D.C. He left the Post soon thereafter and by November 5th, his place had been taken by Brig Gen ]Edmund ]L. Gruber. On November 30, 1940, the new Coinmandant made the opening address to the First Special Class. That fall the US D~isciplinary Barracks was reestablished at Fort Leavenworth. Its transfer back to the War Department from the Department of Justice, which had controlled it since September 1929, was completed December 16, 1940. Col Converse R. Lewis was designated as Commandant. Ibid; May 26, 1940. The article quotes Gen George C.
Marshall, Army Chief of Staff: "The school has been synonymous with the divisions, corps, and conception ofour officers for our armies. As leadership

third place.

'6 lbid; December 8, 1939.

landed in France in the days of the World War it marked them for immediate assignment to posts of great responsibility." The article went on to state: "Virtually every general officer in active service today is a graduate of the C&GSS." '8 Kan~sas City Journal, June 25, 1940.

CHAPTER III LEAIVENWaORTBH GEARS FOR WIAR

Gen Gruber as his predecessors Gen Bundel and MlcNair, was greatly in demand as a speaker. He assumed this burden willingly and spoke often in spite of the fact that he was in poor health. Feeling an obligation as senior representative and spokesman for the Army to orient the civilian community to the imminent national danger, Gen Gruber spoke to many groups. The need for awakening the community to the problems of defense and the Army was urgent. How seriously Gen Gruber considered his obligation is illustrated by the following excerpt from his calender 1 listing some of the speaking engagements he filled: Labor's Relation to National Defense-Kansas Labjor Institute, Kansas State College, Manhattan, 'Kansas--December 7, 1940 The N\ational Defense Question Box-WDAF Radio Station, 22, 1940 Kansas City, Ma~issouri-December Our Community in National Defense-Chamber of Commerce Kansas City, MVissouri--January 15, 1941 The Youth of America and NJational Defense-Congregational Church Kansas City, Missouri--January 29, 1941
*

ment for training as commanders, it was felt that the course could be drastically shortened. The War Department felt that staff training could be accomplished within 1 month. The Command and General Staff School, under Col K. B. Edmunds as Acting Commandant, recoinmended that the course be 3 months.2 The matter was finally settled by a compromise course of 9 weeks duration (later increased to 10 weeks) .' The wisdom of the compromise appears to be borne out by the manner in which the school accomplished its mission. The reorganization of the faculty to accomplish the new task quite appropriately was along general staff lines. The former five sections were cut to four and their work divided functionally according to normal general staff responsibilities.4 Corresponding to the four general staff officers, there were four faculty sections: Gi Section,- Personnel; G2 Section, Intelligence; G3 Section, Operations and TrainupyadEauto.A 4Scin ig upyadEauto.A 4Scin ig innovation was the insertion into the faculty organization of a command section corresponding to the chief of staff in a normal staff. This section was placed over the four general staff sections. There was also in the organization peetd hc eto amnsrtv anamisrtvseiowhcrpeetd fteAjtn o h aut h ucin General and Headquarters Commandant. nefc eeadcntttn oe A thSpcaSafwee1suetin.Rrsnigeulysxam loudrteCmadScin wr
_____

National Unity-Community Assembly Lexington, Missouri--Februar~y 19, 1941 That he filled these engagements in spite of failing health and a heavy schedule of admin-

istrative

work and frequent addresses

to the

st~udents and faculty of the school is a gauge of the stature of this officer. Again it points up the high standards, breadth of vision, and devotion to duty which have been characteristic of the men selected as leaders of ~this great institution.

evcs

hs h

Interview with Maj Gen G. R. Cook, December 19, 1950,

institution.

~~~~~~~~Head Section C&GSS of Command ~~~~~~~Historical Division WDGS, Histo~ry

REORGANIZATION By December 1, 1940, the organization of the Staiff School had been altered to meet the needs of the short courses and the change in mission. The regular 10-month course was designed to prepare offcers for either command
or staff duty. By

in 1940-41. of WorldE Wa/r II has the following to say: "6The last nine months' at the Command and ~~course in the spring of 1940. In General Staff School a directive issued by ended

elimination

of the require-

___________

'Edmund L. Gruber, Addresses 1940-41, pp. 9, 18, 58, 65, 89.

on 2 December 1940 the first Special Class of 10 such classes throughout the wvar, got; under way." "Instruction Circulacr N~o 1, 1940-41, C&GSS. to be followed by ~~~~~~~~~~weeks,

Chief of Staff, 1940, (G-1/14955-53, 19 the Assistant on 21 February Gi, through The Adjutant General, Feb 40), the Regular Course, Command and General Staff School scheduled to begin 15 September 1940, was cancelled and two courses of four and one-half months each was substituted therefor. One of these was to begfin 1 September 1940 and never started. But January 1941. These courses were the other about 15

12

________THE

HISTORZY

OFi FiORT2 LEAVE~NWORTHI-l

arms represented in subsections were: Inf antry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, Armored Force, Coast Artillery, and Air Corps. The service subsections were: Engineer, Signal, Chemical Warfare, M5/edical, Ordnance, and Quarterm~aster. These subsections were charged with instruction and expert advice on matters appropriate to their section designation. There were also committees which handled some instruction. These comamittees formed ac.cordinag to su~bject matter dealt in: attack, defense, armor, and the like, The majority of the plananing for the n~ew courses was done under the jurisdiction of the Acting Commandant, Col Kinzie B. E~dmunds. Lt Col G. R. Cook, later commander of the XII Corps was in direct charge of the planning. As Acting Assistant Commandant and head of the Command Section, Col Cook bore the brunt of the preparation. So well. was this work done that after a short conference upon the arrival of Gen Gruber on Sunday to assume command, the new Commandant was able to approve the course on Mlonday. This is again borne out by the fact that as late as 1942 the basic problems employed in the course were little altered. Upon the arrival of Gen Gruber, Col Edmunds became Assistant Commandant. Upon the relief of Col Edmunds prior to the assembly of the Second Special Class, his place was taken by Col M. C. Shallenboerger. I[nitially Assistant Commandant in December 1940, Col Shallenberger was Class Director for the Second Special Class in February 1941 and later, again Assistant Commandant. With the: departure of Lt Col Cook, the Command Section was removed from its place of pre-eminence and placed on a par with the General Staff Sections, By May 2, 1942, the command section had given place to five small commkand sections for major types of operations: two for infantry divisions, and one each for armored divisions, ACir Corps units, and special operations. These were on a level below the four General Staff sections. The subsections wyere r~edesignated Branch IRepresentatives. In addition to this group there was a representative for tank destroyers. However, despite the various organizational shifts the functions of the faculty were relatively constant, were performed with a high degree of excellence and turned out a product of remarkably high caliber,

Further changes, naturally, came about as the size of the classes was expanded to reach a peak of 1,080. However, the fundamnentals a d the basic techniques of instruction remained the same and the training imparted to the student appears to have stood the test by fire. It is highly significant th~at this conversion to wartime production was made early and successfully. The sixth of these Special Classes wass ready to start at the time of Pearl Harbor. WMith the graduation of the Sixth Class and a total of some 1,286 students for the six classes, Leavenworth had produced in roughly 1 year almost as many graduates as in the six preceding years. In this connection, it must be borne in mind that the! mission of the school had been changed. Previously, the task assigned the school by War Department directive was the training of commanders and staff officers. The Special Cour-se were designed primarily to produce staff officers only. With the sacrifice of time spent on problems of command decision and concentration on staff functions and techniques, this transition was accomplished. To have made the transition smoothly, even with a modification in specifications for the output, was no less a feat. The mission of producing large numbers of trained staff officers quickly was urgent and necessary. This mission the Command and General Staff School accomplished. Although not exactly typical since it was a small class, a description of the Second Special Class will illustrate the changes which were made by the Command and General Staff School to meet the national emergency. The experience of this class of approximately 140 members was at least similar to all 27 of the Special Classes held before and during the war. THNE SECOND SPECIAL CLASS In February of 1941. Leavenworth retained much of its traditional aura for the student. Most of the officers arriving to takre the course felt the ghostly breath of generations of gradluates upon their necks. Despite the fact that this was a shortened course, there was hardly one who did not feel a thrill of pride that came with selection to attend XLeavenworth. N~either were there many who -failed to feel the trepidation that they might riot measure up. Especially the Regular Army officers felt that they were

LEAV/ENWORTHJ

GE'ARS FOR WARE

13

on their nettle. Undoubtedly, this mixed feeling of satisfaction and uneasiness which it is able to impart to its students, more by being than by design, is one of the attributes of the Leavenworth syst~em. Other gr~eat institutions achieve similar results by long and distinguishedl academic service. Probably Princeton and Yale and certainly West Point are able to produce the same effect. But none exceeds the motivation Leavenworth has been able to impart to its students.5 " An outstanding feature of the school was the status it was able to give to the student. From the minute he reported in at the inforrmation 0. Yount was on duty, desk whe~re Sgt WBende~ll t the stuxdent was m~ade o feel that hae w~as imnportant and that he belonged to a great and "going"~concern. Everything was done for the student. His baggage was picked up and delivered. He was directed to his quart~ers already marked with his name. His bed was made and ready, his student equipment was issued quickly. If he had any unanticipated wishes Sgt Yount could and did go a long way toward solving them. Not only was everything possible done to fill his personal needs, but he was made to feel that the Post and school existed only to f acili~tate his primary mission; that is, his graduation as a trained staff officer-. Instead of being a despised but essential component of the school and community, the student was recognized for what he really was, the school's only excuse for being. In such an atmosphere the student was free to devote his maximum effort to his one important task, that of academic excellence. Excellent living accommodations were provided. Students lived four to a unit, in spacious modern apartments formerly housing entire student families. Orderly service was provided, shoes shined, beds made, and laundry sent. Ice boxes and stoves left in these apirtinent~s facilitated prep~arat~ion of a snack or drink. This
OrvlleL.EatnAnaytccdStdy f

was especially convenient after study in the evenings and after the last class on Saturday morning. Students ate in the vast polished dining room of the newly completed offi~cers' mess. Busses were provided for transportation to meals but many students walked for the exercise. Walking was desirable because of the sedentary academic life and the excellence of the cuisine which threatened waistlines. However, the bitterness of the K~ansas February occasionally made the dlash across the snowy gu~lch to the mess excruciatingly uncomfortable and even hazardous. Students were generally seated at 10-man tables. At one such tabole wMas Clarke L. (Naick) Ruffner who was later G~en Richardson's Chief of Staff and, who now commands the 2d Infantry Division in Korea. Under the careful eye of Mrs. Mella, who has probably provided meals for more officers than any other Army hostess, they were served with appropriate decorum by uniformed waitresses. Meals were exceptionally good and made the compulsory exercise periods entirely in order. ]Especially the evening meal was apt to be full of banter and tales of scholastic misadventure. The welcome gaiety was prolonged as long as possible in anticipatory dread of the onerous routine of nightly study which commenced at 7:30 PM. A typical day saw the student up before daylight with the sounding of first call on the post bugle. A shower, a shave, and a dash to breakfast in the dawn came next. Back from breakfast there was time to glance over an unfinished assignment before grabbing a bulging brief for the hike uAphill to Grant Hall and thie ~~~~~~~~case 8 o'clock class. A morning session of three conferences (lectures interspersed with questions) featured three 10-minu~te breaks. There was welcome coffee with real cream during these breaks ine the basement coffee shop. Such a morning found fingers sore from taking notes. t T'he conferences varied in quality with he instructor. However, students were kept; inctee usin osb gnosyo hi irregularly throughout the lecture. The instructor for instance, would say "How does this action illustrate the second principle of war? holdThen, after everyone was quite awake andof the ing his breath, "Capt Jones." Regardless answer, the instructor invariably responded

struction at C&GSS, (Fort Leavenworth, "Student officers were engaged in solving problems t~hat appeared cha'llenging to a degree seldom achieved Sur-vey of Educational ProgrMTC C&GSC, Fort Leavento the commission from the start "I~t waj.jls appaen;t that the Collegfe is permeated by an exceedinlgly high level of professional interest and spirit of cooperain civilian educational institutions."

ethds ofIn Kan~s, 1946).

14

T'HE HISTORY OF~ FORT LE'AVENWORTHI

"Thank you very much" and almost immediately proceeded with his discourse. Trhe majority of the instructors, moreover, were enthusiastic and well qualified. Surprisingly, however, there were a few poor instructors. It; should not be possible to have a poor instructor at Leavenworth. There were certain instructors regarded by the students as the first team. Many of the names are readily recognized as those who later attained high position. Among them were officers like: Lt Col JF. R. Dean?, Lowell Rooks, J. R. Sheetz, Leo Donovan, and the little Mkedical Offcer, Guy Denit.7 Also, Maj Reubin Jenkins,

Another interesting teaching device was the map exercise. With the tactical situation iilustrated on tremendous mraps mounted on sliding wall panels, the students were able to follow the progress of the action. When a new situation was required, another set of panels was slid out to the center and the old ones pushed back into recesses. Positions and units were represented by colored cardboard rings or squares called "dollies." B3oundaries were marked by red or black tape. Many ingenious invisible strings were often used, to make almoost instantaneous changes in the situation. One of these methods of revealing only a de-

Officers' M~ess.

C. A. Pyle, and Capt W. Kt. "Weary" Wilson the engineer were student favorites. One of the armored enthusiasts became noted for his description of an armored assault which was pushed home "even to the clash of tank against tank."' These officers used to put on a dramatization of a division command post to illustrate proper staff procedures. Their performance would have done credit to professional actors. This series of skits has been used so many times at Leavenworth it is known popularly as '"Tobacco

Road."

sired portion of a chart at; a time was clever. The instructor covered. his chart wYith paper strips and removed them as he made in his talk the various points appearing on the chart. This became known as the "strip tease" method. One Saturday afternoon a group was invited by a wag of the class over to his quarters. When they arrived the prankster conducted a mock class. In it, Wtith great dignity and all of the classroom tricks which had become so familiar, including qluestions and "Thank you very much"

he widely caricatured the faculty. Among other

'Albecame g~eneral officers. Gen Dean served as Ambassadorto Moscow after Gen Bedell Smith. -

things he employed the "strip tease" method discoursing in true instructor fashion except

LEGAVE3NWORTH

GEARS

~FOR

WAR

15 boox. Grades given were A for excellent, S for satisfactory, and U for unsatisfactory. ~Although numerical class standings were kept by the school they were not announced. One of the most famous Leavenworth examinations was the problem of decision. Here the student in the role of a commander is faced with a certain tactical problem. He is required to make an estimate of the situation considering all of the factors in the problem. The situation may call for an attack, a defense, the crossing of a river, or any conceivable maneuver. Having consideredl and evaluated all of the facts bearing on the problem, the commander makes his decision. The grade a student gets on this type examination depends to a great extent on logfical thinking and arrival at a workable decision. Aohrmaso etn tdn eiin Aohrmaso etn tdn eiin and staff functioning was by the map maneuver. In a map maneuver the student is a commander or staff officer of an army unit in combat. The enemy is represented either by umpires or by another student unit. This war game proceeds realistically with decisions rendered by umpires taking the place of bullets. The final problem was such a maneuver which began one day, lasted throughout the nig~ht and well into the floigdy Aolthough th rndo tdywsi cntn evidence, life wasnot all study.a Occasonsally would be time to sit around and swap experiences. A great addition to any such gathering was James Warner Bellah, novelist and writer for the Saturday Eveningy Pos~t. By Saturday noon the students were ready and encopuraged to relax. Some departed for wJeekends at the Muehlebach in Kansas City. A steak dinner at th~e old Savoy Grill was in order. Later they might visit the Southern Maansion, the Bellerive, or the Officers' Club at the Phillips. Also there was always a dance at the Officers' Club on the Post. Here it was pleasant to dance in the gay atmosphere of a military ball, laugh with thle ladies of the faculty members, or gather in a group to sing aroundl the piano after he dance was over. t "For seven long years I courted Nancy, High-ho. the rolling river. Ha! H~a! I'm bound away for the wide Miss-our-ri."

that his subject was, as you may have guessed, not a chart, but a luscious picture. The afternoon session at least for the first month, involved further conferences. Furious note taking and more coffee helped ward off that after lunch drowsiness. Classes were out in time for an exercise period in the afternoon, Although students were given their choice as to what kind of exercise they took, they wvere
required

to

sign

certificates that

they had

taken the exercise. When the weather was good there was golf, and for bad weather, there was bowvling at the YMVCA or riding at the large riding hall or any one of several smaller ones. Immedatelyafte evryonewent dinnr Immediteluy. afterdinnser ee ryonie went home o stdy. wee proidedwith Sudens desks and wall boards for maps. Study assignments were always more reading matter than it waes possbl pat

it ws posibl to overand
ca

ovrk and often involved

fteninvoved

teristic features of the school was the tremendous volume of printed material, maps, and overlays which were issued. Since the overlays were on tissue paper the students would jest: "Issue the tissue." Filing and coordiatig tis vlum ofmisellaeou inorordiatig tisofmisellaeou inorvlum mation would have been a mechanical problem if no effort was made to ab~sorb it. Students often said it was like drinking at a fire hydrant. By tudens wee inbed.there 11:30 ost By the second month examinations had been encountered. Students were graded on samples of their work taken unexpectedly. They were given code numbers which they entered at the top of their papers instead of their names whenever work was graded. Ther~e was always a sinking feeling when the instructor announced, "The next requirement will be solved as mndividual work. At the end of the period you w~ill be toldt whether to put your name or your code nulmber on your paper." These graded requirements were called "spots." Papers were graded and returned to the student boxes. Each student had a box assigned him where instructional material and information were delivered. On days when examination papers were returned here: was always curiost ity and often anxiety as each approached his

CHAPTER IV LEAV4ENWO6RTH DURING~ WORLDe WBAR II

There were 27 short courses held a~t Fort t Leavenwt~orth as a result of he wartime e~xpansion. Starting with the Firs~t Special Class whk7ichz opened in Grant HK3all at 0900 Novemboer 30, 1940, they ran throughout the wtar' and after.1 The last special course, called the Twenty-seventh General Staff Ciourse, graduated at the same hour in Gruber I o~n Mn/ay 31, 1946. in between here had been many changes. The t number of s~tudents had grown from 97 in the first class to a maximum of 1.080 in the Twelfth Special Class. The instructor complement had i-isen from~ approximately 50 to a peak of 142. The courses~trained both air and ground officers. Starting with none ine the first class the number of air officers rose steadily to a high of approximately 37a8. The number of air instructors on the faculty also rose from 2 to 41. Beginning with the ninth class which opened July 11, 1942, a concurrent class was conducted for officers of the Service Forces. 2 On February 8, 1943, a third concurrent course was started for air staff officers. According~ly graduates of the General Staff Class were awarded diplomas indicating their field of specialization as ground, air, or service, With the start of the Eighteenth General Staff Course Ac~pril 3, 1944, a new phase of specialization commenced. The Army Air Forces Course was divided into staff and air-service courses. T'he Army Ground Forces Course was broken down into general staff instruction accor~ding. to type of unit the student came from or was destined for, i.e., infantry, armored, and antiaircraft courses. The Army Service Forces Course consistced of a service staff course and a zone of interior course. Mloreover, during the war years Leavenworth courses. was hos~t to several other m~iscellaneous
____

' See chart, appendiix I6X.

2

His~torical Division, Department of the Army, History of WVorldS War II, has this to say: "In April 1942, G-3 directed thle Commandant to submit recommended changes in the schedule to include an Air class and

an armored class, due to the rapid expansion of these forces (WDGCT 352 C&GSS, 15 Apr 42). This directive was amended 12 May 1942 to include staff work peculiar to Zone of the Interior installations such as Corps Areas, Ports of Embarkation, and SOS in general (WDGCT 352 C&GSS 112 May 42)."

M~ost important of these were the New Division Courses, th~e ~first of which begarn February 14, 1942. These were 1-month orientation courses conducted for groups of several division commanders and selected m~embers of their staffs. Classes were held in Pope H~all on the site of the first capitol of K~ansas.3 t According to plans for hle activation of new divisions set up by Army Ground Forces, this orientation was provided as the initial step in activation. 4' Concurrently with the orientation of the commanding general and the general staff at Leavenworth, the infantry elements were training at Fort Ben~ning, the artillery elements at. Fort Sill, and other elements at various special services schools. The assembly of the general staff at Leavenworth permitted a, shakedown. and get-acquainted period to the newly assemnbledt group before the necessity of functioning for "keeps" was actually upon ~them. Selected by the War Department *from their records, and dra~wn from widely scattered units all over the Army, these s~taffs got a chance to worka together for 1 month. The new division instruction stressed staff work, planning, and team play of actual division staffs under the eye of their own commander and chief of staff as well as guidance by the faculty. Fifteen new division courses were conducted. Another important special course was conducted for the Army-Ndavy Staff College (ANSCOL). This course for the Army-Navy StaffF College was unique in several ways. First, its students were drawn from the Atrmy, Navy, MVIarine Corps, Air Corps, and State Department. In addition, the class went to school in a different locality for each phase of the course. Leavenwortlh was charged with presenting a 1-month course for the Army phase. Transto this famous ~~~~~~~~~~ported Army school ine the heart of America, the studenats of other services were able to drink ~from the very fount of Army doctrine. Approximately 164 instructional hours of learning "how the other half lives" was a
See appendix XVIII. 4Historicsal Division, Department of the Army, The Army~7 Ground Fo~rces, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, p. 435.

16

LEAVENWORTHI DURING WORLD WAR II

I 17

These officers to~ok a special course conducted sound foundation on wThich to base the interin Portuguese and French. They returned imservice cooperation which was fundamental to mediately afterwards to their country not atthe course. Many were the evening gatherings tending the general staff classes as did later for Exchange of Mutual Informa~tion (EMI) at allied students. ANSCOL! This ability to discuss each other's In August of the same year a pre-general problems and to arrive good-naturedly at an staff course was arranged for Latin-American understanding was typical of the interservice officers. This course was dlesigned to assist the cooperation which made the American armed allied officers by orienting them on American forces invincible in ~World War II. military language, organization, and technical There were other courses too. Several courses terms. After completion of this short orientaconducted for the orientation of American were tion course, the allied officer then was able to businessmen, journalists, and industrialists. join one of the regular courses. Lt, later Capt Men like Roy E. ZLarsen, President of Tlime magJ. T. de Araujo was charged with the important azine, Philip K. Wbrigley, President of Wm work of facilitating the studies of these stuWrigley Company, Chicago, and Irving S. Flordents. Lt Col J. W. Myorgan, (now Brig Gen) sheim of the Florsheimy Shoe Company were in-. who was also class director for the ANSCOL vited to attend. Undoubtedly, the contribution Class was in charge of the general staff phase of these orientation periods to the understandof their instruction. The training and indeed ing and appreciation of these prominent civilthe impression of the United States instilled in ians of the problems and methods of the milithese officers belonging to the armies of our tary was substantial. The return in support and allies were yet another test imposed upon Leaincreased effort by the civilian activities and venworth during wartime. By May 1946 apconcerns represented by the orientees can well proximately 700 Allied Officers had attended be imagined, the American Staff School. Another series of courses was conducted for The strangest course, however, was conducofficers froml Latin America. There were special ted at Sherman Field adjacent to Fort Leavenbrush-up courses to enable our southern neighworth. Here 450 Netherlands East Indies cadets bors to enter readily the regular classes. There were trained in basic flying during the summer was one series of courses especially for the ofof 1942. Another unique course was a special At least nine ficers of the Brazilian Army. post-graduate course conducted for Philippine countries were represented in South American officers destined for Philippine Army divisions the Latin-American courses. Later all nonearmarked for the invasion of Japan. English-speaking allied nations were included, The details of all of these courses are coyt WNhile foreigfn coun~tries had sent students o ered in the Comprehensive Survey, Commandl the Command and General Staff School since and General Staff School, Wartime 1940-45, 1908, no special provisions had been made for with appendixes, which is on file at the Coin students from other countries until 1943." At mand and General Staff College Library. th~is time Brazil offered an expeditionary force to fight alongside of the allied forces. In preparation for this expedition, arrangements wereTHWAYER The Third Special Class was about half over made for sending Brazilian officers to Leavenwhen Gen Gruber, the Commandant, died sudfirst group of 12 arworth for training. The denly.' This gaunt, intelligent soldier saw the rived 'in July 1943 and was given a 1-month conversion to the wartime mission well started. course. A second contingent of 25 Brazilian Leavenworth was lucky to have had a man of officers was given? training in October and Nothe restless drive, the impatience with ineffivemnber of the same year. A third group of 16 ciency of "Snitz" Gruber at this critical period. was trained in February and March of 1944. The Akrmy had much for which to thank this fine soldier. Amongf other thing~s, he gave it thae iemo from Col H. B. Enderton, Chief of Allied OfM famous field artillery song, "The Caissons Go sficers' Section. January 23, 1951. Australia, Belgium,
Bolo-via, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colompbia, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, France, Great Britain:,Guat~emala, Peru, Poland, Philippines, Union of South Africa, Uruguay, and Venezuela sent students. "General Order 16, Headquarters Fort Leavenworth 1941, the funeral took place June 2, 1941.

18

THE HISTORZY

OF FORT LEAVENWORT"H

Rolling Along." His. body was borne on one of those caissons in his funeral on June 2, 1941, and he was laid to rest in a soldier's grave in the National Cemetery on the post. That he was loved and respected by hais command is evidenced by a memorial plaque to Brig Gen E. 3L. Gruber in the Post Chapel and a monument to him at the junction of the Hunt Lodge Road and the Ridge Road. Gen Gruber was succeeded as Commandant by Brig Gen H. H. Fuller.' Gen Fuller assumed command of the school and Post on June 24, 1941. The Third Special Class had graduated just 4 days previously. The Post had been commanded for a short interim period by Col Converse R. Lewis, commandant of the US Disciplinary Barracks, Gen Fuller was an active, restless mans. He made speeches of welcome to the class and on his observations while in France. He was military at~tache to that country prior to his assignmnent to Fort Leavenworth. H3e had watched from the American embassy the victorious German Army march into Paris. From his observations, Gen Fuller drew lessons which he passed on to the student officers. The Coinmandant, moreover, was interested in improving the Post itself. For one example, he supervised the construction of a levee to prevent the flooding of the airfield during high water peniods when the Missouri overflowed its banks. Gen Fuller's tour of duty, however, was brief, Early in 1942, he was ordered to combat duty in the Pacific. His place was taken by Maj Gen Karl Truesdell who assumed command on March 5, 1942. This was shortly after the arrival of the Seventh Special Class. It was General Truesdell who carried the burden of conducting the school during the trying period of the war years. There is no doubt that Leavenworth had already been prepared for the- task. Long and strenuous years of thought and preparation had built a system which was equal to the terrific tests of war. In addition, the difficult conversion to wartime acceleration had been made. Nevertheless, assuming command during the Seven~th Special Class, Gen Truesdell saw 18 classes graduate during his regime. H-fe saw the student body increase two and one-half times
See appendix V, List; of Commandants, Command and
General Staff College.

and the faculty increase by two and a third. His was the responsibility of fitting the courses offered by the school to meet the changing demands of combat and of a major War Department reorganization. Courses were designed and conducted to meet the needs of staff officers -for Army Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Army Service Forces. July 1942 was a busy month at Fort Leavenworth. Col James C. Marley, Field Artillery replaced Col Lewis as Commandant of the US Disciplinary Barracks; and instead of one special class there were two. On July 11th an additional class for service officers was inaugurated. The new class was known as the Zone of Interior Course. It was designed to train officers for staffs of service- commands in the United States, oversea communications zones, and other assignments typical of duty with the newly organized Army Service Forces. Instructors of the General Course which ran concurrently were also used to present pertinent subjects for the new course. Approximately 50 officers attended this first course which was renamed the Service Staff Course. The special classes, now expanded in scope to instruct both ground and air staff officers, also changed. Along with G-ls, G-2s, G-3s, and G-4s of the ground staffs were trained A-is, A-2s, A-3s, and A-4s for air staffs. With emphasis on new weapons specialized instruction was presented by arm; i.e., air, armored, infantry, antiaircraft, and airborne. Classes were given 1 week of general orientation subjects together. They then received 3 weeks of staff functions and techniques. After this preliminary they were given 5 weeks of specialized instruction according to arm of service. By November 21, 1942, it was necessary to hold graduation for the Tenth Special Class in the Theater while two -ot~her classes were graduated in Andrews Hall. Soon after, on November 30, the Eleventh Special Class and the Third SOS Class assembled. in Gruber Hall for a joint opening exercise. Gen Truesdell was constantly alert to the mission and requirements of his great school. He concerned himself with a new marking system, age-level of students, excessive numb~er of failures, and the fact that classes were too large. He was also concerned that with the j'ockeying for position of the reorganized air,

LEAVENWORTH

DURIrNG WORLD WAR II

19

ground, and service forces, the special status of the school as a special agency of the War Department would be lost.8 He was ready with regulations and studies to defend the position of the school as a special category installation under G-3 of the War Department General Staff. His notes cite the position of the school as similar to the Army War College which traditionally reported directly to the Secretary of War.

retary to the General Staff, made up the inspecting party and took part in ~the conference. Gen Truesdell, Col Shallenberger, Col Nalle, and Col Pashley represented the school. The conference op~ened with an air of hostility with Gen MIcNarney reading certain data from a special report~o'n the school by Virgil Peterson, the Inspector General. The report alleged that the school was overexpanded, that quality was being sacrificed for quantity, that

W7artimze

class in Gruber Hall.

An even~t of unusual importance took place January 4-5 of 1943. A group of very high ranking officers from various offices of the W~ar Department visited Fort Leavenworth for an inspection of the Command and General Staff School. Lt Gen Joseph T. McNarney, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army; Gen Edwards, G3 of Army Ground Forces; Gen White, Gi of the War Department General Staff; Gen Bull, Coinmander of the Replacement and School Coinmand of Army Ground Forces; Col McGaw of G3, Army Ground Forces; and Col Nelson, SecDana Schmahl, Secretary, to Commandant, 'IMemo, C~ol subject: "Jurisdiction of C&GSS," dated May 8, 1943, irstor~y of Truesdell file, HIistorical Division DAGS, H
tion of the Commanding

a O orewrigo 16 groupso h World War II, states: "On the reorganization of thepsothSOCurewkignamp maneuver relating to the zone of interior. Tlheir War Department, in March 1942, the Command and minds were completely changed by what they General Staff School was placed under the jurisdicGeneral, Army Service

the course was too specialized, tha~t students' ages and qualifications were not correctly established. It spoke of failure to use the graduates of the school and complained that even the mission was incorrect. They proposed drastic re~medial measures. to One proposal wMas separate the air and the ground instruction. Ano~ther was to lengthen the course to 3 months. Still another was to decrease the number of students. They further wanted to eliminate the air officers' course. Gen Truesdell in rebuttal showed them the entire plant in operation, the huge general staff class assembled in Gruber Hall for instruction and

Forces, except for supervision of curriculum and doctrine, which was given to the G-3 Division, War
Department General Staff."

saw. Their view of the school in full operation, together no doubt with the at~titutde and sound

20

________

____

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVrENWORTH

presentation of the Commandant, convinced them of the high caliber of the job being done. In fact, when a letter directive to the Commandanlt was issued next day by Gen? NcNarney there was little of change in it.' The directive simply clarified the mission, lowered the age limit, and confirmed the status quo commending the need for Leavenworth training in both staff and command assignments to the entire command. It further insisted that quotas not be filled if qualified officers were not available to send to the school. This was a great victory for the school. It wias a vote of confidence for the Commandant and faculty. If this group of officers had not been convinced of the job that was being done, .great changes might have been made in the systiem to the great detriment of the Army and the Air Force and consequently to the Nation. As Gen C. R. Huebner, Director of Training, SOS W~ar Diepartment, said in a telephone conversation with Gen Truesdell on January 6, 1943, "They came out with blood in their eyes." After the directive of January 6, however, Leavenwor~th was able to continue uninterruptedly to grind out in quantity its essential quality product. The ommadantmademanytrip to ashington in the school's interest. His businesslike agenda cross-referenced and containing Pentagon names, telephone numbers, and room numbers was indicative of thoroughness. A sample from one of these agenda, January 6, 1943, follows:To Gnf Miitar TraningDi-~ Weble
'Historical Division, WDGS, History of Vt~orld War II states the following.: "On January 6, 1943, the Deputy Chief of Staff, General McNarney, issued a directive provide basic General Staff training to meet the re-

vision, Army Service Forces, and Gen Catronm he ~talked about a WALAC school company. He cited the need for additional instructors and arrangedl for release of others. Need for enlisted men for the school detachment was discussed. He inquired as to feasibility of sending three instructors to the Southwest Pacific as observers. H~e discussed the new marking system and the necessity for tightening up the qyuality ofE students. Gen Truesdell called on Gen McNair, Chief of Army Ground Forces at the War College to discuss the course for New Divisions. While there he discussed personnel problems with Ge~n Bolling, Ground Forces, G-1. The notes he made after the McNair conference are interesting and indicative: "c. Air Support--McNair is mulch concerned over UJS deficiencies in this connection." What a stern commentary is this from the brilliant soldier whose death waJs caused by this very deficiency! "d. Use of TD (Tank Destroyers) -Mc~@air at complete variance with Bruce in connection with TD as tanks." oe hs Aohrsatigetyfo whcsosclayteimgninadmtia~tive of Gen Truesdell is: "G-2 turns down request for Russian officer on faculty. Was of the belief he would not be free to disclose Russian tactics and operations. OK boy me." aiu e icse Bc ntePnao aiu edscse enao Baki h ihGnRyod.H pronlpolm saw Somerveli, Mcl~arney, and iV~arshall. He discussed wiirth the Air Forces student qualificatiions, new inrstructors, and curriculum. He 'tried to get Gen Arnold as a graduation speaker. pk olg.H a akdofaJitU H WrCleg.espk HetldofaJitU with Gens Hanley, Harper, Bevans, Edwards, prtosDvso arhl.I n Fak prtosDvso I rnadFicid (OPD) he talked with Gen H3andy and Hull on Command and General. Staff School doctrine.~'

to the Commandant, Command and General Staff School, giving the school the following mission: 'To quirements of divisions, corps and similar units, both air and ground.' (WDCSA 352 (6 Jan 43)) This directive established the length of the course, its

scope, the qualifications of students, etc." "0In addition to talking, Gen Truesdell wrote many letters. The subjects of these letters are self explanatory: October 13, 1942 General Staff Positions for the Faculty ~ June 19, 1943 May 2, 1945; to War Department General Officers as Assistant Commandant and Deputy January 18, 1943, to CG, SOS, Washington, D.C. Replacement of Air Force Instructors March 8, 1943, to Maj Gen Stratemeyer, Chief of Air Staff WAC Officers as Students (16 additional to the 17th General Staff Course) December 1, 1943 to ACofS, G3, Washington, D.C. Rotation of Instructors December 3, 1943 to CG, Army Air Forces C&GSS, Liaison Officer in Washington December 4, 1943, Instructors Overseas Policy December 4, 1943 (118 instructors, only 1 with over~seas experience) to ACofS, G3, Washington, D.C.

LEdiAVENWORTH

D)URING WORLD WAR II________

__

__

21

Gen Truesdell on these trips was continually searching for chang-es in instruction which would make his product more useful to the users. H3e was alert to trends from the theaters which would indicate need for alterations in doctrine and teaching. He discussed these matters with those in the highest places. Nor did this farsighted officer neglect the means to impart this doctrine. The Commandant was ever on the lookou-t to improve his faculty or to enhance their experience by trips -to the war fronts. On this particular trip he asked that woundedd officers with combat experience be assigned for duty with the faculty. On July 31, 1943, in a ceremony held at the Polo Field at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Gen Truesdell presented a Silver Star M~edal posthumously to the father of Pfc Joseph D. Eismont.1 1 This is the first ceremony recorded of presentation of W~7orld War II decorations of many held at Fort Leavenworth. Soon after this, on September 2t9, 1943, a presentatlion was made of a Silver Stcar Medal to Lt Col WGilliamn A. Cunningham, a member of the faculty, for gallantry at El Guettar.' 2 This ceremony is significant since it indicates the success of G-en Truesdell's efforts to obtain combat-experienced officers for his faculty. Another interesting presentation was that of a Legion of M~erit made by Col Mlartin C. Shallenburger, Assistant Commandant, to LtC Col Chandler H. Johnson, US MParine Corps. for meritorious achievemlent at Tulagi, Guadalcanal, and the Solomons.' TIhus by the return of student and faculty alike and the recognition of deeds of ser~vice and heroism in far-flung, foreign places, here on the plains of Kansas was Leavenworth kept ever mindful of her task. How in keeping with her fine tradition of service to the NJation was this award to a student member of a sister service. One of Gen Truesdell's efforts to ensure maximum usefulness of his great school was a trip 1 he made himself to the European Theater. 4 On this trip he travelled 19,203 miles and visited
'1 General
12Kans,

England, North Africa, and Italy. His itinerary included visi~ts to G-3 and other staff sections, the Commanding General and Chief of Staff at Headquarters, European Theater of Operations. A visit with Gen Bradley at First Army Group, and conferences withh Gen Eaker of the Eighth Air Force as well as with Gen Knerr of Eighth Air Force Service Command were included in his itinerary. He conferred with Air Marshal Drummond of the British Joint Staff Mission and was taken to the Bomber Command Headquarters at High Wycombe. Other visits were made to G~en Brereton's Air Support Command, to the British War Office, and to American and British schools including the British Staff Sch~ool at Camberley. He saw Gen Noce and Hildring and had supper with Gen Leonard T. Gerow,, then Coinmander of V Corps, who later succeeded him as Commandant at Leavenworth. Wherever he went he discussed the school, its graduates, and the needs of the fighting troops for staff officers. H~e found that the demand was never equalled by the supply. He also learned that the ACir Force need for t'rained staff officers was
even greater than

that

of the Army.

A liaison officer from the Command and General Staff School was stationed in G;-3 in October 1943 for the purpose of providing ~aconstant flow of up-to-date information and to give assistance to other agencies in Washington Rated as an assistant executive of the school this officer was in daily contact by telephone with the Command and General Staff School. The major commands were notified by memorandum from G-3 of this action on October 5, 1943. On February 1.5, 1944, Gen Truesdell figured the capacity of his school as follows: For housing--1,267, considering the capacity of apartments on Pope and Doniphan at 72 and those on Kearney between 5'3-58 and 69-72. For messing--1,504; at M~cClellan Mess 284 700 at Student Officers' Mess at Pos~t Exchange' Riestaura~nt For instruction--2,850; Pope H~all Stotsenburg Hall GatHl
GatHl

1General 13

worth, Kans, 1943.

General

1943. Orders No 35, Headquarters Fort Leaven-

Orders,

H-eadquarters

Fort

Leavenworth,atOfcr'Ms32

200 300 150 0

0

"Memro, Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, subject: "Visit to ETO," October 27, 1948, Truesdell file. Trip lasted fromn October 25 to November 5, 1943.

Orders No 40, Headquarters Fort Leavenworth, Kans, 1943.

"240"

200

22

THE HISTORY OF

~FORT

LEAVENWORTH

Sherm~an and Sheridan 200 June 26, 1944, Gen Truesdell had a study made Gruber 1 850 of the assignments of graduates to armies, Gruber 2 400 corps, and divisions in the United States and Andrews 1 450 overseas. This study was followed by a more Andrews 2 200 complete one on August 26, 1944. Addressed to On Mlarch 19, 1944, upon the recomnmendathe Assistant Chief o-f Staff, G-3, of the War tion of the Commanding General, Army ServDepartment General Staff, this study recoinice Forces, G-3 approved the establishment of mended: that unit quotas, especially Air a S weeks' special course to begin April 3, to Forces, be increased and that all theaters be train Army Service Fiorces officers for staff urged to take advantage of increased quotas. duty within the zone of interior.1 5 (Later It was foundl that units overseas longest and chagedtoArmy Service Course of 10 weeks.) Air Forces units in particular, were short of changed to ~~~~~~~Leavenwlorth trained staff officers. TPhis is In Mrch 944 G-3authrizd anincrase somewhat astonishing in light of the fact that of Air Force instructors at the C'ommand and a httm ,5 otPalHro rdae GenralStaf oderto djst he nchol i had been trained by Command and General structional load carried by Air Force instrucSafSho.Ee lr odtrietene t~ors. 1 0 fort and the use to which his product was being Infantry Day was celebrated by this Post put, Gen Truesdell made a continuing study of on Thursday, June 15, 1944, soon after the the matter. On his trips to the theaters of opgraduation of the Eighteenth General Staff erations, he consulted commanders on their Class. A short time thereafter NcNair H3all needs as to quantity and quality. In August was~ named in honor of Lt Gen Lesley J. M~cof 1944 the Commandant had a survey made N~air, former commandant who was tragically of the positions filled by the 8,3.59 graduates of killed in action. This building like many others the Command and General Staff School since on the Post was converted for classroom use to Pearl Harbor. This survey was painstakingly house the expanded student body. NcNair Hall assembled after contacting every division, was. formerly a barracks. Gruxber Hall, named corps, and army headquarters and similar air for the redoubtable "Snitz" Gruber was a ridforce commands. Each was asked for data on ing hall turned into perhaps the largest classthe use of graduates and the need for addiroom in the world. Muir Hall, which was also tional graduates. named in 1944 for Maj Gen Charles H. Mluir, Ti uvyrvae ht Commandant from 1919 to .1920 was~ once a I h ristepooto a 6 stable. Andrews Hall, built on the model of the gautst ,5 ogautso h eea large cantonment-type recreation buildings, adseilsaf was named on January 17, 1945, in honor of I h 4am optertows49t a 1929 graduate, Lt Gen Frank M. Andrews. 96,amson-lf Pope Hall, situated just; south of the US Dis-Inte8disosheriows73o ciplinary Barracks, occupied the site of the 115 osdrbybte hnhl.I di first capitol of the State of Kansas. Governor tinthrwee123gauesntedvAndrew H. Reeder of Kansas presided here sosocpigcmadpstos October 7, 1854. A commemorative bronze tablet was Jplaced at the right of the doorway These figures are even more surp~rising

to

Pope Hall

by th amesof Aericawho ediColnial cated the plaque on May 23, 1941.'"befrgnrl Another effort to fit the output of Leavenworth to actual needs is worthy of note. On
________

to

recall

this fact. It

was donated

when

are included all lieutenants and others ineligitf riig Of the 6,176 possible positions in division, corps, and armies, 2,623 were filled by Command and General .Staff School graduates. ~~~~~~~~~The stuzdy further concluded that there was
a need for
2,82 288294

it is

considered

that

among nongraduates

'"Historical Division, DAGS, Historyd of World War II, quote WDGCT 352 C&GSS, 4 March 1944.Ai '0lbid; WDGCT 352 C&GSS, 16 March 1944. 17 See appendix XVIII.

trained

GrudSvceOrha 2,984d 1,939c 199400

graduates as follows:
4,000a

Toa 11,751 1,5

LEAVENWORTH

DURING WORLD WAR II

23

Recommendations were made to increase qluotas, especially for air students to meet; the anticipated reqyuirements. " Another recommendation was made that return of students from units overseas be facilitated and that upon graduation they be quickly sent back to their units. This study was significant for several reasons. First it gave a clear picture of the need faced and the great contribution of the Coinmand and Gen~eral Staff School toward meeting thatneedandthesuccssfu proecuowar tion of the war. Second, it showed the tremendodus task faced by t~he school in producing suchquanitie gaduaes i a rlaof raied tively short period of time. Last it showed the great appreciation of Gen Truesdell of the prolblems he faced and the steps, necessary to solve that problem. Here is a man who did not waitto e tas. H wet ot lokasiged ing haingfoun thetru prooror i; ad tions of the job to be done, he more than exceededtheequireents.of excting Before the end of 1944 plans were being made for the postwar Command and General Staff School.' 9 On September 8, 1944, the Commandan~t had a study prepared which was forwarded to the Director, Special Planning Di.vision, War Department General Staff. T'he

pleasant and profiteable. The creation of the Allied Officers' Section, for example, established a unit in the school organization to assist the Allied officers who were sent here by our neighbor nations. The many graduates of Leavenworth who have returned yearly to their homes are among our best ambassadors. This fact, of course, does not take into account the tremendous reciprocal value of the knowledge these officers gain of American organization, dioctrine, and methods. This knowledge will enable in the future the close coordination and cooperation which was exemplified in World War II in combatting an aggressor. In furtherance of these good relations it was Gen T'ruesdell's intention to award A8llied offi0 O u crgautsadsicieisgi. h dpino gs 0 95 epooe gold bordered, black, five-pointed star to be worn on the upper left pocket of the service coat. This device would have served as a badge o eonto o hteegoigfaent graduates of Leavenworth among the officers of the armies, of our allies. This suggesi h nv rcve t apol h Vr the of tion asnever recie eapproval the Warm DeatntothDprmntfteAmy
19Letter

to Commandant, subject: "Post War C&GSS,"

7 July 1944 signed by Brig Gen W. F. Thomkins,

30 percent Ground, 20 percent Service. proposal was to continue short 10 to 16 weeks Generl Stff ar, goundand erv-UMT Clssesfor would be in effect. Courses would be shorter Genera Staf airgroun, andserv-than fo Clases a year. ice officers to provide basic general staff trainThere would be a Joint Army-Navy College. November 1944, C&GSS ~to WDGS ing leel. diisio econ pat oftheLetter t th he of ing t th divsionleve. Th secnd prt o therecommended establishmentG-3 a13 5-month advanced course at once for 50-85 office~rs not under lieuplan was to create an advanced General Staff curse ofselecte grad-tenant colonel. Class, postgrduate

Director Special Plan Divisionz, WDGS, contained assumptions including: Ahttendance 45 percent Air,

S 1944, C&GSS proposal not favorably considered uates of the General taff Class. Gen Truesdell didee tisto ee ge spcialpr~ojct o hisRe-turncombat experience would be as soon as connt ge spcialprojct o hissince didnt ~hs to to long courses was deemed preferable. ditions permit. placed in effect. His plans for the First CoinMemo from Commandant to WDGS G-3, 21 February~ 1945, proposes an advanced General Staff mand Class as this advanced cou~rse was called were readied APugust 20, 1945, for its conduct Course. October 1 1945, 8, 1946.Historical toFebruary Division, DAGS, History of World War Gen Truesdell was a staunch advocate of the attendance of Allied officers at the school. A~pproeciating the value in good international relations wrhich their attendance gave to the
OctoberFebrary 28,1946. , 1945,to II, completes the sequence as follows: "In July

Clas,

apootY~adute oure o

seectd gad-1\Memo

WDGS G-3 to Commandant, 30 November

1945, G-3 recommended to the Chief of Staff some General Staff School. The General Staff Course was increased from the former ten weeks' course to sixteen weeks, effective with the 26thf Class; a Command Class course, for specially selected of-

major changes in the courses at the Command and

United States,

he did everything he could

to

make the tour of these officers at Leavenworth

__________ 18

Letter, Truesdell to WDGS, G-3, subject: "Shortag~es of C&GSS Graduates," dated August 26, 1944, estimnated 6,000 General Staff vacancies left in spite of graduating 8,359 post Pearl Harbor. Truesdell file.

ficers, wa~s established effective 1 October 1945; and the minimum grade of students was raised to yteCifo tf cpan hswsapoe on2 August 1945, and W~ar Department Circular ~~~~~~~~~No 239 was publishedl on 7 August 1945 setting forth these changes. (WDGCT 352, C&GSS, 7 July 45)" 20 Letter to War Department, subject: "I[nsignia for Foreign Graduates," Indorsement by Gen Truesdell August 30, 1945. Truesdell file.

CHAPTER V LEAVIENWORTH AFTE[R WORLD WAR ii

By June 7, 1945, certain units had won Meritorious Service Unit Plaqlues for their part in the war. The Armed Forces Induction Station and the Special Training Unit both of the War Department Personnel Center received theirs on the same date.1 In July, two other units were so honored: The Medical Detachment of the Station Complement and the WAC Detachment. 2 For a short period of time after Gen Truesdell left, the Post was commanded by an Air Corps officer. Maj Gen Otto C. Weyland, the Deputy Commandant, assumed command on October 22, 1945.' Gen Weyland was a combat V~eteran who was assigned to Leavenworth as a result of the importunities of Gen Truesdell for assignment of a high ranking air officer to the faculty. His recognition of the necessity of close relationship between army and air made General Truesdell repeatedly insist on the necessity for such an air officer, preferably with combat experience. His requests for three general ofircer positions for the school, had borne fruit earlier with the assignment of Brig Gen R. C. Candee from the 12th Air Support Coinmand, Brig Gen A. W. Pence from Naples Port and Brig Cen W. A. Campbell from 3d Infantry Division. These officers with Col Nalle made up. the "murder board." They were directors of Air and Service courses and Assistant Commandant respectively. Later the War Department assigned Maj Gen William F. Dean to the faculty. Gen Dean was especially selected to be director of the new Command Class. The caliber of this combatproved officer was again demonstrated when he distinguished himself in 1950 in action in the defense of Taejon, Korea. Lt Gen Leonard T. Gerow, distinguished veteran of the European campaig~n assumed com1General Orders No 13 and 14, Headquarters, Fort Leazvenworth, Kans, 7 June 1945. A plaque had previously been awarded to Command and General Staff School Detachment by General Order 8, 4 October 1944. 2 General Orders No 21 and 22, Headquarters, Fort Leavenworth, Kans, 25 Jul~y 1945. 'General Order No 37, Headquarters, Fort Leavenworth, Kans, 22 October 1945.

mand of Leavenw;orth, November 2, i945." Soon after his installation as Commandant, Gen Gerow was designated as President of the War Department Ml/ilitary Education Board.5 Consisting of representatives of the air, ground, and service forces, all major generals, the board was directed to assemble December 1 at Fort Leavenworth to prepare a plan for the postwar educationatl system of the Army. The Gerow Board report submitted by this board formed the basis for an Army-wide reorganization of the Army school system. For the first time an integrated and phased system of education for all ranks and components of the Army was proposed. Implementation of this well conceived and thought-out plan was bound to increase the efficiency of the Army by progressive training of officers over a career period. The inauguration of the Comumand Class in the latter part of 1945 was the fruition of Gen Truesdell's belief that a graduate-type school to top the school system was necessary.6 He had always felt the need for a broader approach to the educational objectives of the College. He had advocated the committee type method of study of problems. This seminar method was actually tried out with the ANSCO0L classes. The course was designed for selected graduates of the regular course who would pursue advanced studies involving the higher echelons of Army and Air Force command. Studies included consideration of War Department organization and problems, strategic regional surveys, analysis of recent operations, and planning on a theater of operations scale.7 The first Command Class graduated in Grant Hall at 9 o'clock February 27, 1946.
"General Order No 41, Headquarters, Fort Leavenworth, Kans, 2 November
1945. "Letter TAG Subj War Department Military Education Board 23 November 1945. Membership: Lt Gen Leonard T. Gerow, Maj Gen William G. Livesay, Army Ground Forces; Maj Gen Dona~ld Wilson, Army Air Forces; Maj Gen Stanley L. Scott, Army Service Forces. 0 Letter Gen Truesdell to Director Special Planning `'Division, Subject "Post War Planning C&GSC, dated September 5, 1944. SThe Command Course lasted for 51/2 months and ran concurrently with the general staff class.

24

L;EAVrENWORTH

AFtTER WORLD WAR II

10

25

On May 29, 1946, the Command and General Staff School was redesignated the Command and Staff College. This action gave recognition to the variety of courses taught and the higher level of instruction, particularly in the Command Classes. The last of the wartime Special Classes, the Twenty-seventh General Staff Class, was graduated on M~ay 31, 1946.
8

SURVEY OF THE COLLEGE One of the significant actions taken by Gen Gerow as Commandant was to request a sur9 vey of the educational program of the College. The survey was made by a group of civilian educators selected by The Adjutant General of the Army. The request was made in a letter, June 4, 1946, from Gen Gerow to G3 of the War Department General Staff. Observing the conduct of instruction and inquiring into the complex machinery of the College, the experts sought answers to the problem of improving operation. The scope of their investigation covered among other aspects the organization of the College, the curriculum, instructional material and methods, selection of faculty and students, and the student evaluation program. Their observations were made during three visits to the College, totalling. approximately 1 n~ionth, between August and December of 1946. The results of the survey with recommendations on each of the major fields of investigation were published by The Adjutant General in February 1947. The document was called officially the "Survey of the Educational Program, the Command and Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.' The membership of the board reflected high qualifications in the fields of education and psychology. Dr. Edwin R. Henry, chairman, held a PhD degree from Ohio State University and was an author and consultant on psychology, Dr. Mitchell Dreese was a PhD from Columbia University and a personnel consultant to the National Resources Planning Board. Dr. Harold A. Edgerton was another PhD and a professor of psychology from Ohio State University. He was also an author of several books on statistics and student academic progress
8

was a PhD) analysis. Dr. Jacob S. Orleans and Phi Beta K~appa from Columbia University. He was a professor of education and an expert and author on educational tests and measurement. While it was not practical to put in operation at once all of the recommendations of this highly qualified group, the study they made was of considerabe value to the College. Especially in the fields of testing and evaluation of students were their findings and recommendations important. Many of these recommendations pointed the way to improvements which can be made and are gradually being made. One of their recommendations, for instance, was that permanent civilian educators be added to the College faculty. It was considered that such an addition would add continuity to a faculty, subject to the 3-year rotational change required by Army orders. In addition, the benefit of perspective and academic "know how" of professional educators would be available to the Colleg~e. While this recommendation was not accepted in its entirety, a civilian educational adviser was obtained for the College~. Moreover, this adviser was placed in a position of special assistant to the Commandant where his ideas and recommendations could be of maximum benefit and effect. GEROW REPORT The report prepared by the Gerow Board on the post World War II Army educational system was an outstanding contribution to the Army. The board, directed to prepare a plan for the postwar education of officers of the Army, worked out a comprehensive career program. The recommendations of this board approved by the Secretary of War with modifications on May 27, 1946, set the pattern for the educational system for officers of the entire armed forces as indicated in the attached chart. Prior to the approval of this report the career pattern for officers followed roughly a similar course. However, the variations of circumstances or of the policies of various branches resulted in little actual uniformity. The establishment of a definite career program obj ective was a great step forward in Army
officer training..
10Gen

(Specialized courses in Personnel, Intelligence, Cornbined Arms, and Logistics.) o Letter Gen Gerow to ACofS G3, WDGS, Subject: Use of Scientific and Technological Experts at the Cornmand and Staff College, June 4, 1945.

Gerow requested and obtained Dr. Orleans' assignment to the faculty as educational adviser.

26

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVENWORTH

Attendance
- -

SCHOOL SYSTEMI FO)R OFFICERS O)F ARMY THIE

Yaso
J

raIrsi~r

"""

oint Chiefs StoffLevel.JP~ rIra of

Iarsnas,

oint Chiefs StaffLevel of

Service
--.-- -1- -~- --.-

Scope
--

Selection

~~~RegolarMootho Regular Course 10 Cousie

ARMED FORCES COLLEGE

NATIONAL COLLEGE. WAR

INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE 10 Mooths

10.20 National Plasning and

Selection

~~~~~~~~~~~~Regolar Course 5 Months

816

Joint Op Joint Over. seas Espe dit ions Theater Operation

.sllBBll~lllII1War Department Level

-.-

l-

arDpatmntLve

----.-

50 percent

AIR COLLEGE' Regular Course 10 Months Associate Course 3 Months

COMMANPD AND STAFF COLLEGE 1.School Administratioii ot 2.School Military Intellig~ence of 3. School Comhined of Arms 4. School Logistics of Regular Course 10Months Associate Course 3 Mourths

1715

Adminis tratiun within W~ar Department andThieater Tactics withis Army Stress Division

100percent

AIR ADVANCED TACTICAL1 AIR INSTITUTE i OF SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY Regular Course 10Mu Regular Cuorso 10 Mo Associate Course 3 Mnl Associate Course 3 Mu

GROUND ADVANCED sANcH SCHOOLS BR Regular Cosine 10 Mo3 Associate Course 3 Mu

~U~;7:TE~;;CHNICAL ADANE
BRANCH SCHOOLS Regular Course 10 Mu Associate Course 3 Mu

3-10 Tactics within division Stress Regimental Cumhat Team Gon atc evcewti 0.1 Battalion i Srs opn

100 percent

AIR TACTICAL SCHOOLS Regular Course 5 Mu Associate Course 3 Mu

ARMY BASIC SCHOOLS' Basic Officers Course 4 Mu Basic Branch Course 5 Mn Associate Branch Course Mn 3

'Air University: Cuntrul agency lhruugh which Commanding Arsiy Force, General, Air dijucts educatinnal system. 'Upon cumpletiunthu Basic uf Officers Course, nfficers attend will their roopective Branch Courses mayhe Oasic which cunductedeither Army at the Basic School Advanced Schools. ur Branch

TPhe modification made in the Gerow Board Report by the approving authority specifically provided for a new organization of the Coinmand and Staff College. The College was divided into four schools: Administration, M~iiitary Intelligence, Combined Arms, and Logistics. It further specified the break-down of the 41-week course into a common phase of 31 weeks and a specialized phase, prescribing subject matter by weeks and fractions thereof, This modiification was made as an interim~ measure since the recommendation of the Board for establishment of a top-level schrool was not approved. Another interim proposal, that the General Staff train its own personnel by a short course in the War Department was likewise disapproved.'"

~'
1947.

Form /P&A to

/O&T, WDS 16 May

Tihe faculty organization prior to the reorganization necessitated by this directive as w quite simple. Under the Assistant Commandant were two instructional diivisions. The first of these, the Staff Division, was divided into Personnel, Intelligence, Operations, and Logistics and was charged with preparation and presentation of instructional material relating to the functions of their designated general staff section. The second, the Command Division, was divided into Air, Ground, and Service and charged with conduct of integrated instruction in the tactical and logistical functions of complete staffs of divisions, corps, and armies and comnparable air and communication zone staffs. (See chart, "Organization of Faculty, 28 February 1946, Appendixr XIX.) The opening exercises for the first postwcaar Regular Course, that of 1946-47, were held in

LEAVENWORTH

AFTER WORLD WAR II

27

Gruber Hall September 4, 1946. This was a 10-month course which marked the end of the cycle of wartime short courses and the return to a more normal academic pace. By the time the 1946-47 class reported on September 4, 1946 the new organization of the faculty was in effect. Under th~e Assistant Commandant of the College were the commandants of four schools: Personnel, Intelligence, Combined .Arms, and Logistics. Each school had a commandant, assistant commandant, andl a school director. TIhe School of Combined Arms was charged with integrated instruction in tactical and logistical functions of complete staffs as was the Commuand Division previously, This school divided its functions among committees for: training and techniqyues, tactics and techniques-dlivision, tactics and techn~iquescorps, army and amphibious operations, and field manuals and supporting arms. (See chart of Faculty Organization, 25 November 1946, Appendix XIX.) Gen Gerow considered that the 3-year tour of duty of officers assigned to the faculty was too brief. H~e favored extending the tour of faculty members to 4 years to improve their usefulness.1 2 Dr. Orleans in a report to the Commandant considered a change to a 4-year tour minimum and that a 5 to 8 year tour for key officers with consideration to permanent assignment of key personnel to obtain maximum faculty effectiveness, Opening exercises of the 1947 Regular Associate Course were held January 6, 1947. Regular Associate Courseswere held each year thereafter. These 13-week courses accommodated approximately 200 Reserve and National Guard officers and ran concurrently with the Regular Course. The curriculum followed Regular Course; however, roughly that of the its scope was limited to coverage at the basic divisional level rather than corps and army. Graduatio~n folr this firrst after-the-war Associate Class took place April 5, 1947. Gen Gejrow also concerned himself with the

The Commandant also was actively interested in the mnanag~emen~t and improvemen~t of the post exchange. This local retail store is as essential to a military community as the corner drug store which performs a similar function in a civilian neighborhood. Gen Gerow took active steps to see that this facility functioned properly and spoke personally to G-en Wal~ton Wralker, then in command of Fifth Army, in regarda to funds for alterations. On May 2, 1947, a riot broke out at the US Disciplinary Barracks on the Post. The trouble started over the matter of racial segregation in the prison mess hall. A fight between the inmates started at about 8 o'clock in the evening. By 9 o'clock the guards had the rioting prisoners confined to two cell blocks. Manning fire hoses and threatening the use of tear gas, the custodial personnel invited the prisoners to surrender. When the invitation was ignored, a sufficient concentration of tear gas was built up in the open windowed cell blocks to wear down the resistance. The last group surrendered during the afternoon of MIay 3rd. At this time the Separation Center on the Post was operating as a part 'of the Personnel Center to discharge Army and Air Corps officers and enlisted men due to the curtailment of the Armed Forces. The 371st Army Band, formerly stationed at Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts, took part in the various exercises and ceremonies at the Personnel Center and on the Post. Formerly designated variously as the Band, 20th !Infantry, Command and General Staff School Band, the Station Complement, S.U. 1739 Band, the 354th ASF Band, and the 371st Band, this unit was redesignated an Army band on May 15, 1947."" Another redesignation also was announced on May 8, 1947. The word "general" was added to the insti~tution name to make it the Command and General Staff College.' 4 In the fall, of 1947 several locations on the
13

administration of his large garrison. He supervised the improvement of the facilities and management of the Officers' Club. This focal

General Order No 14, May 22, 1941, announced February 9, 1942. Order No 6, January 21, 1944, April 15, 1946, General Order No 19, May 15, 1947.

General Order No 39, November 1, 1943 General General Order No 7,

point of recreation and entertainment is particularly vital on a Post made up primarily .of senior student officers and their families.
________ 14

Order No 16, May ~~~~~~~~~~General Commanmd 25, 1947.

1946 effective the Generalas Order No 25, June 11,College announced May Command and Staff name 29, 1946.
5, 1947 changed name to and General Staff College effective April

12em Gen Gerow to Gen Dean, Subject: Tour of Duty October 28, 1946.

28

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEA VENWORT'H

Post were given names officially. The 58-building student housing area to the south, east, and west of Highwayy 92 was completed and designatedZ the NJormandy Area after the famous operations of World Wars I and The area to the east known as East Normandy completed in November and December 1947 coinprised 26 2-story brick apartment buildings containing 4 apartments each. At the same time the buildings of the Reception Center were converted into apartments for student housing. This addition added 232 apartments (sets of quarters) to the living accommodations of the Post. Also at this time Buckner Drive was named for Lt Gen Simon Bolivar Buckner,'" who was killed in action on Okinawa in MIay 1945. Stilwell Avenue was named for that redoubtable soldier of the China T'heJJ*15

GENERAL EDDY Lt Gen Mlanton S. Eddy assumed command of the Post and College on January 11, 1948 succeeding Gen Gerow. This widely experienced corps commander of World War II was also a splendid administrator. He was es pecially adept at creating good will. He became, as other Commandants before him had, a highly respected and influential member of the community surrounding Fort Leavenworth. Relations between the Post and the city of Leavenworth itself were at an all-time hnig~h. Gen Eddy presided at the graduation exercises for the 1947-48 Regular Class which were held in Sumner Place July 2, 1948. Brig Gen Harlan N. Hartness had arrived, just previously on June 4, 1948, to take over duties as Assistant Commandant.

Gratduactionz

cei Pcises inz Sumnner Place.

ater, Lt Gen Joseph W. "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell.'" Rose Circle was named for Maj Gen Maurice Rose, 3d Armored Division Commander killed while leading his division near Paderborne, Germany, M~arch 19, 1945; and King Avenue was so designated in honor of Maj Gen Edward Leonard King'" who was Commandant of the College from July 1925 to July 1929.
1"General

This beaultiful paik like, grassy bowl shaded by arching elms is habitually the scene of graduations of the Regular Class, weather permitting. A speaker's stand covered with striped awning and decorated with greenery and the flags of all of the Allied Nations represented by the students in the Class, is located near the center of this former parade ground of Fort Leavenworth in the frontier days. To the
"BGeneral Ordei No 33, September 26, 1947.

Order No 31, September 12, 1947.

LEAVENWORTH

AF"TER WORLD WAR II

29

east in a large semicircle chairs are arranged for the class, the faculty, and their wives, and the large number of guests who attend the ceremony. Here Genl Lesley J. McNair addressed the last Regular Class to graduate before World WVar II; and there have gathered other L~eavenworth classes to receive the accolade which only Leavenworth can give. Here is a fitting setting for an entrance onto the stage of our country's history by this select group. How well they have played their parts we shall endeavor to point out. On February 4, 1949, the Secretary of the Army designated Gen Eddy as President of the Department of the Army Board on Educa7 tional System for Officers.' One of the primary missions of this board was to determine whether or not an Army War College should be included in the Army School System. With the implementation of the National Defense Act of 1947, the Department of the Air Force had already established an Air War College as a part of the Air University at MNaxwell Air Force Base, Alabam~a. The Naval Wrar College had long been in existence at Newport, Rhode Island. With the outbreak of World War II the Army W7ar College in Washington, D.C., then serving both Army and Army Air Forces, had suspended operations. The approval of the Eddy Board Report by letter from the Secretary of the Army dated October 26, 1949, established the Army school system for officers. Comparison of the approved chart shown below with that of the Gerow Board Report shows remarkable simihc n aer atr og Alarthog officshadn ressiv edcation fotrn volvepoug thices firm eduatin fo volvd pogresiv long been in practice in the Army, ti wasr a statement of the educational objective progressive step of no mean proportions. More-

over, the bringing of the Army system into line with that of the other services (or vice versa) was a contribution toward the highly desirable unification of the Armed Forces sought by the National Defense Act of 1947. Gen Eddy developed a friendly, homey atmosphere on the Post. This tremendously busy man, burdened with responsibilities and frequently required by his duties to be away from the Post nevertheless found time to enter into every phase of garrison life. His halfhumorous, half-serious talks to the Women's Club achieved the cooperation of every wife. His attendance at Boy Scout dinners and ceremonies was an inspiration to the younger members of the command. His interest and enthusiasm for the Glee Club, Choral Group, and Dramatic Club encouraged and enlivened these activities. In addition, Gen Eddy gave special interest and support to the Allied Officers' Section. Gen Eddy appreciated fully the tremendous opportunity the College had to demonstrate to these representatives of our Allies the good neighbor policy. t In this congenial atmosphere he Allied Ofthrived. Arrangements were ficers' Section made for families of faculty members to sponsor incoming families of Allied students. Fainilies on the Post were encouraged to invite Allied offcers and their families into their homes. Special efforts were made on typical American holiday occasions as for Thanksgiving dinner and at Christmas time. The reception given by the Commandant for the Allied officers was a colorful and gay occasion. Especially attractive were the bright dress uniforms of the British Commonwealth officers and flowing saris of the ladies from India and Pakistan. The table in the cloakroom tos mn hdgr ita pl wt f aynain pile wit miintarysn heagea Another feature of the Allied officaer propad hc s -

sei w r "?Membership of the Board: Lt Gen Manton S. Edldy--Comnmandant C&GSCgrmwsapeilaadwhcwsaSince the ranged. Maj Genl Withers A. Burress--Comandant The I1ofcr li h fantry School

The Maj Genl William G. Livesay--Commandant Armored School The Artillery Mai Gen Clift Ahndrus--Commandant

parade was held in honor of s at eiwn h thAlidficrtervewnpayws ~~~~made up of these student officers from many h nacdb omto hsmltr lns
lns hsmltr omto nacdb h

School varied uniforms of the reviewing officers and Maj Gen Douglas ]L. Weart;-Commanding General, s erstd ain a o h lg h Fort Belvoir, Va. Col Philip C. Wehle--Army Field Forcesthflgofalftentisrpeetdws a borilliant and impressive spectacle. Division, Gener~al Staff, Col Cecil W~. JNist-O&T` fiesScinwsfruaei TeAle US Army

Col Edward HI. M~cDaniel--C&~GSC

Recorder without vote:

ai

TeAle
a

fiesScinwsfruaei
a h im

Col William T. Sexton--C&GSChaigaithedttisimCoH.BEn

30

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVENWORTHI

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMI FOR REGULAR ARMIY OFFICERS

COMBAT ARMS L~~~~~~~li SCHOOLS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SEVC SERVICE SCHOOLS SCHOOLS

~~~~~~~~YEARS
OF SERVICE

COMPULSORY AND SELECTION

10 MONHS I IOFTHERMEDFQCES

~1

1LESELR LETION

10

MONTHS~ESE~cIO

91

tYPh

BP

iSTH 321

SELECTION

~~~~~I ~

I)i;

COMMAN ANDE GENERA STAF EUA COURSEs

OZ

0-21

SELECTION

~~~~~~~~.o"~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~

Eua a~~~~ GENERAL AND r STAFCOPAN a

MONTHS

~9

15

ORLSS512

10

~~~~COMMAND

r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a OFICES CSRS 100%MOTH

u4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

XP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R

SVC

LEAVENWORTH

AFTER WORLD WAR II

31'

derton. Assisted by his charming wife, Col Enderton did much to promote the feeling of helpfulness and welcome *which was desired for these represen~tatives of our Allies, Gen Eddy was especially assisted in his efforts to have a happy post family by Mlrs. Eddy. Mrs. Hartness, wife of the Assistant

Commandant, contributed much also. The gracious friendliness of these two ladies, the two "Mamies" (Mlamie Eddy' and Mamie Hartness) did whatever else was necessary to make of Fort Leavenworth an easy congenial place for the families to live.

CHAPTER VI COLLEGE ORGANIZHATION AND OPERATION

As as result of the studies at Department of the Army level there were also studies made by the College. One of these studies was made by the Wood Board appointed by direction of the Assistant Commandant by the Secretary, Col John H. Van Vliet, on M~arch 8, 1948. This board was directed to consider arid make recommendations on the size of the classes and the organization of the faculty. A unique provision of the order appointing the board was that "The Board will consult Dr. J. S. Orleans, Psycho-Educational Adviser to the Commandant, who will attend its meetings." Dr. Orleans .was a member of the board of civilian, experts who studied and evaluated the College in the fall of 1946. The Commandant was so impressed with his contribution to the study of the College that he asked Dr. Orleans to become a member of the faculty as Educational Adviser. Largely as a result of the Wood Board report, the Commandant approved a change in the size of classes. The tremendous classes handled during World War II had necessitated mass instruction of large classes ocassionally in excess of 900 students. With the conversion to smaller peacetime student bodies it was deemed essential to reduce the size of the groups to be instructed. The Wood Board recomm~ended that the faculty organization be based on 12 instructional groups of approximately 40 students each. The Gerow Board, it will be recalled, had recommended a curricular break-down of 31 weeks of common subject instruction. The balance of the course of 41 weeks was to be specialized instruction in administration, intelligence, combined arms, and logistics. The Wood Board recommended and the College adopted a five school organization to carry out
1 2

this program. The 31 weeks of instruction to be taken by all students was charged to a school of common instruction. This school was made up of live instructional groups of 13 instructors each. It was given the official designation of "School of the Commander and General Staff." This name was descriptive of the instructional matter charged to the school; i.e., techniques and functions of the commanders of divisions, corps, armies, and communications zone, and of their general staffs. The specialized phase of the course was taught by the four schools: Personnel, Intelligence, Combined Arms, and Logistics. These schools were assigned 13 or 14 instructors each. The School of Combined Arms was later designated as Organization and Training, which was more in keeping with the title of its Department of the Army General Staff counterpart. All of these Schools became Departments in 1949 and their Commandants became Directors. Another College board is noteworthy. The Withers Board was directed on M~arch 3, 1949, by the Assistant Commandant, Brig Gen Harlan N. Hartness, to study the organization of the College in view of a reduction of 37 officers in authorized s-trength. 3 This board recoinmended that the cut of 37 be restored and that a sixth section to handle the Associate Class instruction be added to the Department of the Commander and General Staff. The findings of this board are inldicative of the increased workload on the faculty entailed by the change to the small class system. This change was made without due regard to increasing the faculty proportionately. The~ table below, an excerpt of the board report, shows this trend strikingly.

'Gerow Board and Eddy Board. 2 Col Stuart Wood, president, Lt Col D. M. Perkins, E. A. Salet, and D. C. Russell members.

"Membership of Board: Col George K. Withers, Engr Col Ira K. Evans, QMC Col Earl C. Bergqyuist, Jnf ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Col Paul D. Adams, Jnf Ccl James F. Collins, FA Ccl Wesley W. Yale, Cay (Recorder) Ccl Thomas F. Van Natta, Cay

32

COLLEGE: ORGANVIZATION

AND OPE~RATIONV

33

Actual Facultyj Streng~th from~ Orlganlization Charts

Total o~fficer strenglth All overihead Analysis and researchz Actual instructors Total htours of instr~uction per year

Date

Apr Mlay Sep Oct Feb Apr Nov Sep Sep

45 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 48

153 147 156 139 142 158 178 192 194

21 25 27 31 27 30 34 41 53

0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 12

133 122 129 108 115 128 144 151 141

5,620 5,620 6,800 6,800 6,946 6,946 4,100 4,160 15,200

A study of the table indicates the following trends: (1) The total faculty strength increased slowly but steadily during the period. (2) The overhead of -the faculty (all those not actually conducting classes) also increased steadily, but at a much faster rate, in 1948 itwas more than twice what it was in 1945. (3) The number of actual instructors increased very slightly, due to large increase in overhead, (4) In 1948-49 the hours of i~nstru~ction presented increased sharply (over 4 times) t due to -the institution of he new system of learning involving 12 classrooms instead of 1, and 12 instructors teaching simultaneously. The increase in~overhead is especially notable. Such increases seem to accompany peacetime or stability unless guarded against strictly. The addition to the College organization of a Department of Analysis and Research in November of 1946 is an interesting innovation, DEPARTMENT OF ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH The function of the Dep~artment of Analysis and Research (A&R) was to review instructional material to ensure consonance with Army doctrine. In an organization made up of five instructionaldepartments,this function was especially important. For many years Armay doctrine has been published inmanuals which The Adjutan~t General publishes and distributes, The Army school system came quite naturally into the businessi of revision of manuals and

the writing of new manuals. From the sup~ervision of doctrine for the College, the Department of Analysis and Research logically became involved in the manuals business. As a consequence, a Manual Section became an important; part of the Department. Its monitorship of College doctrine by A&R, however, was not a popular function with the other Departments of the College. As a member of the College Review Board which met and went over every item of instructional material prior to its presentation to the class, A&R spoke with the authority of the Assistant Commandant. It was not without reason that these sessions of the Review Board were j'okinglyr known as the "murder" of a subject an~d the board as the "murder board." A&R had other useful functions. It performed special projects for the College, especially those dealing with new developments. Because of its position as the fountainhead of Army doctrine, the College is frequently called upon for studies or opinions. A&Rf- generally handled matters of this nature. This department was also ~the focal point for dealing with agencies outside the College, such as Arm~y Field Forces, the Nraval War College, or lower echelon schools of the Airmy school system. IA&R also took the long-range view of the College curriculum and performed other planning and control functions. But the A&R function was not popular. The Withers Board recommended that A&R& be brought down to the level of the instructional departments. And the latest board which studied the College organization in the fall of 1950

34

~~~~~~~~~~THE HIjST'ORY OF

FORT LEAVENWOiRTH

recommended tha~t A&Rb be abolished cornpletely.4 H~owever, the objec~tivit~y which can only be obtained from an agency outside of the instructional departments is essential to proper operation of the College. The function of longrange planning and evaluation of results which can be obtained bonly from the perspective of detachment is a necessary element of any organmization?, and especially valuable in an educational institution. Col Don C. Faith was the first Director of A&R. OPERATION OF THE% COLLEGE T'he mechanics of getting ins~tructcion to the students of the College is not complex. The curriculum is based upon a Program of Instruct~ion approved by A~rmy Field Forces, the agency to whom control of the Army school system has been delegated by the Department of the Army General Staff. Actually the Program of Ihnstruction (P01) is prepared by the G3 (Operations) Section of the Acadlemic Department. This P01 sets forth by s-ubject content and number of hours the entire coverage of the year's course. Each subject is briefed to such an extent hat t overlapping coverage would be apparent to anyone reviewing the P01. After approval by Army Field Forces, the P01 is returned to the College. Here he G3 t Section breaks the subject matter down to the five instructional departments for presentation? to the class. Each depar~tment has a special field of interest in instruction. Department I -I-ntelligence Department II: --Armor, Logistics Departmen~t 111--Oper~atio~ns, Air Suapport Department IV --Airborne, Amphibious Daepartmaent V --Personnel To avoid compartmentization, however, each department puts on instructional Ymater~ial coyering all fields. For instance, all sections teach the communications zone; and3all sections teach division, corps, and army tactical probolem~s which embody the functioning and techniques of intelligence, personnel, and logistics, as well as operations.
"Col G. R. Barker, President, Col H. E. Kelly, Director

Department 'VI is responsible for all nonresidlent instruction including extension courses. THE AUTHOR In the instructionmal departments, subjects are assigned to individual instructor "authors." Each author is given responsibility for two or three subjects or problems. This assignment may require him to write an entirely new subject or merely to revise a subject which has been presented in previous years. In either case, the instructor is given complete responsibility for accuracy of factual data, seeing that the problem is mimeographed and ready for the College review, and that it is printed and proofread prior to the time of its presentation to the class. Since the author is the basic element of the instructional system, much depends on the quality of this individual. Mloreover, if because of the press of multitudinous duties time for research is lacking, this lack shows up immediately in the subject matter presented to the student. Fortunately, the caliber of the instructor-author has been so high that problem quality has not suffered greatly because fabubous amounts of author overtime have boeen expended to ensure that it did not. It has not been unusual for an instructor to work a 55hour week average during the school year. FORMYAL REVIIEW Once written the problem is normally reviewed formally. In a formal review ~the author presents to the College review boardl the problem as it will be presented in the classroom. This board consists of the D9irector of thev Academic Staff, the depar~tment c~hief, the staff~ officer concerned, and a representative of anly special agency together with the author. For instance, for an intelligence problem involving an airborne situation the board might consist of: The Director of the Academic Staff, who rules on anly point in dispute. The department chief, who is r~esponsible for the problem presented by an author of his section. The G2, since this is basically an intelliA r~epresentative of thne Air Section, since use of Air Force equipment is involved.
gence problem.

of Instruction, Col T. B., Hedekin, Secretary, Col G. C. Reinhardt,

Ge-l R.

Q. Brown, Col A. S. Britt (Recor~der).

COLLEGE ORGA4NIZATION

AND OPERATION

____________

3,5

An airborne expert to advise on technical aspects of airborne operations. If the problem involves operations to any extent, G3 is included. G4 is present if logistical matters are involved. After review, the problem is prepared for the printer. Cprrections directed by the review board are incorporated. The master copy is delivered to Editing and Publications for printing, allowing approximately 1 month leeway prior to presentation time. BRIEFINGS Just prior to presentation to the class, one or more briefings are held. The briefing is conducted by the author for all inmstructors who will present the problem to the class. Su pervsedby hs dpartentchie, te auhor goes through the problem in detail. Hseexplains the use of all charts and training aids o be t employed in putting on the problem. H3e goes over any mathematical calculations or any questionable points of echnique, and answers t questions posed by thne other instructors. The author tries to anticipate points and questions with which the student may have difficulty. Occasionally the author's solution does not ring quite true to one or more o~f the presenters. In this case the discussion of ten becomes quite as "bloody" or heated as the College "'murder." However, a sound solution is worked out prior to pesetatin, nd aproed b th deprtment chief, the staff member of the academic depatmet cocered, Diectr ofthe r te Academic Staff himrself, as required.soeapcsfolon. PRESENTATIONI Presentation of the problem to the class is, o-f course, the pay-off. Instructors set a high standard of appearance, demeanor, and thorough advance preparation. This includes arrival early at the classroom ~to guarantee readiness of training aids and instructional material to~ be distributed. Often this time is spent answering and discussing student q~ue~stions evoked by the previous night's study assignment. The instructor works from a folder which he pr~epares for him~self from the mimeographed lesson plan of the problem in the manner and detail which suits his needs. This lesson, plan contains comm~ents and questions which

seek to develop student understanding of major instructional points to be covered. Approximately five major points are covered in every hour of instruction (50 minutes plus 10-minute boreak). These learning points are developed boy the applicatory method where possible. Students solve reqyuirements in which they as commanders or general staff officers make estimates, plans, decisions, or issue orders based on tactical or administr~ative situations presented usually by use of a map. Students are encouraged to participate actively in discussions usually initiated by an instructor question. They are alougdtcnriteothdsusonfm pertinent personal experience. AFTER-ACTION REPOR"T -fe rsnainisrcosaerqie to submit after-action reports. These reports aecnoiae yteato h umt reotothacdmcsffoniigrcimedtosnthpretainftepobm in subsequent years. In this manner, weaknesses i rbesaedsoee n orce ro topenaintofurclss.Csatrvso ep rbesu odt n isa stayipoentnthclbrofntutional material. Inraiycosntevinhsatndt diavnge.Iastdrdomnmu rvision1 on well-tried problem~s were established, auhrtmcolbesvdTisiesvd could be used to advantage in preparation of new problems or in research on really troubleAB'DVISER PROG~RAM Another duty of the instructor is with the faculty adviser program. Each faculty member is assigned several students for wlhomn he is the adviser. In this capacity he is not a coach nor a social sponsor but a poirnt of contact to facilitate ~the student getting the mnos~t out of the cou se. Should one of his students fall below the satisfactory standard in academic work, the adviser is notified and counsels the failing student. The advisers undertake to fined answers to any student question on instr-uctional material. Officers of the A~llied armies at the College are given a special adviser from the Allied Officers' Section if any difficulty with the course is anticipated.

3'6

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVrENWORTH

STUDENT EVALUATION The instructor plays an important part also in the evaluation program. A considerable amount of time is spent in grading examinations and marked requirements. In an effort to return papers to students promptly, instructors often work straight through, working nights and holidays, to get the papsers back. Student standing in the class and satisfactory completion of the course are determined by grades on these tests. A cut sheet is worked. out in advance which assigns total weight and weights for each point covered. Working as teams of three normally, instructors grade and check the papers by the cut sheet. Each paper is usually checked by three instructors. Exceptionally high papers or exceptionally low papers are reviewed by the department chief and by the Director of the Academic Staff. "Spots" are graded in much the same way. A curve is drawn of the results obtained and a cut off point determined for high A papers and low U papers. There are three intermediate grades--Excellent, Very Satisfactory, and Satisfactory. Each paper, however, is scored by a numerical grade recorded but unpublished to the student. Grades are stamped on returned papers by alphabetical symbols, A, E, VS, S, and U. (To be changed to numerical symbols 1,11,111, IV, and V for 1951-52.) Students are permitted to protest or "reclama" errors of fact in grading. Progress has been made in the use of objective tests. Grading of objective tests cuts down considerably on the amount of instructor time spent on grading. This time saved can be devoted to needed research. One additional feature of the evaluation system is a graded individual paper or thesis. One year this individual paper was a map exercise which the student was required to draw up for presentation to a theoretical class. At other times lists of topics are assigned requiring individual research of the student and preparation of a thesis or study. The evaluation program normally comprise~s approximately 10 examinations and 20 "spots." T'he examinations and the individual paper make up 900 points of the total weight of the program. The graded "spot" requirements make up the other 100 of the total 1,000 points, Examinations are held custom~arily on Friday

afternoons throughout the year. The graded "spots," being brief samples on any subject of the curriculum, may and do come at almost any time throughout the course. INSTRUCTOR TRAINING The instructor is prepared for his duties by a special training course, lasting 2 to 3 weeks. This course covers techniques of teaching at the College and actual practice in preparation of material. As a graduation exercise the new instructor presents to the training class a 40minute block of the material he has prepared. Usually this material is a part of one of the problems to which the new instructor will be assigned as an author in the coming year. This arrangement conserves the always limited time of the instructor. Officers with wide experience as civilian educators have contributed substantially to the success of this program. Lt Col L. L. Jarvie was among the first of the instr~uctor trainers. APPLICATOIRY M~ETHOD College instruction is beased to the maximum on learning by doing. The best way to learn to be a staff officer or a commander is to be one. To this. end there are map? exercises and map maneuvers throughout the course in which the students are designated as commanders, chiefs of staff, and sta~ff officers of fictional units paarticipating in an action. They are required to make estimates, plans, decisions, and issue orders based on combat or logistical situations drawn as realistically as practicable. To add to realism these exercises are occasionally held on the terrain around Fort Leavenworth. MVany invading armies h~ave planned a river crossing of the muddy Missouri; and many are the defensive positions which have been selected in the vicinity of Frenchman's, Pilot Knob, or Big Stranger Creek. Additional aids to realism are the umpires. These student or faculty groups represent the enemy and action and decisions of higher or adjacent units. At1 times two student armies are arrayed against each other in a free maneuver. On one of these maneuvers the action continues without a break for about; 3 days. During the war years it was an amusing sight to see the members of opposing armies in one of these maneuvers, wearing distinctive red and blue

COLLEGE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION

37

bands or white umpire bands, eating a qyuick meal together at the mess. These continuous problems were designed to place on students some of the strain of working and making decisions under fatigue which is imposed by protracted simulated combat operations.

OTHER COURSES In1 addition to the Regular Course there are several other courses conducted at Fort Leavenworth. The largest and longest of these is the Regular Associate Course. This course normally numbers about 200 Reserve Corps and National Guard officers. It is a course of 13 weeks duration roughly paralleling the Regular Course in content. The mission and scope of the course is limited necessarily to division level because of its short duration. This course usually starts in January and ends in April. Three other courses are conducted for units of the N~ational Guard~and Organized Reserve IEXTENSION COURSES Corps. There is a 1 week's refresher course each for National Guard and RPeserve divisions. The extension program of the College is also The division commander and his staff assemble a thriving big business. This program started for instruction directed toward giving the staffs in the fall of 1946. In 1950 it had an average enolntfaprxmey100.ThDpractical work as divisional teams. The same ryFedFre prmn fAm hog type of course is provided for commanders and staffs of ogisticalcommands.has charged the College with preparation andi administration of 69 extension subcourses. A EXTRA-MURAL COURSESsubcourse covers approximately 30 credit hours -of work. The scope and content of these s~ubt Another fSunction of he Command and Gen courses follow closely that of the Regular eral Staff College is provision of instructional Course. By a combination of extension course material for staff training away from Fort work and associate courses, offcers of the Leavenworth. To provide training for Reserve rdttwr cvla opnnsacmlt and National Guard units and individuals who n eimn. rmto could not get to one of the Associate or Reprmtoanreimn. fresher Courses, other courses were established in the army areas. In 1949 with material NAVY AND AIR SECTIONS provided by the College, a trial run was made There are Naval and Air officers on the of one, of these courses at Allentown, PennsylLeavenworth faculty. This splendid example of vania. The thought behind these courses was the unification of the armed forces in action that local instructors using prepared material began during World War II. One or more air could tailor their use of it to fit various local officers have for years been included on the conditions and requirements of hours and duinstructional staff, but the Navy is a more reration. These courses proved successful and cent addition. The need for close coordination have been continued. of doctrine especially in amphibious opera~tions Another College effort in the civilian combrought the addition of two officers of the N\avy p ponent training rogram is the Special Associand one Marine officer to the teaching staff. ate Course of the Command and General Staff The Air Section is comprised of six offcers and College. Again the College provided packets of a noncommissioned officer in addition to the instructional material and training aid charts. air complement stationed at Sherman Field. In this case ]Leavenworth aso put on an In-

structor Training Course to fit instructors from the army areas to present the material. For in this instance, to make the Command and General Staff College course available locally the armies conduct a replica of the Associate Course in each army area. One of these Special Associate Courses is also conducted in H6awi~aii. The Special Associate Course is conducted in three phases. These phases are 2-week peniods of instruction conducted as needed, according to the number of students who apply for them. Completion of three phases together with certain prerequisite extension courses is eqluivalent to completion of the regular 3-month Associate Course. The College issues a diploma for successful completion of this extra-mural course. These courses are especially valuable in training civilian component officers who can devote only a 2-week vacation period each year to the program.

38

THE HIrSTORY OF FORT LEAVENW;CORTH

GUEST SPEAKER PROGRAM The Leavenworth curriculum includes a valuable guest speaker program. Each of the important Department of the Army agencies is represented by a general officer speaker. Talks by the eminent military biographer and historian Dr. Douglas Southall Freeman, widely known editor of th~e Richmond News Leader are almost an annual event. The renowned psychiatrist Dr. William C. IMenninger has spoken frequently on the military application of his science. Another prominent speaker, author, and editor was Col S. L. A. Miarshall, writer of Men Against Fire. His analysis of soldier reaction under shell-fire has been especially interesting and valuable to his officer listeners. Guest speaker lectures are considered such an important part of the course that all student classes are ~required to attend. In addition, all members of ~the faculty whose duties permit custmarly re resntA question per-iod whcustoaritaly are present.etl roi stimulating climax, FIELD TRIPS Usually the Leavenworth course includes one or more field trips. Student experience is enhanced and made realistic by observation of demonstrations away from the Post. Trips have beenmadetoamhibius dmonsrawtnes -tions at the Marine Corps Amphiboious Training Center at~ Coronado, California. Air suppor~t by rocket armed jet planes and an airborne parachute attack are demonstrated for the class at Eglin Field, Florida. And the class sees the impressive fire power of an infantry battalion in attack and defense at Fort Benning, Georgia. Whenever possible, the class learns firsthand of air transportability by making the trip in C-82, "Flying Boxcars." IINSTRUCTIONAL AIDS An invaluable part of the Leavenworth system is the Instructional Aids Section. They provide 20-foot panel charts

celluloid to demonstrate a nuclear chain reaction. This section also makes tape recordings of lectures or for use in instructor training. They also supplement instruction by use of appropriate films from the extensive library maintamned for instructional purposes. A weekly showing of current training and operational film reports is shown by this section to students on a voluntary basis. The College played a part in the production of a television show on staff work in 1950. This was a pioneer efforrt in the use of this new medium for instructional purposes. RYMAUL Another important function of the College is preparation of Army training literature. Army doctrine is set forth in a series of training manuals. Preparation of new manuals and revision of old manuals within the scope of its mission is a College responsibility. Creation and training of the World War II Army was greatly expedited and facilitated by this series of traininmg manuals. These handbooks of tactical doctieadtcnqepoie et n ed rerncmarilfrllomndsad teruis ihu hmi ol aebe difficult if not impossible to train our Army. The Command and General Staff College is responsible for the coordination of Army doctrine. The authority delegated by Army Field Forces and the War College rests with Leavenworth. As the senior Army school under the Wart College, the Command and General Staff College must make sure that the teaching of all the branch schools such as the Infantry School, the Artillery School, and the Quarter~~~~~mas~ter School is in consonance. OBSERVERS In order to keep its teachings up to the minute, the college dispatch~es observer teams

to fit the theater-size

to

areas of operations. A team

to

Korea has

classrooms in Gruber or Andrews Halls. They also turn out with facility the 6 by4foot ozalid charts normally used in the smaller classrooms. Special charts or training devices are produced as required. An example is the training aid madie of numerous small mouse traps and ping pong balls which erupted in a shower of flying

returned to Leavenworth and made its report. Modifications in doctrine will be made as a result of these reports if changes are found to be warranted by new conditions or techniques. Observers are likewise sent to important maneuvers such as "Portrex," "Southern Pines," and "Swarmer."

C~HAPTER VII THE~ ARMIY Wt~AR COLLEGE

As a direct result of the recommendations ot position. Emphasis was placed on Army techthe Eddy Board the Army W6ar College was reniques necessary to carry 6ut the Army's misopened at Fort Leavenworth on October 2, 1950. sion? as a part of the unified Department of DeThe board conceived of the proposed addition fense. to the Army school system as a post-graduate Befitting the top school of the Army system, course of an expanded Command and General War College objectives covered a broad scope. Staff College. The college would become in effect In general they were to acquaint the student the Army university. Those officers who had with the problems to be encountered at high shown pr~omise in the Regular Course of the command and staff level and to give practice Command and General Staff College would be and techniques useful in solving these probretained an additional year for training on a lems. The broad fields covered: the Army and broader scope. This concept was similar to the national security, current 'problems of the old 2-year course conducted at Leavenworth Army, and war planning. in the early thirties. It would be called the AdIt will be recalled that the Army War Colvanced Course, Command and General Staff lege was one -of three br~anches of the original College. However, the Secretary of the Army Acrmy General Staff. Uender the impetus of i~n approving the report chose to retain the Secretary of War, Elihu Root, the War College traditional title, Army War College. came into existence on February 14, 1903, durThe new Wa-r College which was developed, ing the great struggle to create an American however, was actually quite differen~t in heory t general staff. Brig Genm Tasker H. Bliss, Presias well as name. Gen Swing patterned the coldent of the Ahrmy War College from August leg~e after the National War College and the In1903 to June 1905, is quoted as saying, "Whhie dustrial College of the Armed Forces. He was endea~voring to spread. information as to the determined to provide the Army with a highneed of a General Staff Corps the Secretary level institution of the broadest scope. Here decided upon taking the first forward step by promising officers of the ground forces would establishing a W~ar College with general staff be encouraged and have time to think of probpowers so far as might be possible."' He lems on a national and international scale. further stated, "There was thus initiated the Trained to cope with the Army's most complex use of scientific methods in the study of national diffi;culties these graduates were to receive defense." 2 The emphasis on planning and the equal consideration for position and promotion broad analytical approach came quite naturally with graduates of the highest level joint schools. as a1 heritage to the newly activated War ColThe War Colleg~e like the Command and Gen1-lee eral taffCollge of10 mnth' duws alo To carry out the best possible orientation for its students, the W7~arpae College organized a comnration. TIhe maximum entrance age, however, peesv us rga.O h was aisdto46 or he snio inti4 fom premise that the best information obtainabole tution. Also the prereqluisite years of service wudcm rmtelaesi ahfedo was 3 to21 earsforthe ar Cllee asopinterest, the college sought and was remar~kably posedto 8to forthe Cmman and 15year successful in obtaining top men as their speakGceneral Staff College. The scope of instruction ers. To supplement this program the class was included duties of commanders and s~taffs of tkno aiu rp;oet ahntn army groups, theater Army, and Department of ohr oSni ae e eio n ht the Army. Attendance at either the National SnsPoigGon loi e eio War College or the Industrial College of the Armed Forces would not be given more weight-__ than attendance at the Army War College when O0tto L. Nelson, Jr. Maj Gen, Naltional Securit~y acnd the General Staff' (Washington, D.C. 1946) p. 42. selecting officers for promotion or high level ?Ii;p. 71. 39

40

THE HISTOR~Y

OF FORZT LEAVENWORTH

The majority of the college work was carried on by committee. A subject was assigned, thoroughly researched, and a report prepared. This report was then presented orally to the balance of the class by members of the committee. In addition each student was required to submit an original thesis on a pertinent sub;ject of national scope. The first Commandant of the new War College was Maj Gen Joseph MI. Swing. Gen Swing assumed command of the War College and the Post upon the departure of Gen Eddy July 6, 1950.' A wartime Commander of the famous 11th Airborne Division and a former Commandant o~f the Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Gen Swing brought to the new institution a winning combination of dash and academic "know how." H-ie wisely selected as his Assistant Commandant a brilliant young brigadier general, Arthur G. Trudeau. To Gen Trudeau fell the task of much of the detail of organization and operation of the new school. That the War College got off to a new start on a continuation of its eminent career of service to the Nation is no mean tribute to these two splendid leaders. The accomplishment is even more noteworthy from the fact that soon after graduation on June 29, 1951, the entire War College moved to a new station. It was decided that a location nearer the source of its guest

speakers would facilitate the operation of the school. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, former home of the Medical Field Service School was chosen as the new War College home. TH4E COMMIAND AND GENERAIL STAFF COLLEGE IN 1950 The Command and General Staff College and the Army War College operated side by side during the school year 1950-51. Maj Gen Horace L. McBride, 4 was announced as Commandant of the Command and General Staff College on October 6, 1950. The 1950-51 Command and General Staff College Regular Class had started just a month previously. Gen McBride a former Leavenworth instructor had been wartime commander of the 80th Infantry Division. Almost the day of his arrival Brig. Gen Harlan N. Hartness,5 who had been Acting Commandant departed for an important assignment as Coinmanding General of the 4th Infantry Division. Col Henry E. Kelly,0 Infantry, was named Acting Assistant Commandant on October 17, 1950. Gen Hartness and Col Kelly, who was formerly Director of Instruction, had guided the College through the stress and uncertainty which accompanied the invasion of South Korea by the Communists; Concurrently with the normal operation of the College these experienced officers planned for the role of the College in the event of a partial or a full mobilization.

"General Orders No 20, H~eadquarters Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, October 0, 1950. G~en Hartness became A~ssistant Commandantt June 4, 1948 (General Orders No 14, h~eadquar~ters Fort Leavenworth, Kansas) relieving Col Don C. Faith. Com-mandant until thie deHe served as Assistantl parture of Gen Eddy in July 1950 at which time he became Acting Comnmandant. He continued in this capacity during a very critical period. Upon thle arrival of Gen McBride, he departed for a new assig~n_______

~~~~~~~~~~ment.

:'General Orders No 37, Headquarters, CGSC and Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, July 6, 1950.

General Order, Headquarters Fiort Leavenworth,, sas, October 17, 1950.

Kan-

CHAPTER VIII EVAELUATION

The Com~man~d and General Staff College is the largest military staff school in the world. Its present regular student class numbers approximately 600. Other classes bring the -number of students present at the College at one time close to 1,000. Certainly, from sheer weight of numbers its reputation exceeds that of any other similar school of world renown such as Camberley, the British Sta~ff College, or ~ L'Ecole Superieure de Guerre in Paris. Success in two world conflicts can breed nothing but respect for the graduates of the Command and General Staff School. Conversely the famous and now extinct K~riegsacademie of the Germans is somewhat sullied by two successive defeats. N~othing succeeds like success. The wartime expansion of the Command and General Staff School was the largest of its War II kind e~ver attempted. In 27 Wo7rld classes it graduated approximately 16,055 general staff officers. That these graduates were used for the purpose intended is shown by the
following

t or Air Gbeneral Staff duty in Washington, o duty with service commands in the United States, or communication zone overseas, or to joint or combined staffs. No other staff college has attempted to turn out such numbers of students. However, to judge the position of Leavenworth among other staff schools, you must have some basis for comparison. Such comparison is difficult to make if not impossible. Except in size there is little basis for comparing staff' schools of other countries with the US school. The missions of these schools are

different.

They are designed

to fit

the needs

of different armies. Officer training requirements of these armies differ greatly from ours. Whether from the succes~s achieved by our armies, the presence of US military missions, or thle support of US means, the Command and General Staff College is being widely imitated. t There are growing u~p replicas of he Command and General Staff College around the world.
In Iran,

statistics

from a study made by Genl

the military mission is

helping

to

Truesdell in August of 1944: Out of a total of 8,359 graduates as of March 1944: 368 out of 1,825 or 20.1 percent of the general and special staff positions on the 8 army staffs were occupied by graduates. 429 out of 1,390 or 30.8 percent ot tne general and special st~aff positions on the 23 corps staffs were occupied by graduates. 7103 ou-t of 1,840 or 38 p~ercent of the general and special staff positions in the 85 divisions were occupied by graduates. In' addition, in divisions alone 1,123 graduates occupied command positions. 1,051 Air Force officers were occupying. Force staffs. positions on ACir A total of 3,674 out of 8,359 graduates then, or approximately 44 percent, were occupying t key staff or command assignments with actit cal units. The remainder were assigned o Ar~my

establish a staff school on the pattern of Leavenworth. There is a command and staff college being started in Korea. And other military missions throughout the world are spreading the Leavenworth doctrine. Myoreover, app~roximately 5;0 officers from various Allied nations come here each year to learn how we do things. Trhis is not conclusive in itself, but American thinking and techniques are permeating the armies of these countries as more and more Leavenworth graduates return home. Arg~entin8a used to be greatly influenced by German military thought. Recent graduates of the Coinmand and General Staff College are taking back American ideas and methods to the Argentine. Peru used to be under the sway of French military methods. A succession of Peruvian officer graduates of Leavenworth, as well as our military mission, are gradually changing this thinking. T'he reputation of a school can be determined in several ways. Institutions frequently point with pride to the achievements of their graduates, especially in the technical field of a psar41

42

THE HI;STORY OF FORT LEA VENWOR THF

ticular school. This, of course, is in some degree falacious since the qualifications of outstanding graduates may have brought them pre-eminence regardless of their attendance at the institution. This may be especially true of a school where attendance is on a highly selective basis., However, since one way of judging the success of an institution is to look at the records of its graduates, le~t us examine some of the evidence, Of the Order of Battle, European Theater of Operations, as of May 7, 1945, the following were graduates of the Command and General Staff College: The Commander, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces--General of the Army D9wight D. Eisenhower. Commander of the XVIII Airborne CorpsMaj Gen Mlatthew B. Ridgeway, now Supreme Commander int the Far East. All of the division commanders (4) of this corps were graduates. Commander, 12th Army Group--General Omar N. Bradley, now Chairman of the J oirnt Chiefs of taff. S Commander, Ninth Army--Lt Gen William H. Simpson. All of the corps (3) and division (11) commanders were graduates. Commander, First APrmy--General Courtney H. Hodges. All of the corps (2) and division (9) commanders were graduates. Commander, Third Army--General George S. Patton, Jr. All of the corps (4) and division (14) commanders were graduates. Commander, Fifteenth Army--Lt Gen Leonard T. Gerow, later Commandant, Coinmand and General Staff College. All of the corps (2) and division (5) commanders Commander, Sixth Army Group-General Jc~aob L. Devers. Commander, Seventh Army--Lt Gen Alexander M. Patch. All of the corps (3) and division (13) commanders were graduates. Commander, First Allied Airborne A~rmy-Lt Gen JLouisdivisonBrereton. The airborne H. comande thisarmy as unde divisin comander his ary was nder
a gradulate. were graduates.

tion in the United States except one was a graduate. However, this would not be entirely astonishing if M~IT happened to be the only institution of its kind in the country. Institutions usually derive indirectly a certamn amount of prestige from the achievements of their faculty members. By such a standard and using at random the instructors who were members of the Command and General Staff College faculty, 1936 to 1937, as an example, the following data are obtained: Of a faculty of 70 officers: 3 became lieutenant generals: Lt Gen Manton S. Eddy, former Coinmandant, Command and General Staff College, and present Commander, Seventh Army. L~t Gen Lucien K. Truscott, former Coinmander, Fifth Army in Italy. Lt Gen L. ~H. Brereton, former Coinmander, F~irst Alliedl Airborne Army. 25 beca~me major: generals. 21 became brigadier generals. That means that 70 percent of this group attamned the rank of general officer. (If 7 who died before attaining star rank were deducted from the total, this percentage would be higher.) Granted that these instructors were a picked group and were in a desirable position at a good time, this is still a remarkable record.' The importance of an institution may like1 ___

' The record in the Pacific is not quite as good although~

of 33 commanders in the Order of Battle, US Forces, Pacific, as of August 14, 1945, 6 were not graduates. That these 6 included The Supreme Commander, General Styer, Commander US MacArthur'"; Lt Genl of the Army Douglas Fiorces, W;. D.

~Western Pacific; and Lt Gen R. C. Richardson, Jr., Commander

US Forces, Middle Pacific, may damage slightly the unanimity of the case built up for the European Theater. Ofgraduates. Force commanders in ETO, 9 were 1.6 Air Of 9 Air Force commanders in the Pacific, 6 were A. Van Fleet now Lt G~en commanding the Eighth Army in Korea. "NOTE: MacArthur, a 1s-t Lt and adjutant of the engineer battalion at Fort Leavenwort~h sat in on the
James

Agraduates. single but outstanding exception in ETO was

We might draw an analogy to such a record

in a civilian university. It would be tantamount to saying for Massachusetts Institute of Technology that every board chairman, every presiden, eerydirector of every large corporaad

classes and absorbed more than most; of the regular students. MacArthur verbally to TFruesdell, Tacloban, P.1., Dec 1944. 2 Similar statistics compiled for the faculty of 1938-39

of 50 officers: 3 lieutenant generals; 14 major generals; 24 brigadier g~enerals or 82 percent became general

E VALEUAT 1ION

4 under circumstances and by persons favorable to the Command and General Staff College the content of the statements and the positions of the speakers are such that they appear to have more weight than a normal graduation eulogy. However, the foregoing relatively glowing. statements tell what the school has achieved u o h.Ohrsaitclcmiain ;n~,wy.Ohrsatsiclcmiain are convincing as to results but shed little light on how these results were obtained. Very little has been written on the why or how the appare~nt success of Leavenworth was gained or mnaintained. Undoubtedly one reason for its success is careful selection of students to attend. Selec-

wise be judged to some extent from the opinion of prominent people. A few such opinions follow: Secretary of W;ar Henry L. Stimson states: "The staff work of the American Army came of age in World War II. What brilliant individuals had done in earlier wars was done this time by thousands of officers tral3inedi the maturing tradition of Leavenworth."'~ Honorable Rober~t P. Patt~erson, Secretary of W15ar, states: "The longer I serve with thae W~ar Department the more I a~ppreciate what Leavenworth has done for the nation's safety in the past and itsl great value to the service for the future. It is no exaggeration to say that our victories in W~orld War II were won right here at L~eavenworth, perhaps with the aid of a Gettysburg map. Here our great war leaders learned the art of combined ,,a~rms, the handling of large bodies of troops. General Omar Na. Bradley, then Chief of Staff of the US Army: "A review of World War II and its out;come has confirmed in my own mind the belief that; the Army system of professional education which was revitalized and expanded after World War I was one of the greatest contributions to the winning of WMorld Wrar II. For it provided us, in our small nucleus o-f REegular Army and our larger complement of National Guard and Reserve officers with skilled leadership as well as staff procedures which competently faced the tough tactical and strategic problems thrust upon us General of the Army George C. Mlarshall, Chief of Staf]f of ~the Army during World W~ar II, Secretary of State, and later Secretary of Defense states: "It occurs ~to me today that in more recent years Leavenworth has provided the leaders who played a determining part in halting the Huns in 1918 and in the liberation of Europe and Asia in 194.5. In other words, the land battles of Europe and the Pacific were first won here in the heart of Amaerica. MacArthu, Eienhoer, Brdley and rnol, a long list of our great commanders, were developed on the heights overlooking~ the Missouari River at Fort LeavenwYorth." Whkile these statements were ~perhaps made
'.Henry L. Stimson, On Active Service inz Peace anduWar (New York, 1947) P. 60. Rob~ert P. Patterson, Address at Command and General Staff Colleg~e, May 22, 194'7. "Omar N. Bradley, Address at Command and General Staff College, July 1, 1949. OGeorge C. Marshall, Address in honor of 80th AnniK~ansas City, Misversarv of the Salvation Ary`YI, souri., November 18, 1945.

t iion of6 students o take graduate work in a civilian institution largely depends upon the personal ambition of the individual, the amount of time he can devote to his education, and his ability to pay the fees involved, rather than upon capacity or merit. Of course, there are fellowships and other aids available to some deservigcvla tdns oeeteei oh oh tdns oeeteei igcvla ing for civilian schools like the highly competitive selection system required for attendance at Leavenworth. During the war this system suffered to some extent from commanders who setlsquifdofcrsoreaofoin
those more qyualified. 7 At the present time, even with an expanded capacity of 600 students annaually, it is expected that only 50 percent of the officers of the Army will ever be able to attend the Command and General Staff College. Another -reason for success is an unusually high degree of motivation of the students. Leavenworth is a highly technical school which ol ftepoeso eup t tdnswt ol ftepoeso eup t tdnswt of arms which are essential to their future careers as commanders and staff officers. The majority of the students are mature and experienced officers who appreciate the opportunityr offered, whao realize its professional signaificance, and who are dietermined to get the maximum benefit from the instruction offered. Another thing which contributes perhaps unconsciously to great motivation is. the seriousHistoryd of World Wa/r II, Historical Division, Department of the Army, the AGP, p. 466: "Part of the turnover was due to the apparently stealing' officers who attended common practice of 4 the C&GSS. Several division commanders complained that 'there wras no use. trying to educate and train a young staff officer by sending him to Leavenworth for that is the surest means of losing him.' "

44

THE HISTORY OF~i FORTZ

LEAVENWO0RTH-

ness of the consequences of failure. The seniousness of failure to graduate might seem great to an individual. But Leavenworth trains for responsibilities which transcend the individual and involve life and death not of one individual but many. The responsibilities of a commander and staff officers in battle, and often short of6 combat, are so great in national and international effect that it occasions speculation whether or not our training methods are sufficiently severe. Nevertheless, it is easy to see that the motivation for both faculty and student is high because the stakes are high. Coin.paratively, a doctor trains with the lives of hundreds at stake and a lawyer possibly a handful. A division commander or staff officer decides, often daily, the lives of 15,000 men while a corps commander or staff officer makes dlecisions involving four times that number. Officers also attain some stature in the Army as Leavenworth graduates. Civilian institutions approach this characteristic when they identify their graduates as having certain attributes as "Yale" men or "Princeton" men. H~owever, these civilian graduates can in no measure compare the equipment or assurance in the use of it attained by a staff officer trained at Leavenworth. In fact the Clommand and General Staff College is a graduate level institution which equips the student for duties only at the "management" level. Allied with greater motivation is exceptional unity of purpose and effort.. Graduate civilian schools are characterized by individuality. No doubt the purpose of these schools is best served by encouragement of individual thought and idea. While Leavenworth by no means seeks to discourage original thought or novel concepts, it must of its na~ture inculcate certain p~atterns and principles. Only by being firmly grounded in accepted doctrine will a commander be able to evaluate properly a, situa~tion and to calculate the risk involved in a cou~rse of action which deviates from the normal. Consequently, both faculty and student are directed at onze -goal: product~ion of the beste comm~ander and staff officer possible. 8 This singleness of purpose is seldom found in civilian schools.
'Sufrveyd of Editoautional Priogram, C&~GSC, 1947, p. 4.

"It was~apparent to the commission from the staA that the College is permeated by an exceedingly high level of professional interest and spirit of coopera-

A contributory factor in the matter of mnotcivation is realism. Orville L. Eaton in speaking of map exercises and maneuvers in his Analytical StudyJ of the IMethodls of Instru~ctionz at the C&GSS states: "'Upon the basis of observation of many presentations involving each form of instruction and upon questions to both sjtudents and instructors it is concluded that these problem situations are challenging to a degree seldom attained in other schools, civilian or military." Requirements of realistic situations involving weigh7ing of factors involved and reaching. of sound decisions are an effective training for the tasks faced by commanders and staff officers. However, the most important factor in the greatness of Leavenworth is its faculty. This is a surprising statement when consideration is given to the fact that the faculty is transient. Like all other installations in the Army, the faculty of the College is subject to a rotational policy which permits an officer to remain normally for 3 years only. This policy applies to the Commandant and his assistant as well as to specialists such as the personnel of Editing and Publications Department, the Librarian, and the Editor of the Military Review. The faculty is the lifeblood of any college. Usually the faculties of the great universities attain some of their greatness through continuity of effort on the part of faculty members who grow in usefulness with the years. How then is the Command and General Staff College able to survive in violation: of this principle? How can the school maintain even a reasonable degree of excellence in operation? The answer is that Leavenworth survives in spite of this seeming handicap. In fact the continuous change of at least a portion of its faculty from top to boottom- gives a certain detgree of flexibility and willingness to change xvhich is an asset to a military school. However, subje~ct to loss of continuity from a rotation policy whnich probably does not give a faculty member much better than a 2'/year average; of usefulness to thee College, it must strive constantly to maintain a high standard. The new instructor must take instructor training, take over the two problems which will be his repniiiy n efethmefi nweg pniiiy n efethmefi nweg and delivery of the material he must present from the platform. Few officers have had col-

EVA LUA TION

45

lege-level instructional experience. The small familiarity with classroom requires intimate te lvelydisussubjct attetht inordr n ordr tht subjet mater th livey dicus-It sion by students of an infinite number of points may be encouraged. An instructor can do this only by great application. He must demonstrate all the virtues of devotion to duty, professional competence, and integrity. It has not been unusual for an instructor to put in an average of better than 55 hours per week during the school year. H-owever, as devoted and important as the instructor is, he is not the paramount reason for Leavenwor~th's pre-eminence. The rotational policy brought schanges in commandants ohersholingkeyposiion inthe as wll a othrs as wll oldig ke poitios inthe numerous despite Nevertheless, College. changes of organization which direc~tly or indirectly followed these changes in the high command, these key individuals, the commaitdlants and their assistant commandants are primanily responsible for the high standard set and maintained. The same professional integrity which has characterized the faculty, has ensured that the caliber of the commandants selected by the War Department and Department of the Army was extremely high. In addition, the commandants have selected for ssisantsand urronded themslvesspledid ssisantsand urronded themslvesspledid themselves with able officers in key positions. Of course, they could not have done well if they had had a poor team of instructors. That all of the commandants did well, emphasizes the quality of the individual instructor while not detracting from the achievement of their leader. One other contributory factor has been the loyalty and devotion to duty of a vast number of enlisted men and women and civilians, These individuals contribute immeasurably to the final result and make up in part for the lack of continuity of the officer contingent.
.

U.S Army and as such occupies a unique position in the military establishment of our country. is in a sense the post graduate school of the M~ilitary Academy at West Point and should be compared to that installation rather than the typical Army post." The need for high maintenance standards in keeping with its mission as a higher institution for our own officers and for those of neigh~borjuig and allied nations was then pointed out. This letter was indorsed urging approval by Maj Gen C. H. Danielson, Commanding the Seventh Service Command, as follows: "It is urged that this station representing Gen-. as it does an advanced Command andArmy for the US eral Staff School not only for the United Nabut probably in th~e future tions as well be placed and maintained in physical~ condition consistent with its mission." Dr. Jacob S. Orleans, member of the commission which surveyed the College in 1946 stated in a report to the Commandant in August 1948, upon his departure after a tour of duty as Psycho-educational Adviser: "It is very disturbing to realize that the highest level of Army professional school on which so much of the taxpayer's money is spent does not have a real college plant. It produce the certainly cannot serve toenjoy in the respect eyes of that the College should visitors from other countries when they find that the Command and General Staff College is housed in a former riding academy and temporary buildings." IMPROVED PLANT It would seem obvious that provision of an adequate building is a necessity which should not be denied. However, as recently as June 1951 the plans for a proper academic building were disapproved for lack of funds. The proviand adequate facilities for sion of the accomplishment of a mission so vital to the national interests as the Command and General Staff College appears essential to the national interest. The Infantry School at Fort Benning, a lower school in the Army educational system, has a splendid modern academic building. It is not quite fitting that Leavenworth accomplish its important, long-term mission in a converted riding hall or stables. Leavenwoarth should attain a status as an exempted station and agency directly under the Depart.permanent

PROBLEMS TO% BE SOLVED FOR THE FUTURE Leavenworth has accomplished great t~asks with inadequate tools. Unlike West Point, for instance, where adequate permanent buildings have been provided, Leavenworth has had to improvise. In a letter during the past war asking for additional funds for a higher standard of maintenance, the following plea was made: "For LeaenwrthKanss, s th sit of the Command and General Staff School of the

46

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVENWORT'H

ment of the Army, in a category like West Point where funds and resources can be allocated directly to the school and not be subject to parings and diversions to other projects Armywide however important. This clarification and delineation of authority was one for which Gen Truesdell fought throughout his tour as Commandant. INSTRUCTBOR SELECTION Another matter which requires improvement is instructor selection. At the present time the College is subject to selection of instructors nominated by Department of the Army on the basis of availability. This system of trusting to fate to make available officers with proper qualifications to fill key positions on the faculty of a graduate institution is unsound. You cannot imagine Yale or Harvard selecting their instructors using availability as a primary criterion. Neither can you imagine these institutions selecting an instructor without interview.However, this is the case with prospective in~structors for the Command and General Staff College. Not only must instructors be selected primanily on qualifications and by interview, they must also be selected well in advance. Departures from the faculty should be regulated to ensure loss of a minimum number each year. Moreover, replacements should 'be planned for and notified as much as a year in advance, LONGER DUITY TOUR Another defect of the Command and General Staff College is lack of continuity in the faculty, This common fault of Army installations and activities results from the Army rotational policy. This policy which requires that an officer's assignment be changed every 3 years is of questionable validity when applied to an education~al institution. It may be open to question

sitions in the educational system. However, a longer tour should be worked out for officers who are detailed to the faculties of our schools. Especially, a system should be worked out where special aptitudes and qualifi~cations can be nurtured and utilized particularly in the higher portions of the Army school system. It is believed that this contribution to continuity could be effected without undue loss of reality and utility which might result from removal of the schools from the normal rotational scheme. M~uch of the lack of continuity, many of the reorganizations, many of the changes in policy and doctrine could and should be avoided. STUIDENT SELECTION Anothaer need for the future is bet~ter student selection. These standards must be kept high. Since only 50 percent of the officers of the Army ca~n attend the Command and General Staff Colilege, selection must guarantee that the best 50 percent attend. Though motivation of students is found to be extremely high, each year finds some students who are so poorly selected' for attendance that it leaves great doubt as to the machinery for their selection. Preliminary tests of prospective students have been found to predict accurately results to be expected. When student quotas were but a fraction of the present 50 percent, the record clearly proves that this selective process before attendance produced a large percentage of graduates who attained outstanding success. Some system of pretestcing or other method of improving student selection is highly desirable to eliminate the fractional numlber of students with mnadequate capacity who might otherwise be sent to the College. LEAVENWORDTH AND THE AMERICANU STAFF GENERAL Our Nation can be extremely proud and thankfu~l that the American General Sta~ff and

that the versatility obtained by such a policy

is as desirable in this age of specialization as it may have been in the past. Certainly this short rotational policy has no merit in higher educational institutions. Even in the case of enlisted personnel it would seem reasonable to make use of specially trained individuals in jobs which require their special qualifications. It hatit ted y no be feasble o i gra m assign 'military personnel permanently to po-

the institution which trains it is a system of

getting a job done and not a power seeking clique. This system is characterized by hard work and attention to detail.' It is marked by selfless .devotion to duty and by teamwork rather than egocentric ambition. It signifies cooperat~ion rather than unreasoning adherence to the interests of a particular group.
0"Doctrine

of Completed Staff Work," Field Manual

101-5, US Army.

EV~ALUA TION

47

Americans excel in team Iplay, and good staff work is the very essence of teamwork. Improvisation and initiative are also essential attributes of the good staff officer which come easily to the American. Hence the American staff system has been able to capitalize on attributes especially American, and the Cornmand and General Staff College has successfully promoted and welded these attributes into a workable system. That the system has not embodied undesirable elements of the European system is also peculiarly American. Instead of a caste-system army we have had an army based on merit. Moreover, it is an army based on good sound American ideals and ideas of hard work, honesty, and integrity.

Consequently Leavenworth has been good because our Army has been good. And our Army has been good because it has had strong leaders. Leavenworth has contributed greatly to the production of leaders for the Army. The strong begets the strong. We might carry this line of reasoning one step further. We might say that Leavenworth is strong because our country is strong. The College will not settle back into complacency on laurels of yesterday. Already this great institution is preparing for new and important tasks. Be assured that its leaders of today and tomorrow will be ready for the trials our Nation and our armies must face.

CHAPTER IX 1951 FORT LEAVENWORTH sIN

Fort Leavenworth today faces another national crisis. It is ready in this partial mobilizational material. The Executive of the Academic Department will handle the administration of
the department

tion

of our armed forces

to

play

its vital part.

with

special

attention to

the

Plans have been made to accommodate a Regular Class of 600 students, including 60 student officers from allied nations, when school starts again on September 6, 1951. In addition, the Associate Course will be held in the fall this year instead of January as in the past. This course has been expanded to 250 in January 11952 instead of the customary 200 students. A second shor~t General S~taff Course will be held. for 350 students. The refresher courses for the Reserve and National Guard Divisions will be held next spring as in the past;. Also, the Logistical Coinmand refresher course will be held at that time. No Special Associate Course will be held at Fort Leavenworth this year. These courses will be held in the army areas. The Command and General Staff College will continue to conduct an Instructor Training Course for Special Associate Course instructors. Extension courses and packets for Reserve and National Guard units will continue to be written under a combined Department of Nonresident Instruction. The five resident instructional departments will function under a director with an assistant and three teams of six instructors each, Under the Assistant Commandant, Col M. S. Johnson, the Academic Department will carry out the College mission appropriately organized according to the General Staff system plus a G5 for new developments. The academic misbe sion wG7ill supervised by a Director of Academic Staff with a Deputy each for Plans andi Evaluation and for Operations. The academic staff has been augmented and will operat~e functionally as well as dealing purely with Colmaterial. The Deputy for lege instruzctional Plans and Evaluation will generally handle those matters formerly the purview of the Departrnent of Analysis and Research with special attention to the important field of new developments. The Deputy for Operations will supervise the production and presentation of instruc48

personnel of the Academic Department. Leavenworth will continue to monitor doctrine for the A~rmy. A letter from the Chief of Army Field Forces, dated September 25, 1950, charged the Commandant, Army W~ar College, with ensuring "Uniformity of Doctrine, Tactics, and T~echnique Taught at Schools of the Ar~my Education System." This responsibility was decentralized to the Command and General Staff College. Incident to this responsibility, a Conference of Commandants of Army Service Schools was conducted at Fort Leavenaworth? January 29 to February 1, 1951. Another conzference will be held here November 13 to 16. These conferences will also be held periodically in the future. Post activities will continue to operate primanily under the Chief of Staff, Col T. B. Hedekin. MILITARY REVIEW As it has for several years now the M~iitary Reviewo will be published every month by the College. Col H. R. Emery is the present Editor in Chief. This outstanding soundingboard for FArmy tho~ught and dloctrin~e now circulates monthly to all allied nations 24,800 copies of this pocket-sized magazine. The Spanish edition totals 6,000 copies and the Brazilian edition 4,4~00. Started in 1937 under MIaj Fred Duning as the Command and General1 Staff~ School Quar~terl~y, the periodical expanded rapidly as Wrorld WNar II: came on. About 1939 the name was changed to the M~ilitacry R~eview and the size from 9 by 12 inches to 6 by 9 inches by LtC Clol P. Rt. Davison, then editor. The Brazilian 1945 and Sp~anish. editions were starsted in M1~ay under Col F. MC. BLarrows. Edi~torial offices are located in Pope Hall. THE POST IN 1951 The Post is as beautiful as ever. As you enter you will see the new Pershing Park housing area on the right just after you cross Corral

FORT LEAVENWOXTH

IN 1951
iii:: B11 j:: #: a ,I, x;:,: I jiiiiiXjiiIj a: LL

49

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33;aHeseesssesaasH8Bd

Higllzway 9 into the Post showing nezo Pershing Pnrk Area, Old No?nand7d area is on left and New Nor?nazdy on right above Perslzing Park, Creek, In tl11Isnew development are 150 tractive brick bungalows built under the thoriey of the Wherry sousing Act, As you pass the turh-off of Highway 92, may notice the small golf building on the atauyou left on top of the hill, It was built in 1948 and a wing for golf carts was added this spring. Here many former cadets will be surprised and pleased to see MSgt Freddie Canausa, the forner West Point golf coach in charge.

t:IiXx:ia:-::i:::::::i::j::

.I-:;,;.;:r:-;:r::-:F

r*Pati;ar;;;.-;:;:: ,:i:::-:y:I :i::s: ,, ; r;: ssra illi4s i.::'i.88alKZsDI-ilssaasma 11[86eaiiiiii:iig:ii IaliddBlsa':"LB::ijZI saslsBas,'rr'-itiQ::LLii -:::

::::B::I:::::i8i::i:::81:S

#:

Z :S;:i.l:':'::::i:::::i:::::j:::`i ili:i

.`LsieBs888sa iifEi ii 'iiiXiii -..- :: :.::I:::j:i:::i:BFiP88BS8e868eP6 ; i:o::-:::.: p ::o:r

ani

::

Golf Hozlse.

50

THE HISTORY~ OF FORT LEA VENWOR TH

After passing Merritt and Smith Lake on the right is the new Printing Plant. This 2-story moderrn brick buildinag provides the College with a much. needed up-to-date establishmen~t for accomplishing its printing needs. Costing approximately $900,000, the plant houses excellent equipment for printing the maps and instructional material used by the College. It also prints the Militaryj Review. There are two large and two small lithographic presses andl six letter presses of various sizes. This press equipment is valued at $140,000. The plant em-

class of 600 in one room with the partitions slid back. The Post Exchange this summer added a little ice. cream shop in the southeast corner. The huge red brick' YMCA building is still performing its excellent services on the corner of` Pope and M~cClellan for all personnel on the Post. This fine building was erected October 23, 1907, as a memorial to her father by Miss H-elen Miller Gould, daughter of the celebrated financier. It is a center for many activities. There was a very popular square dance night for of-

~~~~~e

ritn

itt

ficers and their ladies and one for enlisted men~~~Bi~iii~ ploysofficers, enlisted 19 2 men, and 80 civilandtergrs heofcr'ge cu nais ians Th ws cmpltedin eptme ~i buldig chora~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i;~iiil Ter ws group practicedthre of 1950. is ie e-tgte orsbteagr nSt Th rm ooeaiveFr soito p"wihte stil ioigtei bseen ofics n usnes rdy veing ald"ly

of GuberHallinto12 cassroms

hichw Piin

qualiyng

et

hre

tdnslydbd

ing hs b ffeen divided so n ndpro sl iding 1 by pritions Thseabe copee nSpbe he building tos ue ether form large assmbiesofore dismalclat ros. Iet is possibeas ss

Mlrs. Jond P.i Coughinteieco and hisorelitd wife bthei werl extremely dlient ib manye Te nd aciviisadotiued ge-oth f YMCA spe hasrcnly Pot Them reatly to lifer on athe
eturned overe

rtoasembl thi

ea entier

this

FORT LEAVrENWORTH

IN 1951

51

facility to the Army. It will hereafter be operated under the special services officer as the Fort Leavenworth Youth Center. Up in the main building Mrs. Fanis is still holding forth in the library. Sgt Pearson has been ordered overseas. Myiss Headley is handling the classified materials of the archives, in her customary efficient fashion. Miss Lula Baum, in the visitors' bureau, is a familiar face to returning visitors. She arranges for arrivals and entertainment of all of the visiting dignitaries. In the Class Supervisor's office Miss Grace O'Leary is still keeping schedules and classrooms in order. M/iss Nuhn continues to keep the authors out of trouble in Editing and Publications. Down in the basement under the famous clock tower ]Bob Baker, the peren~nial barber, has his shop. His tales of hunting exploits are legend and are backed up by a picture of him on a pheasant shoot. In addition he has autographed pictures of Gen Eddy, Gen Gerow, Gen Eichelberger, as well as sypecially made facetious diplomas of attest gradua~tion from the Command and General Staff College and t Instruction Training. They call he instructor training course humorously the "bull plen." Mr. Phillips and the Transportation Office are handling with their usual dispatch the tremendous traffic of incoming and ou~tgoing students and their effects. The coffee shop now occupies the large rear section of Sheridan Hall basement. Tlhe teenage ABC (Army Brats' Club) was permitted to use this large room for several of their dances and parties. The center of the Post geographically is Sumner Place. No doubt in the very old days when it was the parade ground it was the real center of the Post life. A new parking area is being added on the south side of the square to -facihitate visitors to graduation exercises. Boughton Memorial Hall, the Masonic building,. faces the Sumner Place Par~k from the south. This square, modern-Grecian, 2-story, cream brick building was authorized by Act of Congress and completed in 1923. I~thouses all of the Masonic activities, and under the provisions of the Congressional Act, the Post Office. Mr. Wi~lliam J. Lyons, the Postmaster, has held that position since February 7, 1934.

In back of the M~iasonic building is the Ibattery of excellent tennis courts. Here Sg~t Jones, the tlennis professional, keeps a plant which was able to hold with ease the Fifth Army and the All-Army tennis matches the past year. He and Col Huntington Hills were members of both these teams and have done much for the sport on the Post and throughout the Army. A feature of the tennis program this year was an exhibition by a team of professionals including Bill Tilden, Frankie Parker, and Frank K~ovacs. On the southwest corner of the park one of the old red brick buildings houses the Army National Bank. The bank has grown with the FArmy as witnessed by the following figures: m ployees Deposits Capital 7 $1,364,231 1937 $ 25,000 15 4,789,936 1950 100,000 Mr. G~eorge Palrker, the president, continues to render financial assistance to countless officers of the Army in every part of the world. To the north of the bank andl facing Sumner Place from the west is the WjlAC barracks. This important part of the Army is in increasing t evidence as these new soldiers ake over classroom attendant duties and other essential administrative functions, releasing men for combat service. Down M~cClellan Avenue and across from the YMCA stands St. Ignatius Chapel. This handsome steepled red brick building was built by the Jesuit priest, Reverend T. H. K~insell~a, und~er the direction of ]Bishop Louis M~. Fink of the Catholic Church. The corner~stone was laid August 18, 1889. There are memorial windows in the chapel to Gen Philip Sheridan and to Mlrs. Ellen Ewing Sherman, wife of Gen Wilhian Tecumseh Sherman. The property on which the chapel stands was leased from the Unitedt States and a revokable license issued bjy the Secretary of War for the construction of a church June 27, 1884. Behind the WAC barracks is Building 61 which housed a huge officers' mess during the 1,000-man class period of World War II. A s~tage has been erected here and the building is used upon occasion as a theater. Here the Parentc-Teacher A~ssociation haolds meetings. It was also the scene of the Dramatic Club plays and G~lee Club concer~ts.

52

_THEi

HI;STOR Y OF' FOR T LEA VENWOR TH

FORT LIEAVIENWORTH NEWS Starting with a 2-page mimeograph edition on January 5, 1940, the Post newspaper has matured. It was published then as the Reception Center News. It became a real newspaper of four printed pages and cartoons by Milton Caniff and the WVolf by Sansone by N~ovember 14, 1942. By January of 1946 the name had been changed to th~e present caption, For~t Leaven~wuorth News. This was an 8-page edition. By 1950 the paper had gone back to 4 pages but was printed as now on slick paper. Published almost consistently by an enlisted staff the paper has recorded faithfully local events of interest. It has been characterized throughout its long service by outstanding ill ustrations. THE US DISCIPLINARY BARRACKS The Disciplinary Barracks has not changed very much although 12 sentry towers were added around the walls in 1943. Col Rhodes F. Arnold is the present commandant. Since November 6, 1940, the prison has confined on an average some 1,000 prisoners of the Army and Air Force. It has a guard detachment of 362 men and is classed as a "maximumn security" installation. The annual report for 1946 showed the cost of operation at $1,453,575.43. This was offset to some extent by money-makin~g ac~tivities of the Disciplinary Barracks, such as: Laundry $135,345.11 Dry Cleaning Plant 34,302.34 Hog Farm '21,124.47 Visitors to the prison that year were the HIonorable Robt. P. Patterson, Undersecretary of War; Honorable Wt. Stuart Symington, Assistant Secretary of War; and Mr. Austin MacCormick, no~ted penologist and consultant to the Secr~etary of War, Gens Gerow, XLivesay, Weyland, and Louis A. Craig. The cost of operation in 1951 has risen to $2,225,283.22. The annual cost per prisoner has risen from $791.91 to $1,203.60. Efforts of the Disciplinary Barracks are directed toward restoring the prisoners to a useful, normal civilian or military career. The many activities of the prison have as a purpose training in some skill which will make the inmate self supporting on the outside. Mdany of the prisoners are parolees who work at various Post activities outside the walls.

The Disciplinary Barracks operates the Army's only military training company. Men confined ~in other disciplinary barracks who are considered for restoration to duty are given an 8 week's training course here. If these men make good during this training period they are restored to active duty. These men wear a special patch on their shoulders, a white MTC'` o lebcgon.Teeaeu o5 e in the training company. The National Cemetery located west of Biddle Boulevard is a point of special interest. There are some 6,000 graves in the cemetery dating back to the Indianm Wars. The olde~st is that of Capt; James Allen, 1846. A~ll of Custer's ill-fated band are buried there. Here lie Lt. John W~. Gattan and Indian guides Noisy Owl, Frosted Bear, and Shango Hango of the convoys to Laramie in the 1850s. Gen Henry Leavenworth, who died July 21, 1834, was moved here from IDelhi, N~ewT York, and reinterred in 1902. Plans are being made to expand the cemetery by 8 acres toward the north. On the west edge of the reservation is the Hunt Lodge. This large rustic building, once the scene of hunt; breakfasts and gatherings, is still a popular place for picnics and informal parties. It is reached by a scenic drive which skirts the crest of a line of hills which parallels the western edge of the Post. N ear the center of this drive is a field piece and memorial plaque to Gen? Gruber erected in ]December of 1941. To the southeast of the US Disciplinary Barracks is the Lewis and Clarke Junior H~igh School. Together with the George Patton Grade School locat~ed in the West Normandy Area these schools provide for about 583 students. The schools on the garrison are operated as a part; of the school system of th~e State of Kansas. The United States also appropriates some funds 'for the support of these schools. They are also backed by an active school board and wellorganized PTA. M~rs. Bertha Clement is principal. Approximately 117 students attended irade and. high schools in the town of Leavenworth. Just to the southeast of the junior high school is located Leigh Hall, the Boy Scout meeting h~ouse. Built of -field stone with a wide fireplace in the single room assembly hall, this building is the hub of an active Scout movement. Sgt Henry Ford, now in the Far East, was for many

F~ORT LEAVENWORTH

IN 1951

______________

years the Scoutmaster and sparkplug for Troop 66. Scouts and Explorers of this giant size troop take a~n outstanding part in scouting in the Kansas City area. Participation as a troop in the Scout-o-rama held in the American Royal stock show building in that city is a yearly event planned for months in advance. The Blue and Gold Dinner held annually at the Officers' Mless to open the season features a talk by the Coinmandant to all scouts and cubs, their parents, and friends. The Girl Scouts also have an at~tractive rustic meeting building near the Boy Scout hut. The Girl Scouts also have a permanent camp site on the hill to the right of the Hunt Lodge road. ACTI[VITIES On Hallowe'en each year the entire station celebrates together. The festivity starts with a parade of spooks led by the band. This parade ranges from toddlers to grown-ups in every variety of costume. A committee of judges is on hand to award prizes for the best masquerade. The parade goes from the chapel through the sally port of the College building and wends its way to giant Gruber Hall. Here a carnival is set u-p with all kind~s of raffle booths, baseball throws, and tests of skill conducted by the

various groups on the Post. A special kiddie land is set up with swings, slides, and a movie for the little tots. Scrip money is purchased for the evening, the proceeds going to the Post Ac,tivities Fund. Young and old have a hilariouM but harmless Hallowe'en. This year the carnival was held in the hangars of Sherman F'ield. An amazing variety of activities is sponsored by the F'ort Leavenworth Women's Club. W~ith student officers studying most evenings, it is important to have a diversity of interestirng things for the wives to do. The Art Group worked under an instructor from the Kansas City Art I~nstitute 1' evening a week. Their show toward the end of the year was an impressive display of color and talent. Thomas Hart Benton, the renowned artist, viisited the Post this past year and. loaned the garrison. one of his large pictures to hang in the lounge of the Officers' MVess. The Current Aff-airs Group met on Sunday evenings about twicee each month. Their program this year was built around talks and panel discussions on most of the countries on the periphery of Communist Russia. Some of the speakers featured were: 3Dr. and Mlrs. Norman Sun of Park College, experts on China; Dr. Edgar Rosen of the Ueniversity of K~ansas City, expert on Germany; Mr. Austin MdacCormick,

Hallowe'en Pa)ad~e.

54

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVENWORT~H

leading penologist; Mr. Gordon Parkinson, TWA foreign representative and traveller, Many of the speakers were experienced officers of the faculty and students of the Army War College and the Command andi General Staff College. The Ladies' Choral Group staged two delightful concerts during the year. The Post is fortunate in having two talented sopranos, Mrs. Woodrow W. Ham and Mrs. James K. Terry. The choral group combined_ with the Glee Club to present Gilbert and Sullivan's "Trial by Jury" as a farewell for Gen Eddy, who was a great music lover. The Women's Club also sponsored a sewing club and a hat-making group. These groups staged a fashion show and a display of -their handiwork. There was a flower arrangement display held under the Club's aegis. Also there was a1 bridge lesson and duplicate bridge group. The Club alsosponoredthe adie Gol Assciaton. Not connected with the Women's Club, but contributing greatly to Post life, were the music teachers. M~iss M~argaret Berry has served as post chapel organist and choir director f~or years. She has successfully produced outstanding church music over a long period of time. In recognition of this fact the choir was invited to sing at the Cathedral in Kransas City during the past year. Miss Berry and MRIiss Charity'

Baker have taught piano lessons to many scores of Army juniors. There is an active group of horsemen and women who are organized on the Post as the Fort Leavenworth Riding Association. One of the nice things about the Post is the greenhouse. Mr. Emil Hinz has for many years produced flowers which have brightened the tables of Fort Leavenworth hostesses or the sick rooms at the hospital. CONCLUSION This picture of Fort Leavenworth is impressive in a quiet way. It is a peaceful, homelike backdrop against which to cast the warlike drama of a mighty military school. Its tranquility and beauit~y, its talent, and its kaleidoscopic activities have endured long enough to be a tradition. Perhaps this assured serenity has more than a little to do with the greatness whchabencivdbysmnyhoae pse hswy ehp nti re n gracious Post here in the heart of America, far from the stress and turmoil, there are virtues to be drawn from the homes, from the soil, from the very air we breathe that are purely American. H~ere among families and friends have America's warriors of two great wars been tried by the testing heat of academic strife and annealed by the cooling softness of this Post. The things the American soldier holds most dear have helped to forge his country's shield.

APPENDIX I BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GENERAL STAFF

To better understand the history and functioning of a staff college, it would be helpful to know something of the origin and functions of the General Staff itself. What we know as the General Staff got its greatest impetus from the Prussians.' Although Gustavus Adolphus used a staff to assist him, he did most of the have staffs now surprisingly similar in function to a military staff. In the early days the staff consisted mainly of the personal entourage of the commander. With the years the staff developed more useful military functions. In the beginning these functions had to do primarily with requirements of transport and supply. It

directing of his army personally. It was Fred2

erick the Great who may be looked upon as the founder of the modern military staff. This outstanding military genius required only a small staff himself but his thinking and techniques paved the way for modern staff development, It was Frederick who established in 1765 the Academie de Nobles, the first school for staff officers. This school was the forerunner of the famous Kriegsakademie or German War College. Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Massenbach, and Muffling" are famous names in German military thinking and all contributed in evolving the complex of teamwork, duties, and responsibilities required to move, feed, and supply the army of the present. Schellendorff, another famous German writer on staff work (1875), quotes the military authority Clausewitz: "The General Staff is intended to convert the ideas of the general commanding into orders, not only by conveying the former to the troops, but far more by working out all necessary matters of detail, thus relieving the mind of the general from a great amount of trouble." Tha~t is a fair definition even ~today. All of the great military captains of history used staffs of a sort. Our captains of industry
Intelligence Division, War Department;, The German Genzeral Staff Corps (Washington, D.C., 1946). 2 Hittle, The Militar~y Staff, "Frederick laid the foundation. Without it it is extremely doubtful if the objectives of Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Moltke
'Mltr

is not strange, then, that the German Staff was 2

called first the Quartermaster General's Staff. The additional staff members were at first engineers who attended to fortifications and to facilitating movement of .supplies. Later they performed reconnaissance of routes and camp sites. Since the great military leaders were their own strategists and tacticians, few of them employed operations officers. Napoleon's staff was relatively small and not organized according to present day ideas. His Chief of Staff, Berthier, was charged rather with movement and mechanics of the headquarters and orders than with participating in the command function. The Chiefs of Staff of Corps belonging to Napoleon's marshals were more powerful and their staffs relatively larger; 16 for Soult's IV Corps and 24 for Ney's command. THE AMnERICAN GENERAL STAFF The American staff developed slowly. Washington, fully aware of the importance of a~ t General Staff,' was authorized in 1796 by he Congress only an Adjutant General, Quartermaster General, Commissary General of Stores and Provisions, Paymaster General, Commissary General of Musters, and a Chief of Engineers. Later he got a Wagon Master, a Commissary of ACrtillery Stores, a Director General of the Mledical Departmen~t, and a Judge Advocate General. Washington's contribution to miliL ponmn a h sa tikn a tofL taysffhiknwsteapotm Gen Von Steuben of Prussia as the first Int spector General of he Army. Little progress was made after the RevolulHittle, The Military~ Staff'. 'Ib~id; "In forming an army if a judicious choice is not made of the principal officers and- above all of the general staff, it can never be rectified thereafter," Washington letter to Secretary of War Melenry July 4, 1798.

could ever have been -realized."

lbidl; "Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Massenbach, and M/uf-

fling were those who forged the sword that was the German staff and it was Moltke who used the weaponas a tool of victory in a manner which demonstrated conclusively that a strong staff was an indispensable component of any great nation's military machine." Bronsart von Shellendorif, The Dutties of the Generacl Staff (London, 1875).

56 tion despite the steady development of staff work in European armies. Grant's s~taff in the Virginia campaign was: one chief of staff, two secretaries, seven aides de camp, two assistant adjutants general, one inspector general, one chief quartermaster and assistant, one commissary general of subsistence and assistant, one chief of engineers, one provost marshal general and assistant. It is interesting to note that some of the Army intelligence at this time was furnished by Pinkerton's Detective Agency. 7 However, it was out of the experience of this war that the realization came of the necessity for trained staff officers. It was this realization which prompted the founding of the School of Application at Fort Leavenworth in 1881. WHAT IS A GENERAL STAFF The General Staff is the extension of the personality of the commander.8 The modern staff is generally divided into four major functional divisions, i.e. Gi, Personnel; G2, Intelligence; G3, Operations and Training; and G4, Supply. These functional divisions are ound f in all echelons from battalion to the Department of the Army, i.e. battalion, regiment, division, corps, army, army group, theater, and Department of the Army. Their activities are directed by an executive officer or chief of staff. From division and above these are called general staff officers. Under their direction and coordination work members of the Special Staff. The Special Staff is generally divided into the Technical Services: Quartermaster, Ordnance, Transportation, Medical, Signal, E~ng~ineer, and Chemical; and the Administrative Services: Adjutan~t General, Finance, Special Services, Provost Marshal, Inspector General, Judge Advocate, and Chaplain. It is
?F. E. Compton, Encyclopedia, p. 405. Otto L. Nelson, Jr., Maj Gen, National Security and
the Generacl Staff (Washing~ton 1946), p. 572: "The General Staff is a part of the command element and it exists only because of the complexity of command.

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVENWORTH-

the mission of the Command and General Staff College to train commanders and general staff o~fficers. From the time an officer is commissioned in the US Army, usually from a college or the US Military Academy, he goes progressively to school. Basic branch schools teach junior officers pertinent basic tactics and techniques (company level). Each branch of the Army also has an advanced school which teaches more senior officers advanced tactics and techniques (battalion and regimental level). Upon gradu~ation from the advanced school of his branch, -aplproximat~ely 50 percent of all Army officers may be selected to attend a 10-month course at the Command and General Staff College. Her~e they learn tactics of higher units andl techniques of combined arms to include division, corps, and army. Upon graduation a small percentage may be selected to attend a 10-month course at he t Army War College. The War College teaches the duties of commanders and staffs of higher army echelons (army group, theater Army, zone of interior) with emphasis upon the Departmen~t of the Army. The American concept of the general staff is quite different from the German idea. MCodeled on the Prussian mold the German General Staff became a military caste. Initially it was a blood aristocracy. Although this was modifled to permit selection of worthy individuals for staff training the attributes of the caste system remained. The General Staaff became a professional military clique trained for offensive war. Its end was to gain ascendency in all military matters in time of peace so that its power would be unquestioned in time of war. With increasing power the Chief of General Staff gained equal authority with the MIinister of War and finally under Moltke displaced this political official. The Minister of W~ar was relegated to the role of mere supplier of money and
personnel. This

If all commanders of all sized units had the capacity to personally perform the planning, coordination and supervising duties incident to exercisingl command
there would be no justification for a general staff.

To perform these tasks the commander of any large unit must have a general staff which as a body acts as his alter eg~o, greatly enlarging his capacity to command but without taking away from him any of his attributes of com~mand. General staff duties are always the duties the commander would perform
himself if he were able to."

in this cou try The Congress, up to 1903 with ny the European model of the General S~taff ever in mind reluctantly authorized only a bare minimum number of s~taff positions. Only after a bitter 3 years' struggle did the great statesiman, Elihu Root win authorization for an Aeia eea tf.Mroemltr
Aeia eea tf.Mroemltr

political tug of war did not take place

APPENDIXES

57 versatile efficient commanders and staff officers for the Nation's defense. Along with the courses for regular officers there were habitually courses for training Reserve and Naational Guard officers of the civilian components of the Army. Of the approximately 18,000 officers graduated from this great staff training school during World War II, the majority were, of course, civilian soldiers. All were imboued with the cooperation and team play which is characteristically American. They were given. at Leavenworth the tools of the staff officer's trade. These tools have turned out in the bloody competition of two world wars to be equal to the best.

men were mindful of the essentially democratic nature of our Army.9 This democratic heritage nurtured quite a different general staff from the Prussian pattern. Instead of creating a select hierarchy of lifetime professionals whose best interests were served by promoting war, the American system sponsored a large group of trained specialists to meet the national emergency requirement. It is true that the American staff had a nucleus of trained professionals; however, the interests of this group have been little concerned with the formulation of national policy. Certainly the Command and General Staff College has had no part in national affairs other than tche provision of

!John J. MecCloy, "In Defense of the Army Mind," Harper's CMagazine (April 1947), Stirmson to the General Officers of the Army September 20, 1945: "You and those whom you represent have shown yourselves brave but not brutal, self confident but not arrogant and above all you have guided and wielded the mighty power of this great country to another victory without loss of our liberties or the usurpation of any power.9'

APPENDIX II THE MEN BEHIND LEAVENWORTH

Leavenworth has, like all famous institutions, a heritage of men who have contributed to her greatness. The period 1937 to date includes only a few of those who have by their breadth of vision and clear thinking contributed to the accomplishment of the College mission and as a consequence to the everlasting glory of our great Nation. The accomplishments of most of thes iniviual rgar tothe College these wih regard with individual have been covered in preceding toresults cha~pters. drew an apt metaphor in comparing the equipment gained by the students to artillery ammunition. In relating that two Leavenworth graduates had attained the position of Chief of Staff of the Army, he said: "The two Chiefs of Staff did not carry their Leavenworth ammunition around in their caissons. They have been firing it ever since with deadly effectiveness, in producing of benefit to the service first ondarily to the everlasting credit of and secLeavenworth and themselves." In this simple, direct analogy, Gen M~cNair typified the type of thinking which he contributed to the College and later as trainer of the combat armies to the Nation as a whole. This splendid soldier and thinker devised a grading system called after him the McNair "Ltaw of Merit" which combined grades on marked problems to produce final student class standings with results quite similar to the present system of standard deviations. His untimely and tragic daha euto u w obn hl
daha

BIRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES M.BUNDEL. Brig Gen Charles M/. ]Bundel's contribution can best be summarized by an excerpt from a speech to the class at Fort Leavenworth by his successor, Gen Lesley J. M/cNair, who said on June 20, 1939: "I know that we all miss today another distinguished soldier--the one whom you have full right to think of as Commandant -- General Bundel. It was while we both were here right after the war that I first came to know his fine qualities. He was not noisy, but he thought hard and deeply and soundly. No one could have been more concerned for the happin~es~s and welfare of his command. H~is faith in this school was abiding, and you may be sure he found greatest satisfaction and pleasure in terminating his service here. I know that he will be 'touched to learn that we are missing him and hailing his contributions to the school and to the Army." WSith some prophetic insight Gen ]Bundel said of Leavenwor~th: "This school is also a great military labotrines and methods applicable to large units are studied, crystallized, and tested. The success or failure of our armies will depend largely upon the soundness of the doctrines and methods they employ. To a considerable degree therefore the future of our country is being written right within these walls.
ratory

observing combat operations in Normandy was a great loss to the Armed Forces and the country. Fortunately, his stupendous job of building the Nation's ground forces and training them into fighting teams was then almost complete. His accomplishments are rich evidence of the high quality and clear, down-to-earth thinking which Gen McNair gave to the C~om=. mand and General Sta~ff School.

euto

obn

hl

in which tactical

and

strategic

doc-

BRIGADIER GENERAL LESLEY i. McNAIR Brig Gen Lesley J. McNair, as Commandan~t, spoke to the graduating class of the College on June 20, 1939. He was an artilleryman and 5~8

BRIGADIER GENERAL EDMIUND 1. GRUBER Brig Gen Edmund L. Gruber was a lean, senious looking soldier whose dignified mien belied thnikaeSiz"ndhemscidnuh ika "nt n h ms ide derneath. Maj Gen Robert M. Danford, a close personal friend, then Chief of Field Artillery, spoke of Gen Gruber to the graduating Third SeilCasJn 1,14,so fe e Gruber's sudden death. He- said of the authnor of the famous artillery son~g: "A man of restless driving energy, a man always intolerant of inefficiency, intolerant of officers who did not exert themselves. . . he lived and exemplified the best traditions of the service."

A;PPENDIXSES

59

BRIGADIER GENERAL H. H. FULLER Brig Gen H. H. Fuller came to the school from duty as military attach6 to France. In this position he witne~ssed the German entry into Paris. He was alarmed by American complacency in the face of grave danger and made talks on his experiences, and conclusions to the class during his tour as Commandant. He obtamned jeeps, then very new, by rehabilitating some damaged in the Louisiana Maneuver area to make student reconnaissance on problems more realistic. He put in a drainage syst~em on the Sherman Field area and strengthened the dikes to prevent the annual flooding, Fuller was an active man personally Genera~l supervising the project in his own jeep. His aide ran a bulldozer, they say. A sudden order in November 1941 to take commandt of a combat division, the 41st, which he fought in the New Guinea Campaign undoubtedly pleased this restless soldier. MBAJOR GENERAL KARL TRUESDELL Maj Gen Karl Truesdell bore the brunt of the expansion of the school to meet the wartime mission. ]He brought a world of varied exp~eriemnce to the task. H~e entered the Army as an enlisted man in 1901 and by 1904 earned a commision as second lieutenant of Infantry. His first contact with ~Leavenworth was in 1911 when he was ordered to the Army Signal School here. After service in World War I he returned to Fort Leavenworth in 1920 as an instructor in the General Service Schools. He graduated from the Army School of the Line, from the General Staff School also at ]Leavenworth, and remained as an instructor. He later graduated from the Army War College and the Naval War College and served on the War Departmruent General Staff. H3e then served with the 15th Infantry in Tientsin, China, and upon his return to the States as Director of the Intelligence Course at the Army W~ar College. He commanded the 16th Infantry at Fort Jay, New York, and the Infantry Section of the 1st Division. He assumed command of the 1st Division and later commanded VI Corps from October to. December 1940. In March of 1942 he was ordered to Fort Leavenworth where he remained through the war. It is typical of this fine soldier that he appreciated the great responsibility and importance of his Leavenworth

assignment in spite of undoubted disappointment at being deprived of wartime command of troops. His vision, his grasp of the job to be done, and hnis vigorous execution of a somewhat unglamorous task in time of war are a great tribute to Gen. Truesdell. There is no doubt whatsoever that his contribution to the armed forces and to the Nation in time of grea~t stress was outstanding. LEONARD) T.GIERWO LIEUTENlANT GENERALI Lt Gen Leonard T. Gerow like Gen Marshall is a graduate of Virginia Mlilitary Institute. He was appointed second lieutenant upon graduation in 1911. He first served at Fort Leavenworth with the 19th Infantry in January 1912. After service in World War I and in Washington with the Chief of Infan~try and with the War Department General Staff, he came to the Command and General S~taff School. H~e graduated an honor student in 1926. After duty in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War he graduated from the Army War College in 1931. He was Chief of Staff of the experimental 2d Division a~t Fort Sam Houston, Texas, in 1939. In 1940 he was assigned to the Infantry School, whiere he wa~s Assistant Commandant for a short time. In Decemnber 19411 he was appointed Chief of the War Plans Division of the W~ar Department General Staff. He later commanded the 29th Infantry Division and then V Corps. He commanded this corps through the Normandy invasion and until January 15, 1945, when he was given command of the Fifteenth Army.- He -assumed command of Fort Leavenworth in October 1945. Gen Gerow had experience with all levels of the Army school system, having been Commaander of the Signal Corps School at; Fort Sam Houston in 1919 and Assistant Com~mandant of the Chemical School in -1931. Hlis record as a combat commander and Genaeral Staff planner attest his high caliber and his emninent qualifications for his duty as Commandant of the Command and General Staff College and to head the board to study the Army educational system. H~is selection for these tasks at the crucial reorganizational period which followed World War II is again evidence of the care and wisdom of those who have the welfare of the Army and the defense of our Nation in their custody.

60

THE HISTOR Y OF FORT LEA VENWORTHN

LIEUTENANT GENERAL MANTON S. EDDY Lt Gen Mlanton S. Eddy was commissioned second lieutenant in 1916. H~e attended the First Provisional Officer's Course at Fort Leavenworth in Mlarch 1917. He was assigned to the Infantry Board at Fort Benning, Georgia, after serving as a unit commander during World War I. He completed the 2-year course at; the Command and General Staff School in 1934 and remained for 4 years as an instructor. He became Assistant Division Commander of the 9th Infantry Division and later as division commnander took the division to North :Africa. After leading the 9th Division, in campaigns. in Africa, Sicily, and France, Gen Eddy was assigned to command the XII Corps of Gen Patton's Third Army. He was appointed Chief of Information for the Department of the Army in 1947. He was assigned to Leavenworth in January 1948 and left in June 1950 to take command of the Seventh Army in Europe. This splendid administrator and leader, endowed with sympathy, kindliness, and interest in all about him, surrounded himself with able assistants and was thereby able to guide the school and the Post through an era characterized by progress and friendliness. In addition, Gen Eddy was able to give his time to other essential duties and studies such as the Eddy Board Report which completed the crystalliza tion of the postwar Army school system. MAJOR GENERAL HORACE L. M~cBRIDE lMaj Gen H~orace L. McBride started his career of association with the business of Army education soon after he was commissioned in 1916. He was instructor at the Officers' Training Camp, Fort Meyer, Virginia, in 1917. After combat service with the artillery overseas in World War I he returned to a battalion command and to graduate from the Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In 1923 he was assigned as Assistant Professor of Military Science and Tactics at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. He graduated from the Command and General Staff School in June 1928 and went to the Artillery School as an instructor. He graduated from the Army War College in 1936 and was assigned as instructor at the Command and General S~taff School. During World War II he was Division Artillery Coinmander. and later Division Commander of the

80th Infantry Division. As a part of the Third Army, the division fought throughout the campaig'ns. in Europe and remained for the occupation. Gen, M~cBride commanded the XIX Corps until its deactivation and subsequently the 9th Division. He organized and headed the Amenican Military Mission to Turkey at Ankara from Ahugust 1947 to August 1950. He~assumned command of the Command and General Staff College October 6, 19.50, and of the Post July 1, 1951. BRIGADIER GENERAL HARLAN N. HlARTNESS Br~ig. Gen Harlan N. H-artness was ACssistant Commandant from M~ay 1948 until June 19509 and Acting Commandant until the arrival of Gen M/clBride October 6, 1950. He was a graduate of the Command and General taff School S in 1935 and of the K~riegsacademie in Berlin in 1937. He was an instructor at W7aest Point and th~e Command and General Staff School and served 2 years in the G3 Division of the W~dCar Department General Staff. H~e was Assistant Division Commander of thne 94th and 26th Divisions during World War II and of the 7th Division on K~orean occupation duty. He was Acting Division Commander of both the 26tlh and the 7th Divisions. for short periods. He contributed much to the Army's program of providing manuals for instruction of its expanding Army. His keen interest and alert attention to detail coupled with sound thinking contributed substantially to accomplishment of the College mission during his extensive connection with it. He was rewarded by command of the 4th Infantry Division and recent promotion to the rank of major general. However, this outstanding assemblage of commandants, regardless of their superb qlualifica~tions could not have succeeded except for a, group of exceptionally able assistant comrmandant~s. These men supervised the production. andl presentation of thae actual College inastruction, consequently bearing a huge burden in detail and determination of quality. Col K. B. Edmunds was Assistan~t Commandant from 1938 to July 1941. He saw the transition fromn the long course to the short wartimle courses, and undoubtedly contributed much to the planning involved in the transition. He advocated the reorganization of the faculty along General Staff lines and adoption of the small

APPENDI)XES

61.

class system and other measures which were subsequently placed in effect. Brig Gen William A. Campbell was Assistant Commandant in 1944 and 1945. Graduate and instructor of the Command and General Staff College and graduate of the Army War College, Gen Campbell added distinguished service in both World Wars to the experience he brought to his assignment at the College. Mlaj Gen Otto P. Weyland, Air Force combat veteran, was brought to the College in 1945 to give balance to the faculty and to increase emaphnasis on air instruction in keeping with the increased importance of the air arm. He was a graduate of the Command and General Staff course in 1938. It is interesting to note that Gen Weyland has recently been assigned to the command of the Tactical Air Forces in the Far East. Maj Gen William F. Dean is another famous Assistant Commandant (June 1946 to September 1947). Gen Dean was a graduate of the Command and General Staff School, 1936, and of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces and the Army War College. He was Division Commander of the 44th Infantry Division in World War II and was reported missing in

instructor of weapons at the Infantry School from 1933 to 1937. He graduated from the Command and General Staff College in 1938. He also served as instructor at the College before service overseas as regimental commander with the 30th Infantry Division. A born instructor, Col Kelly contributed richly to the College from his fund of experience and sound tactical background. Other Acting Assistant Commandants who gave much to advancement of the College mission andi reputation were Col M. C. Shallenberger, Brig Gen A. W. Pence, and Col (later M1iaj Gen) G. R. "Doc" Cook. It is a difficult task to name all of the mndividuals whose wealth of experience, devotion to duty, and breadth of vision have in sum made of this College the institution it is, today. The numbers will mount closely to the total figure of the faculty as it has been constituted year after year. Certainly the department heads, section chiefs, not to mention the mndividual authors, are greatly deserving of recognition and acclaim. Another large group which merits great praise is the large number of enlisted men and women and those faithful ones, the civilian employees, who give year after year

action while leading another division the 24th

Infantry Division, in the fighting at Taejon, Korea. The influence of such prominent combat commanders on the thinking and operation of the College has been profoundly beneficial in keeping the instruction eminently practical. Clol Harry E. "Mlachine gun" Kelly was Acting Assistant Commandant under Gen Hartness in 1950 and up to the time of his departure in May 1951. He attained his nickname as an

unstintingly of their time and effort. For it is

not the great men alone who have made for this institution its mighty record of outstanding success, though theirs was the guiding hand; but the total of brains, blood, sweat--yea and even tears--which went into the task from all of the team. To them is due the largest measure of the credit, to them let us give the accolade "well done."

APPENDIX III CHRONOLOGY OF: EVENTS 1937-1951'

Smith Lake designated Brig Gen Bundel departed command Units Present: 3d Bn, 17th Jnf Troop A, 10th Cay B~rig Gen Lesley J. McNair in command Last Regular Class Graduation Special class scheduled Brig Gen E.~L. Gruber, assumed command First Special Class Opened 0900 Graduation Second Special Class Graduation Third Special Clacss Band 20th Jnf Inactivated Gen E. L. Gruber, funeral General Order 6, 1937 for Maj Gen H~arry A. Smith, Commandant 1923-25 March 23, 1939 1938 1939 April 1939-October 1940 1 February 1940 Maarch 11Not held. June 10, 1940. November 5, 194a0 NJovember 30, 1940, Grant Hall February 1, 1941, Theater February 8, 1941, Theater April 12, 194-1, Theater April 19, 1941, Theater June 1, 1941. June 2, 1941 Col Converse R. Lewis assumed command June 21, 1941, Theater June 24, 1941 June 28, 1941, Theater August 30, 1941, Theater October 4, 1941, Theater December 6, 194-1, Theater December 13, 1941, Theater January 1942 January 26, 1942, Theater February 14, 1942 Theater February 21, 1942 March 5, 1942 April 25, 1942, Theater M~ay 2, 1942, Theater July 4, 1942, Theater July 4, 1942, Commandant, USDB July 11, 1942, Theater July 13, 1942 November 21, 1942, Theater Andrews 1 Gruber 1 Gruber 1

Graduation Brig Gen H. H. Fuller assumed command Fourtih Special Class Graduation Fifthz Special Class Graduation Sixth Special Class (Cir 16 W/D) 7-day week 1st New D~iv Course Graduation Seventh Special Class Maj Gen Karl Truesdell assumed command Graduation Eight Special Class Graduation Col James C. M~arley, FA, reported Ninth Special Class Suspended Leavenworth M/useum Tenth, Special Class G~raduation Second SOS Class Gr~aduation Second AOC Clacss Graduation Eleventh Special (GS) and Third SOS Class November 30, 1942, Eleventh Special (GS) Third SOS, Third AOC Class, Graduation 0900, January 30, 1943,

' Compiled from General Orders, Ft Leavenworth,

Kansas. 1937-1950.

62

A PPENDIXES

63

Twelfth General Staff Gruber 1 0800, February 8, 1943, Fourth SOS Class Gruber 1 Graduation 0900, April 10, 1943, Class Fourth ASF Thirteenth General Staff Gruber 1 Graduation 0900, June 19, 1943, F~ifth SOS Class Fourteenth General Staff Gruber 1 0800, June 28, 194a3 Sixth SOS Class Polo Field 1400, July 31, 1943, of Silver Star posthumously Presentation to Mlr. Samuel Z. Eismont for Pfc Joseph D. Eismont, first of many presentations, by Gen Truesdell Gruber 1 Graduation 0900, August 28, 1943, Presentation to faculty member (Silver Star for gallantry at El Guettar) 1630, September 29, 1943 Lt Col William A. Cunningham--by Gen Truesdell (indicating brought; back from combat) Andrews 1 by Col Shah1630, October 20, 1943, Lt Col Chandler H. Johnson (LMV) lenberger (USMC)) (to student Tulagi, Guadalcanal, Solomnon Islands Sixteenth 0800, November 15, 1943, Gruber 1 Eighth SOS Class 1Muir Hall named (Bldg 285) for Maj Gen GO 8, 19441 Charles H. Muir, Commandant, 1919-20 1600, May 27, 1944 First anniversary of WAC detachment Gruber 1 Graduation 1330, June 8, 1944, Eighteenth General Staff Class June 15, 1944 Thursday, Infantry Day observed April 1939-July 19~40 named for Lt Gen ]Lesley J. McNair Hall (Bldg 286) McNair, Commandant July 10, 1944 G-uard consisted of seven watchmen and two patrol watchmen, duty officer C&GSS G;ruber 1 Graduation 1330, August 17, 1944, Twentieth General Staff Class Gruber 1. Twenty-first General Staff Class Graduation 1330, October 26, 1944, Gruber 1 0800, October 30, 1944, for Lt Gen January 17, 1945 Andrews Hall (Bldg T-801 named Frank M~. Andrews--graduate C&GSS 1929 for President Franklin Sunday, April 15, 1945 Memorial service held all Post Chapels, Delano Roosevelt Meritorious Service Unit Plaques presented to following units: Armed Forces Induction Station, Juane 79, 1945 WD Personnel Cen~ter June 7, 1945 Special Training Unit, WD Personnel Center Detachmaent Medical Department, Sta Comp, July 16, 1945 SCU 17573 July 25, 1945 WAC Detachment October 22, 1945 Maj Gen Otto C. Weyland, assumed command November 2, 1945 Lt Gen Leonard T. Gerow, assumed command Mlaj Gen William F. Dean assumed command during temporary absence of M/aj G-en Otto P. December 10, 1945i Weyland, July 25, 1947 also Gerow Gruber 1 Twenty-sixth Gener1al Staff Class Graduation 1330, February 2, 1946, Grant Hall Graduation 0900, February 27, 1946, First Command Class

64

THE HISTORY OF FORET LEA VENWOR TH

C&GSS redesignated College, GO 25 May 29, 1946 Twenty-seventh General Staff Class Graduation 0900, MIay 31, 1946, Second Command Class Graduation 0900, July 31, 1946, 1946-47 Regular Class Opening September 4, 1946 Graduation 0800, July 3, 1947 1947-48 Regular Class August 30, 1947 Normandy Area designated September 12, 1947 Names--Buckner Drive--Lt; Gen Simon Bolivar Bucktner Stilwell Avenue--Gen Joseph W. Stilwell Rose Circle-MNaj Gen Mdaurice Rose King Avenue--Maj Gen Edward Leonard K~ing 1947 Associate Class Opening January 6, 19479 Graduation lApril 5, 1947 R~edesignated CGSC, GO 16 April 25, 1947 1948 Associate Class Opening January 5, 1948 Graduat~ion 0900, A~pril 3, 1948, 1947-48 Reg~ular--44 graduates early MNay 4, 1949, Brig Gen Harlaan 3N. Hartnress, Assistant Commandlant relieved Col Donald C. Faith June 4, 1948 1 947-48 Regular Class Graduation 1000, July 2, 1948 1948-1949 Regular Class 0800, September 1, 1948, 1949 Alssociate Class 0800, January 3, 1949, Assumption of Command, Maj' Gen J. M. Swing July 6, 1950 1950-51 Regular Class 0800, September 6, 1950, Mlaj Gen Horace L. McBride annaounced Commandant, CGSC October 6, 1950 Col Henry E. Kelly, Jnf, announced acting Assistant Commandant October 17, 1950

Gruber 1 Theater Gruber 1

T'heater Grant; Sumner Place Gruber Andrews Gruber

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APPENDIX V COMMANDANTS FROMV TO 1951 1937

N~ame Brig Gen Charles M~. Bundel. Brig Gen Lesley J. McNair Brig Gen Edmund L. Gruber Brig Gen Horace H. Fuller Mlaj Gen Karl Truesdell Lt Gen Leonard T. Gerow Lt Gen Manton S. Eddy Brig Gen Harlan N. Hartnaess (Acting Commandant) M~aj Gen H~orace L. M~cBride From2 June 1936 April 1939 October 1940 June 1941 March 1942 November 1945 January 1948 July 1950 October 1950 To M~arch 1939 October 1940 May 1941 March 1942 November 1945 January 1948 July 1950 October 19.50 Present

APPENDIX VI ASSISTANT COM~NMANDANTS FROM 1937 TO 1951

Name Col J. A. McAndrew, Inf Brig Gen F. WV. Honeycutt Col K. B. Edmunds, Cay Col 1Martin C. Shallenberger Brig Gen William A. Campbell (Acting) MNajGen Otto P. W~eyland Maj Gen William F. Dean Brig Gen Harlan N. Hartness Col Harry E. Kelly (Acting) C~ol Ma~x S. Johnson From June 1936 March 1937 September 1938 July 1941 August 1944 September 1945 June 1946 May 1948 October 1950 April 1951 To March 1937 September 1938 July 1941 June 1944 September 1945 June 1946 September 1947 October 1950 Apr~il1951 Present

66

APPENDIX VII CLASS DIRECTORS FROM 1937 TO 1951

N~ame Lt Col Thompson Lawrence, Jnf ~Director, Regular Course Lt Col J. B. Crawford, CAC Director, Special Course and Extension Course Col Kinzie B. Edmunds, Cay Director, Regular Course Col C=ary I. Crockett, Jnf Director, Special Course and Extension Course Col John WV.Lang, Inf Director, Regular Course Col M1Iartin C, Shallenberger, Jnf Director, Regular Course Lt Col Raymond E. McG~uillin, Cay Director, Special Course and Extension Course Col W~alter A. Pashley, QMN Director, Service Staff Class Lt Col B. L. Paige, CAC Director, General Staff Course Col William Nalle, Cay Director, General Staff Course Col M. F. MZoyer, Air CorpsDirector, General Staff Class--Air Col W~illet J. 1Baird, Inf Class Director, Service Staff Course Col John H. Van Vliet, Inf Director, New Divisions Course Class Director, General Staff Course Course Director, Regular Course Col Henry J. Schroeder, SC Course D~irector, Regular Course Col Haskell H. Cleaves, SC Class Supervisor Col Harwood Marshall Class Supervisor From July 1936 July 1936 July 1937 July 1937 September 1938 August 1939 February 1940 To June 1937 June 1937 June 1938 January 1940 June 1939 June 1940 June 1940 July 1943 November 1943 September 1943 February 1946 June 1946

September 1943 Jrune 1942

M~arch 1944 July 1943

August 1942 July 1947 August 1948 June 1950

January 1947 August 1948 June 1950 Present

67

APPENDIX V1III SECRETARIES AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS FROM 1937 TO 19511

~From Name Lt Col Frederick Gilbreath, Cay Executive Officer * Lt Col William R. Nichols, CAC Secretary * Lt Col F. Gilbreath, Cay Lt Col P. R. Davison, Cay Col Dana C. Schmahl, FA Executive and Secretary Lt C~ol W7alter R. Kreinheder Col John H. Van Vliet, Inf Col Earl C. Bergquist Col Thomas B. Hedekin
June 1935 January 1935 June 1936 May 1939 January 1941 March 1944 January 1947 July 1949 July 1950 T o June 1939 June 1936 MVay 1939 January 1941 Mlarch 1946 January 1947 June 1949 July 1950 Present
1935, to June, 1936.

"Duties of Executive Officer and Secretary separated from January,

APPENDIX IX CHART FACULTY AND STUDENTS IDEC 1940B-MARB 1945

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APPENDIXES
STUDENTS

69

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APPENDIX X ORDER OF BATTLE, EUROPEAN AND PACIFIC THEATERS OF OPERATIONS MVAY 7, 19451
Dwight D. Eisenhower Gen M. B. Ridgway Gen L. E. Oliver 2 Gen R. W. Hasbrouck 2 Gen J. MI. Gavin Graduate C&GSS Year 1926 Position Supreme Comdr, Allied Forces Comdr, XVIII Corps

Gen Mlaj Mlaj Miaj M~aj

C&GSS

1935

~Maj Gen B. E. M~oore

Gen Omar N. Bradley Lt Gen W. H. Simpson 2 M~aj Gen A. C. Gillem, Jr. M~aj Gen P. W. Baade2 M~aj Gen A. R. Bolling Maj Gen F. A. Keating Maj Gen J. B. Anderson 2 Mail Gen C. H. Gerhardt M~aj Gen R. E. Porter M~aj Gen I. T. Wyche2 Maj Gen H. L. Twaddle 2 Mlaj Gen R. S. M/cLain M~aj Gen I. D. White Mlaj Gen J. MI. Devine M~aj Gen L. S. Hobbs Maj Gen R. C. Macon Gen Courtney H. Hodges2 Mlaj Gen E. P. Parker, Jr. Lt Gen J. L. Collins Brig Gen Doyle 0. Hickey M~aj Gen L. A. Craig Maj Gen Emil F. Reinhardt 2 Maj Gen Terry Allen 2 Maj Gen Troy H. M~iddleton 2 Brig Gen George W. Read, Jr. M~Yaj Mlaj Myaj Gen Maj Maj Maj Gen William R. Schmidt; Gen Frank L. Culin, Jr.2 Gen Thomas D. Finley 2 George S. Patton, Jr. Gen Harold W. Blakeley 2 Gen James A. Van Fleet Genl A. J. Balrnett

1928 C&GSS 1934 C&GSS 1942 C&GSS GS Cl 7 1939 C&GSS 1929 C&GSS 1925 C&GSS 1923 C&GSS 1924 C&GSS 1935 C&GSS 1939 C&GSS 1925 C&GSS 1933 C&GSS 1935 C&GSS 1925 C&GSS 1923 C&GSS 1938 C&GSS Sp NG Off Crse 1939 C&GSS 1938 C&GSS 1934 C&GSS 1931 C&GSS 1925 C&GSS 1925 C&GSS 1933 C&GSS 1936 C&GSS 1931 C&GSS 1923 C&GSS 1926 C&GSS 1924 C&GSS 1941 C&GSS 5th GS Cl 1928 C&GSS 1930 C&GSS 1933 C&GSS 1924 C&GSS 1936 C&GSS No C&GSS 1933 C&GSS

Comdr, 12th Army Gp Comdr, Ninth Army Comdr, XIII Corps

Comdr, XVI Corps

Comdr, XIX Corps

Comdr, First Army Comdr, VII Corps

Comdr, VIII Corps

Comdr, Third Army Comdr, III Corps

Biennzial Report 53 and 87. 2 Retired.

of the Chief of Sta~ff, US Army~z,Jucly 1, 1,943 to Ju~ne 30, 1945 to the Secretary of WarT, pp.

'70

APPENDIXES

71

Gen Albert C. Smith Gen Walter E. Lauer 2 Gen Clalrence R. Huebner Gen John W. Leonard Gen John L. Pierce2 Gen Clift Andrus Gen Walter M. Robertson Gen Milton B. H3alsey Gen Stafford Leroy Irwin Gen Willime M. Hog~e E Dge 2 MajGeHlms Mlaj Gen Albert E. Brown 2 Mlaj Gen W~illard S. Paul 2 Mlaj Gen Herbert L. Earnest 2 Lt Gen Waltoan H-.Walker M~aj Gen John Mtilliken 2 IMaj MPaj Maj Maj Brig M~aj Mlaj BrigC Maj MVaj

"

Mlaj Gen Stanley E. Reinhart 2 Mlaj Gen Willard G. Wyman Maj Gen Horace L. McBride Lt Gen Leonard T. Gerow M~aj Gen Her~man F. Kramer 2 M~aj Gen Donald A. Stroh2 M~aj Gen Ernest N. Harmon 2 Maj Gen Wailliam Ml. Miley Mlaj Gen Harry J. Malony 2 M~aj Gen Hlugh J. Gaffey M/3aj Gen Norman D. Cota2 Gen Jaco~b L. D~evers 2 Patch Lt Gen Alexander ME. Maj Gen Roderick R. Allen Maj Gen L~ouis H~ibbs 2 M~aj Gen Robert T. Frederick Maj Gen W. A. Burress Maj Gen Frank W. MNilburn Maj Gen Maxwell D. Taylor Mraj G~en John E. Dahlqluist Lt_ Gen W~aade Hg. HSaislip lVJlaj Gen Orlando Wrard Maj Genl John W~. O'Daniel M~aj Genl Harry J. Collins Maj Gen Harris M. 1V2elasky 2 Mlaj Gen Edward H. Brooks H~. Maj Gen William HE. Morris, Jr. Mfdaj Gen William F. D9ean Maj Gen Anthony C. MVcAuliffe Lt Gen Lewis HP.Brereton Maj Gen Elbridge G. Chapman, Jr.2

Gradulate C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GS92 " &GSS C&xSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS 12th GS Cl C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&tGSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&rGSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&G;SS C&GSS

Year 1936 1938 1925 1928 1938 1930 1926 1933 1927 1931 1925 1935 1934 1926 1926 1943 1932 1937 1928 1926 1933 1933 1933 1938 1926 1936 1931 1925 1925 1928 1927 1939 1931 1933 1938 a31 19 1925 1926 1939 1934 1935 1934 1925 1936 1937 1%928 1938

Position

Comdr, V Corps

Comdr, XII Corps

Comdr, XX Corps

Comdr, Fifteent~h Army Comdr, XXII Corps

Comdr, 6th Army Gp Comdr, Seventh Army

Comdr, XXI: Corps Comdr, XV Corps

Comdr, VI Corps

Comdr, First Allied Abn Army

Retired.

72

FORT LEA VENWORTH THE HISTOR Y OF~

AIR IFORCE COMMIANDERS-ETO Gen Carl A. Spaatz Lt C~el James H. Doolittle Gen M1Vaj Howard MNcC. Turner Maj Gen W~illiam E. Kepner Maj Gen Earle E. Partridge Lt Gen Hoyt S. Vandenberg Maj Gen Samuel E. Anderson M~aj Gen Elwood R. Quesda M~aj Gen Otto P. Weyland Maj Gen Richard E. Nugent Maj G~en Robert M. Webster Brig Gen Glenn 0. Barcus Maj Gen Paul L. Williams Graduate C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS .C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C1&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS Year 1936 No No 1937 1938 1936 No No 1939 1939 1938 No No Position Comdr, Strategic Air Forces Comdr, Eight Air Fiorce

Comdr, Ninth Air Force

Comdr, First Tactical Air Force

STRATEGIC AIR FORCE COMMAANDERS-PACIFIC Gen Carl Spaatz L~t Gen B. McK. Giles Mlaj Gen C. E. LeMay Lt Gen James H. Doolittle Lt Gen Nathan F. Twining Graduate C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS Year 1936 1938 No No 1937 Position Comdr, Strategic Air Forces Dep Comdr, Strategic Air Forces CofS, Strategic Air Forces Comdr, Eight Air Force Comdr, Twentieth Air Force

AIR FORCE COMMANDERS-PACIFIC Gen G. C. Kenney Lt Gen E. C. W~hitehead Brig Gen T. D. White TMaj Gen P. B. Wurtsmith Graduate C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS ORDER OF BATTLE, General of the Army Douglas Mac~trthur Gen Walter Krueger Brig Gen D. J. M~yers Maj Gen J. M. Swing M~aj Gen I. P. Swift Mlaj Gen C. L. Mullins M~aj Gen P. W. Clarkson Mlaj Gen J. A. Doe 2 Maj Gen C. W. Ryder Maj Gen A. D. Bruce MJaj Gen P. J. Mueller
2

Year 1927 1938 1939 NJo

Comdr, Comdr, Comdr, Comdr,

Position FE Air Force Fifth Air Force Seventh Air Force Thirteenth A~ir Force

PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS Year No 1923 1934 1927 1935 1934Q 1928 1926 1926 1933 1923 Position Supreme Comdr, Allied Forces Comdr, Sixth Army Comdr, I Corps

Graduate C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C~&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS

Comdr, IX Corps

Retired.

APPENDIXES

73

Lt Gen C. P. Maj Gen L. F. Waing Maj Gen W. H. Arnold Maj Gen W. C. Chase Lt Gent R. L. Eichelberger 2 Maj Gen H. H. Johnson M/aj Gen James L. B~radley 2 Maj Gen F. C. Sibert 2 Maj Gen R. B. Woodruff Maj Gen C. A. Martin2 Lt Gen 0. W. Grriswold 2 Maj Gen C. E. Hurdis 2 Maj Gen XV.~ H. Gill2 Mlaj Gen RZ. S. Beightler M~aj Gen F. A. Irving Gen J. WV. Stilwell Lt Gen J. R. Hodge Maj Gen A. V. Arnold 2 Maj Gen G. W. Griner, Jr. 2 Lt Gen R. C. Richardson, Jr. 2 Harper Maj Gen A. MV. Lt Gen W. D. Styer 2

Hall 2

Graduate C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&GSS C&aGSS

Position Year Comdr, XI Corps 1925 No No 1931 Comdr, Eight Army 1926 No 1927 Comdr, X Corps 1925 1927 1937 Comdr, XIV Corps 1925 1933 1925 1926 NG 0 Crse 1938 Comdr, Tenth Army 1926 Comdr, XXIV Corps 1934 1930 1933 US Forces Mid Pac, Comdr No 1936 Comdr, US Forces West Pac No

Note: Those whose positions have not been indicated were division or equivalent commanders.

IRetired.

APPENDIIIX XII INSTRU CTORS~-I 936-37

Name MlcAndrew, J. A. Forney, L. R. Lawrenc~e, T. WVilson, A. R. Crawford, J. B. Eddy, M. S. Mlilburn, F. W. Buitman, HT. F. E. M~cBride, H4. L. lMcMahon, W. C. Truscott;, L;. K. Lorence, W. E. Hazlett, H. F. Brennan, F. M. Brown, H. C. Dager, H. E. Hurdis, C. E. Kibler, A. F. Mandell, Hi. C. Miller, F. W. Smith, A. C. T'aylor, T. ]F. Adcock, C. L;. Taate, F. J. Wilson, ;J. ~H. Ellis, S. L. Easthalm, K. G. Koe-nig, E. F. Macraniel, A. B. M~clDonnell, P. J. Tindall, R. G. WVeible, W. L. Jones, HE. C. L. Burr, W. E. Doe, J. A. 74 Datessof ra~nk Col RA Aug 35, retired Jun 42, active duty 1 Jul 42 to 31 Jan 44; Asst Comdt CGSS Jun 36 to M1Car 37. Col AUS Dec 41, Col RA Mar 48, retiredl Jun 49. Maj Gen AUS IDlec 42, retired Ml~ar 46 rank of MJaj ~Gen. M~aj Gen AUS Jan 44, retired M~ay 46 rank of MLaj Gen. Brig Genl AUS Apr 41, Col RA May 40, retired Jun 46 rank of Brig G-en. M~aj Gen AUTS 17 Aug 42, MPbaj RA4 24 Jaan 48; Lt Gen 24 Jan 48. Gen M~aj Gen AUS Sep 42, Maj Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Died 13 May 40, Major Maj Gen AUS 2 Apr 43, Majt3 Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Maj Gen AUS 15 Feb 43, Col AUTS 1 Jul 46, Col RAB 25 Apr 47, retired 30 Sep 49, Maj Gen 1 Oct 49. Lt Gen AUS 16 Sep 44, Brig Gen RZA 22 J-un 4a6, retired 30 Se~p 47 rank of Lt Ge~n. Col AUS 27 Mar 42, terminated Oct 4'7, retired 31 Oct 47, Col RA. Maj G~en AUS Apr 43, Col RA Jul 42, retired Oct 47 rank of Maj Gen. DiedS 8 Jan 43, Lt Col. Brig Gen AUS 21 Jun 44, Col AUS 22 Feb 46, retired 1 Dec 48 rank of Brig Gen. Maj Genl AUS 15 May 45, Brig Gen AUS 1 May 46, retired 31 Oct 47 Brig Gen; Mdaj Gen 2~8 Jun 48. Brig Gen AUS 14 Mlar 42, Maj Gen AUS 1 M~ay 45, retired 30 NIov 416 rank of M~aj Gen. Mvaj Gen ORZC Jan 48, MI~aj G~en RA 27 MR~ay 49. Brig Gen AUS 21 Jun 44, retired 30 Sep 416 rank of Brig Gen. Died 1 Jul 46, Maj Gen; Col AUS 11 Dec 41; Brig Gen AUS 22 Jun 42, Maj Gen AUS 27 Oct 42, retired 30 Jun 44 rank of Mdaj Gen. Maj Gen AUS 12 Apr 45, Brig Gen AUS 1 May 46, Maj Gen AUS 24 Jan. 48, Brig G=en RA 24 Jan 48. Col AUS; 1 Jul 41, Col RA 24 Jun 44, retired 30 Nov 49. Maj Gen AUS 26 Sep 45, terminated M~aj Genl AUS 30 Jan 47, Lt Corl RA 4 Jul 42, retcired 31 Jan 47 rank ofE Col, to M~daj Gen 29 J7un 48, active duty 15 Jun 48 to 31 Aug 49. Brig Gen AUS 2 Apr 4a3, Col RA 11 M/ar 48, retired 31 JulP49, to IBrig Gen Aug 49. Brig Gen AUS 7 D~ec $44, r~etired 30 Sep 46, Brig Gen RA. Died 8 Mlar 43, Col. Died 20 Apr 44a, Col; Col AUS 16 Oct 40, Col RA 1 Sep 41. Brig Gen AUS 21 Jufn 44, Col AUS 6 Mar 46i, Col RA 25 Apr 4~7, retired 30 Apr 48, Brig Gen 29 Jun 48. Died 26 D~ec 43, ]Brig; Gen. Col AUS 26 Jun 41, Col RA 1 Jun 45, retired 30 Jun 47. Brig Gen AhUS 23 Sep 42, Col RA 27 Apr 47. MI~aj Genm AUS 21 Jun 44, Brig G~en 1 Jul 46, Maj Gen AUS 24 Jan 48, Brig Gen RA~l Jan 48. 24 MPdaj Gen AUS 28 May 42, Col RA 15 Oct 40, retired 28 Feb 46 rank of Maaj Gen. Col AUS 1 Jul 41, Col RA 14 Aug 42, retired 31. Aug 49. M~aj Gen AUTS 9 Aug 44, Maj' Gen RA 24 Jan 48, retired 28 Feb 49.

APPENDIXE'S

75

Namne Wall, J. F.' Harrison, W. K., Jr. Irwin, C. L. Legge, B. R. Moore, C. R. Ott, E. S. Slocum, LeC. H. Pen~dergrast, G. H. Pick, L. A. Shely, W. A. Brown, T. K. Daly, C. M. :Eberle, G. L. Finley, C. R. Kramer, H. F. MbJueller, ]P. J. Breene, R. G. Heidner, S. J. Downs, S. D., Jr. Augur, W. B. Kingman, A. F.

Phillips, T. R.
Underhill, L. K. Gill, I., Jr.Col M~cQuillin, R. E. Anaderson, J. B,. Meyer, G. R. Weart, D. L. Brereto~n, L. H.

LanahanI, F. H. Zerbee, L. F. J. Peabody, G. Ma. Jr. Spruit, C. B. Coffey, J. W. Graham, Rt. C1. L.

Dates of rank Col AUS 24 Sep 42, terminated Col AUS 4 Apr 43, retired 30 Jun 37 (C9), changed to (E9) 29 Jun 43, Col RA 29 Jun 43, active duty 17 Sep 41 to 30 Nov 41 and 10 Jan 42 to 4 Apr 43. MR/aj Gen AUS 26 Jun 42, Brig Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Brig Gen AUS 2 Apr 43, retired 31. Mar 44 rank of Brig Gen. Died 7 Jun 49, Brig Gen retired list; Brig Gen AUS 23 May 42, Col RA 1 Dec 45. Mlaj Gen AUS 3 Mar 44, Lt Col RA 3 Sep 40, retired 31 Oct 46 rank of Maj Gen. Brig Gen AUS 26 Jun 42, Lt Col RA 29 Aug 40, retired 28 Feb 47 rank of Brig Gen . 'Brig Gen AUS 11 Dec 42, Col AUJS 13 Feb 46, Col RA 1.1 Maar 48. Died ii1 Jul 39, M~ajor. Maj Gen AUS Apr 45, Brig Gen AUS May 46, Maj Gen AUS 24 Jan 48, Brig Gen RA 24 JBan 48, Lt Gen. Died 18 Nov 46, Col; Col AUS 24 Dec 41., Lt Col RA 1 Jul 40. Brig Gen AUS 28 May 42, Col AUS 16 Feb 46, Col RA 18 Jul 42, retired 31 Oct 48 rank of Brig Gen. Brig Gen AUS 15 Mar 43, terminated B~rig Gena AUS 5 Feb 46, Col AUS 6 Feb 416, Lt Col RA 7 Nov 38, retired 30 Nov 46j rank of Col, to Brig Gen 29 Jun 48. Maj Gen A.US 27 May 49, Brig Gen RbA 24 Jan 48. Col AUS 23 May 42, Col RA 1 Jun 44, retired 31 Aug 46. Maj Gen AUS 2 Apr 43, Lt Col RA 19 Jul 39, retired 31 Dec 46 rank of lVaj Gen. M~aj Gen AUS 23 Sep 42, M'~iaj Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Brig Gen AUS 6 Aug 42, Maj Gen AUS 29 Apr 43, retired Feb 46, rank of Maj Gen. Col Col AUS 2 Jul 41P, RA 1.8 Jul 42, retired 31 Oct 45. Brig Gen AUS 2 Apr 43, terminated Brig Gen AUS 13 Sep 44, Col RA 14 Dec 42, retired 30 Nov 46. Brig Gen 11 Dec 42, Col AUS 1 Feb 46, Col RA 25 Apr 47. Col AUS 20 Oct 41, Brig Gen AUS 26 Jun 42, Col AUS 1 Feb 46, Col RA 25 Apr 47. Brig Gen AUS 7 Oct 43, Col AUS 6 Mar 46, Col RA 25 Apr 47 Col AUS 30 Jun 41, Col RtA 18 Jul 42, retired 30 Jun 46. AUS 4 Jul 41, Col RA M~ar 43, retired 30 Nov 46. Brig Gen AUS 17 Mar 42, terminated Brig Gen Feb 46, Col RA 30 Oct 41, retired 29 Feb 48, Brig Gen 29 Jun 48. Col AUS 29 Aug 42, Col RA Jun 43, retired 28 Feb 47. Maj Gen AUS 2 Apr 43, Col RA 20 Aug 40, retired 31 Aug 46 rank of Maj Gen. Maj Gen AUJS 1 Jun 45, Brig Gen AUS 1 Jul 46, M~aj Gen AUS 24 Jan 48, Brig Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Brig Gen AUS 1 Oct 40, M~aj Gen AUS 11. Jul 41, Lt Gen AU~S 283 Apr 44, Brig Gena RA 2 Jun 46, Lt Gena USAF. Maj Gen AUS 12 Apr 45, Brig Gen AUS 1 May 46, Mvaj Gen AUS 11 Mar 49, Col RtA 1.1 M1Jar 48. Col AUS 19 Oct 40, Col RA 12 Feb 41, retired 31 Oct; 45. Died 4 Jun 39, L-t Col. Brig Gen AUS 13 Feb 45, Col RA 6 Sep 43, retired 31 Oct 46 Brig Gen Brig Gen AUS 7 Oct 43, Col AUS 1 Dec 45, Col RA 1 Sep 47. Mlaj G~en AUS 11 M~ar 49, Brig Gen RA 24 Jan 48.

APPENDIX XII INSTRUCTORS-i1939

Name Augur, Wayland B. Barker, John DeF. Bledsoe, William P. Boyd, Leonard R. Breene, Robert; G. Brett, Sereno E. Brooks, Edward H. Brown, Homer C. Bu~ltmana, Herbert F. Campbell, William A. Chase, William C. Cota, Norman D. Dager, Holmes E. Eberle, George L. Ellis, Sam L. Gridley, Cecil J. Gurney, Augustus M. Guthrie, Richard T. Hartness, Harlan N. Hodgson, Paul A. Hull, John E. Irvine, Willard W. Irwin, Constant L. Jenkins, Reuben E. Johns, Dwight F. Karlstad, Charles H. Koenig, Edmont F. Kgraft, George L.
Legge, Barnwell R.

Ran~k and branchz Maj, Cay Mlaj, AC MaF Lt Col, Jnf Maj AC L~t Col, Jnf Maj, FA Maj, Jnfj Maj, CAC Maj, FA Lt Col, Cay Maj, Jnf Maj, Jnf Maj, Inf Maj, AC Naj, M Jnf

Maj, FA
Maj, FA Capt, Inf Lt Col, CE Maj, Jnf Maj, CAC ]Lt Col, Inf Capt, Inf Lt Col, CE Maj, Inf LTI Col, Inf Lt Col, Inf Col, Inf Maj, InfE Capt, CE

Lt

Leiber, Paul E. Lorence, Walter E. Mandell, Harold C. Manis, Ward H. McBride, Horace L. 76

Lt Col, Cay Maj, FA Lt Col, FA

Background Brig Gen 11 Dec 42; Col AUS 1 Feb 46; RA 2d Lt 23 Aug 17; Col 25 Apr 47. Air Force, Maj Gen (permanent) rig Gen AUS 4 Jul 43; RA Capt 5 Oct 20; Lt Col 27 Sep 40; retired 30 Jun 46, Brig Gen. Brig Gen AUS 28 May 42; Col AUS 1 Jul 46; RA Col 25 Apr 47. Brig Gen AUS 18 Feb 42. Brig Gen AUS 18 Feb 42; retired 31 Oct; 43, Brig Gen. Lt Gen 18 Mar 49. Brig Gen AUS 21. Jun 44; Col AUS 22 Feb 4a6;retired 1 Dec 48 Brig Gen. Died 13 May 40, Maj. Brig Gen AUS 28 Apr 42; Col AUS 6 Mar 46; retired 29 Feb 48, Brig Gen. Maj Gen AUS 12 Apr 45; Maj Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Maj Gen 16 Sep 44; retired 30 Jun 46 Maj Gen. Maj Gen AUS 15 May 45; Brig Gen AUS 1 May 46; retired 31 Oct 47 Brig Gen; M/laj Gen 28 Jun 48. Maj Gen AUS 27 May 49; RA Brig Gen 24 Jan 48. Died 8 Mar 43, Col. Col AUS 31 Dec 41_; RA Col 11 Mar 48. Brig Gen 28 Apr 42; Col 31 Mar 44; Br~ig Gen Gen 13 Feb 45; Col AUS I. May 46; Col RA 25 Apr 4a7. Col AUS 23 Feb 42; Col RA 25 Apr 47; retired 30 Sep 47. Brig Gen AUS 17 Aug 42; Brig G-en ]RA 27 May 49, Maj~ Gen. Col 25 Jun 46; retired 14 Sep ,Col. Lt Gen AUS 28 Jun 45; RA Mhaj Gen 24 Jan 48. Brig Gen AUS 17 Aug 42; ]RA Brig Gen 24 Jan 48; (Maj Gen present) Brig Gen AUS 2 Apr 43; retired 31 Mar 44, Brig Gen. Maj Gen AUS 19 Jul 49; Brig Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Brig Gen AUS 2 Mar 42; terminated Brig Gen 5 Mar 46; retired 31 Dec 49, Col RA. Brig Gen AUS 2 Apr 45; Col AUS 1 Jan 46; Col RLA 11 MaIr 48. Brig Gen AUS 21 Jun 44; Col MIS 6 Mar 46; Col RA 25 Apr 47; retired 30 Apr 48; Brig Gen 29 Jun 438. Col AUS 18 Oct 41; Col RA 25 Apr 47. Died 7 Jun 1949, Brig Gen retired list. Col AUS 31 Dec 41; retired 31 Oct 46; Col RA. Col AUS 27 Mar 42; terminated 31 Oct 47; retired 31 Oct 47, Col, ]RA. Brig Gen AUS 21 Jun 44; retired 30 Sep 46, Brig Gen. Brig Gen AUS 28 May 42; Brig Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Maj Gen AUS 2 Apr 43; M~aj Gen RA 24 Jan 48.

APP~tENDIXE~S

Name MlcFarland, Andrew J. M~c~ahon, William C. Milburn, Bryan L;. Mueller, Paul J. Pendergrast, Gradyr H. Perry, Basil H. Phillips, Thomas R. Porter, Ray E. R~amey, Rufus S. Rooiks, Lowell W. Smith, Albert C. Thayer, Arthur P. Thomrpson, John B. Truscott, Luciens K., Jr. Warnock, Aln D. Wilson, John H.

Background Rank and branch Brig Gen AUS 21 Jun 44; Col AUS 1 May 46; retired Maj, Jnf 31 May 47; Brig Gen RA, 29 Jun 48. Maj Gen AUS 15 Feb 43; Col AUS 1 Jul 46; RA Col 25 Mlaj, Inf Apr 47; retired 30 Sep 49; Maj Gen 1 Oct 49. Brig Gen AUS 17 Aug 42; Col AUS 1 Jul 46; RA Col 29 Maj, GAO Jul 47. Mlaj Gen AUS 23 Sep 42; Maj Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Lt Col, Jnf Died 11 Jul 39, Mlaj. Lt Col, Jnf Brig Gen AUS 17 Mar 42; Col AUS 1 Feb 46; Col RA Maj, FA 25 Apr 47. Brig Gen AUS 7 Oct; 43; Col AUS 6 Mar 46; Col RA Maj, GAO 25 Apr 47. Oct; Maj Gen AUS 7S 43; Maj Gen RA 4 Jun 48. Maaj, Inf Brig Gen AUS 23 Sep 42; Col AUS 1 Feb 46; Col ]RA, Mlaj, Cay 25 Apr 47. Maaj Gen lAUS 9 Jun 43; retired 31 Dec 45, Maj Gen, Maj, Inf M~aj, Cay Lt Col, Cay Lt Col, Cay Mlaj, Cay Maj, Jnf Maj, CAC Maj Gen AUS 12 Apr ~45; Brig Gen AUS 1 May 46; Maj Gen AUS 24 Jan 48; Brig Gen RA 24 Jan 48. Col, AUS 1 Jul 41; Col RA 22 Jun 45. Brig Gen AUS 17 Mar 42; terminated Brig Gen AUS 27 Sep 44; Col RA 4 Mar 43; retired 31 May 46; Brig Gen 29 Jun 48 RA. Lt Gen AUS 16 Sep 44; Brig Gen RA 22 Jun 46; retired 30 Sep 47, L~tGen. Brig Gen AUS 11 Dec 42; terminated Brig Gen AUS 30 May 46; retired 31 May 46 Col; Brig Gen 29 Jun 48. Brig Gen AUS 7 Dec 44; retired 30 Sep 46, Brig Gen RA.

AIPPIEND~IX XIII ERECTBION OF BUILDING;S FROMn 1937 TO 1951

Year 5/20 1938 1940 1940 1941 1942 1942 12/17 1942 1942 12/8 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 78 Numbe~r Designation Bldg 27 War Department Theater Bldg 318 Officers' Club Bldg 78 Caddy House -Bldg 23 Gen Gruber's Memorial Bldg 309 Janitor's Store House Bldg 413 Hog House 1 Bldg 441 Film Storage Vault Bldg T-1000 Central Tower Bldg T-1003 Fire Station Bldg T'-1004. Administration Bldg Bldg T-1005 Officers' Lounge and Dispensary Bldg T-1009 Day Room (formerly Snack Bar) Bldg T-101I2 Barracks .Bldg T-1013 Barracks Bldg T-1014 Barracks Bldg T-1016 Barracks Bldg T-1018 Barracks Bldg T-1019 NCO Quarters, Family Bldg T-1020 NCO Quarters, Family (formerly Barracks T-6) Bldg T-1021 NCO Quarters, Family (formerly Barracks T-7) Bldg T-1022 (T-8) Barracks Bldg T-1023 (T-9) Bldg T-1024 (T-18) Bldg T-1026 Barracks Tailor Shop Bldg T-1027 Orderly Room Bldg T-1032 Weather Tower Bldg T%-800 Transmitter Bldg T-801 Andrews Hail, Field H~ouse New Auditorium Building Bldg T-802 Old Printing Plant Bldg 490 Sentry Tower, Athletic Field, USDB Bldg 492 Sentry T'ower, Athletic Field, USDB Bldg 400 Chicken House Bldg 4151 Sentry Tower Bldg 452 Sentry Tower Bldg 453 Sentry Tower Bldg ~454 Sentry Tower Bldg 455 Sentry Tower Bldg 456 Sentry Tower Bldg 4575 Sentry Tower Bldg 458 Sentry Tower Bldg 459 Sentry Tower Bldg 460 Sentry Tower Bldg 461 Sentry Tower Bldg 462 Sentry Tower Location Grant Avenue Golf Course Golf Course Sheridan Drive Northeast of Bldg;. T-801 Hog Ranch Area (USDB) West of Signal Corps Building She~rman Field Sherman Field Shermans Field Sherman Field Sherman Field Barracks Area Sherman Field Barracks Area Sh~erman Field Barracks Area Sherman Field Barracks Area. Sherman Field Barracks Area Sherman Field Barracks Area Sherman Field Barracks AreaSherman Field Barracks Area Sherman Field Barracks Sherman Field Barracks Sherman Field Barracks Sherman Field Barracks Sherman Field Barracks Sherman Field Sherman Field South of Bldg 192 East of Gruber Hall Rear of College 52 Northwest corner East side Hog Ranch Area USDB W~all USD3B Wall, East USDB Wall, East USDB Wall, East USDB Wall, East USDB W~all, Northeast USDB Wall, Northwest USDB Wall, West USDB Wall, West USDB Wall, West USDB Wall, W~est USDB Wail, West Area Area Area Area Area

APPENDIXES

79

Year Number Designation LJocation 1943 Bldg T-804 Hospital Annex, Center Ward West of Thomas Avenue 1943 Bldg T-805 Addition to Hospital, Hospital Annex South W~ard 'Wes-t of Thomas ASvenue 1943 Bldg T-806 Boiler Room, Hospital Annex West of Thomas Avenue 1943 Bldg T-808 Hospital Annex Recreation West of Thomas Avenue 1943 Bldg T-803 Hospital Annex, NorthW~ard West of Thomas Avenue 1943 Bldg T-807 Hospital Annex, Overpass and Connecting Covered Walk West of Thomas Avenue 1943 Bldg T-1007 Enlisted Men's Quarters (formlerly BOQ No 1) Sherman Field Barracks Ahrea 1943 `Bldg T-1008 Enlisted Men's Quarters (formerly BOQ No 2) Shermnan Field Barracks Arlea 1943 Bldg T-10~11 Supply Building Sherman Field Barracks Area 1943 Bldg T-1017 Mess Hall Sherman F'ield Barracks Area 1943 Bldg T-1028 Enlisted MJen's Club Sherman Field 1943 Bldg T-1030 Warehouse Sherman Field 1943 Bldg T-1033 Post Engineer Tool Sheda and Office Sherman Field `1943 Bldg T-1035 Painzt and Dope Storage Sher~man Field 1944 Bldg 393 Machinbe and Grain Storage Bl1dg Hog~E Ranch Area 1944-194 5 Bldg T-1029 Theater Sherrman Field 1945 Bldg; 133 Gas-Fuel Station N~orth of ~Hangar 1945 Bldg 448 Chicken House USDB Farm Colony 1945 Bldg T-1036 Skeet Range House Sherman Field 1946 Bldg 355 Hay Barn Hog Ranch Area 194a6 Bldg 356 Hay Barn Hog Ranch Area 1946-1947 WDPC Area changing barracks to officers' quarters--58 buildings now known as West; Normandy Area, 4 quarters in each barracks. The following buildings T-561--T-570, T-5831--T-590, T-601--T-608, T-611--T-618, T-621--T-627, Permanent 665--680; totaling 232 sets of quarters (Nov and Dec 1946-Jan 1749) 1947 Bldg T-1031 Garage and Motor Repair Shop Sherman Field 1947 Bldg 1100-1117 East Normandy Area 26 buildings, 4 in each building, or 104 sets of quarters, type C, double colonial. 1947 Bldg 1124--1131 1947 Bldg 180 Relmote Receiver Station Air Corps East of Quarry 1947 Bldg 268 BOQ consists of 24 rooms. 1948 Bldg 389 Slaughter House USDB Farm Colony 19~48 Bldg 390 Broiler H~ouse USDB Farm Colony 1948 Bldtg 324 Golf Course Bldg Golf Course Area 1948-1949 Sold at public auction: T-501--516, T-518--524, T-527, T-536--541, T-545---548, T-550--560, T'-634--642, T-6883--699, T-761--771, T-7573--7879. 1949 Bldg 182 Road Oil Stora~ge Pump House Facilities 1949 Bldg 181 Chlorinator and Pump H~ouse Grant; Avenue -- 1950 Bldg 66iElectrical Substation 1950 Bldg 77 Army Field 1Printing Plant 1950 Bldg ~225 Radar Storm D~etector

APPENDIXI XIIV STCREET, PLACE, AND BUILDING. NAMES

Kearney Avenue-for Gen S. W. K~earney who organized the Army of the West against the Mexicans in 1846. D~onip~han Avenue-for Col Alexander W. Doniphan, commander of the 1st Missouri Volunzteers. Sumner Place-for Gen B. V. Sumner who led an expedition to punish the Cheyennes in 1 85.E Pope Avenue and. Pope Hall--for MVlaj Gen John Pope, Comn-iander of the Department of Missouri in 1881. Augur Avenue--for Brig Gen Augur, Coinmander of the Department of MPdissouri. Leighr H-all, Boy Scout Hut--for WO Francis LIeigh~, started in 1922, dedicat~ed by Gen Ml~cl~air in 1939. Smith Lake-for M~aj G~en IHarry A. SXmith, Commandant from 1.923 to 1925, designated in General Order Nao. 6, Fort Leavenworth, K~ansas, 19379. Fuller Hall, Book Department-for Col Ezra Bond Fuller, one-time Secretary of C&GSC, Editor of Cacvalry Journzal, and SecretaryTreasurer of the Army Cooperative Fire Association. Normandy Student Housing Area-for the famous operations in two Wg~orld Wars. Buckner Drive -for Lt Gen Simon Bolivar Buckner, Commander, Tenth Army, killed on Okinawa in May 1945. Stilwell Avenue--for Gen Joseph WM.Stilwell, Commander in China, Burma, India in World W~ar II. Rtose Circle--for Mdaj Gen Maurice Rose, Coinmander, 3d Armored Division, killed in action near Paderborne, Germany, 1945. Kling Avenue--for Maj Gen Edward Leonard King, Commandant, July 1925 to July 1929. M.nuir Hall--for Ma~j Gen Charles H. ~Muir, Coinmandant, July 1919 to August 1920. MVcb~air `Hall--for Lt Gen Lesley J. M~chair, Commrandant, April 1939 to July 1940. Andrews Hall--for Lt Gen Frank MI. Andrews, USAF, graduate, 1929, for whom Andrews Field is also named. Gruber Hall--for Brig Gen Edmund L. Gruaber, Commandant, October 1940 ~to May 1941. Fort Leavenwlorth M~useum, Bldg 74, SO designated in General Order No. 4, February 12, 1938, suspended in General Order No. 24, July 13, 1942. Flint Hall, Bldg 315--for Col Harry A. (Paddy) Flint, Cavalry, former commander, General Service School Detachment, 1922 to 1923. Died of wounds received in action while commander of the 39th Infantry Regiment at Saint Lo, France, July 24, 1944. Funston Hall, Bldg 314--for Maj Gen Frederick Funston, Commandan~t, The Army School' of the Line, August 1908 to January 1911.

80O

APPENDIX XV TRWOOP UNITS STATIONED AT FORT LEAV~ENWbORTH, KANSAS, 1941-50'

1941 Units 293 EM/ Sta Comp, Corps Area Svc Comd to go to Chaffee, Ark, Ft Smith, Ark, Cp Crowder, Mo. Det Med Dept (M and DS) 19th Sig Svc Co Det QM6 Corps Gd and Svc Comp C&GSS Det Co A, 40th A~myb Bn Det DEML activated Det Fin Dept, Sta Comp CASC 19421 Units Guard & Svc Co, USDB Reception CenterNo1,94 Sherman Fiield Sta Hosp (M~ andi DS) and De~t of Patients Svc Det C&GSS Co, 40t~h Amb Bn (AD) Guard and Svc Co C&GSS De~t Band, C&GSS Det QEM Corps Det 19tha Sig Svc Co Det 7th Ord Svc Co Det Med Dept (Vet Svc) Det West Point Prep Sch Det Sta Comp, CASC Det Prisoners, Post Guard House 127th Obn Sqdn (Feb) 1943 Units Vet Dets (Food Lnsp T&W) activated 25 Jan and 25 Feb Det DEMNL Sta Comp 1739 effective Feb> 16, 1943 1739 Det QMC Comp Sta ~Det Det CWS Sta Comp 1739 Det Ord Sta Comp 1_739 Det SigC1739 Comp Sta Sta Cop EnlSU Md Dep (VC) an Det inactivated Med Det, Det Sta Hop SU 17431773 WAAC Det, Sta Comp SU 1739 May 26, 1943
'From General Orders, Ft Leavenworth, Kansas.

61st and 62d Prov MP POW Dets activated June 1, 1943 742d MIP Bn (ZI) 146th Sta Hosp June 15, 1943 WAAC Det, C&GSS activated June 17, 1943 KK Vet Det (FL) activated Aug 25, 1943 AAF Det No. 3 (C&GSS) activated Aug 23, 1943 61.st Prov MIP POWV Det disbanded and transferred to 6E2d Prov MVP POW Det 742d MP B6n Oct 8, 1943 ~Det of Patients Sta Compy SU 1739 activatedi Oct 8, 1943 Band, Sta Comp (Eni) SU 17393 incorporated 14 nt Det of Patients Sta Comp 1739 inactivated Jan 31, 1944 354th Army Band activated Jan 21, 1944 Transportation Corps Sec Sta Comp (Eni) SU 1739 activated Feb 16, 1944 Det of Patients Sta Comp? 1739 reactivated July 20, 1944 CC Vet Det (FL) and KK Vet Det (FL) reorganized and redesignated 85th Med Composite Sec (FL) 91st Med Composite Sec (FL) effective Aug 5, 1944 16.5th Finance Disbursing Sec assigned Oct 18, 1944 C,&GSS Det 1945 Units

~~~~~~~~WD Center SCU 1773, June 7, 1945i Personnel ~~Special Training Unit (Pers Clenter)
Med Dept, Sta Com~p SCU 1773, July 16, 14 WAC Det, Sta Comip SCU 1773, July 25, 1945 530th and 537th MP Escor~t Gd Cos transferred ~~~~~~~to July 25, 1945 St~a Comp SCU Sta Comp, WVAC 'Det, Det MVded Dept UD 1773 SCU Sta Comp, WAC Det, WD Pers
Center

AmdFre

nuto

81

82

T'HE HISTORFLY

OFi FiOR T LE~AVE~NWSORETH

Organized and assigned WVAC Det Sta Comp * ** *SCU 1773 Det 1773 SCU Sta Comp COMMAND AND GENEERAL STFAF SCHOOL Maint Det 1773 SCU Sta Comp Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Vet Fiood Jnsp Det organized M~ar 29, 194516My94 Redesignated 1773 SCU Sta Comp Det M~ed Dept Mar 30, 1945 Unit-s Stat~ion~ed at Fort _Leavenwor~th S~ta Comp, SU 1739 1946 Units Hq Det DEMIL Inactivatedl 354t~h Army Svc Force Banzd Apr Det QMC 1.5, 1946 Det FD Svc Det C&GSS, Sta Comp SCU 1773 ~ Det CWCS Det C&GSS ~Det Oard Dept; DTet Sig Corps 19471 Units Guard and Svc Co (~I)EMP~L) Activated 5025 ASU St~a Comnp H~qCo D~et No. Sta Hosp 2 Mar 25, 1947 Det Mied Dept (VS) Inactivated 5025 ASU WAC IDet 1st Gd CIo Vet Det "CC" (Food Inspection) USDB Jun 23, 1947 Armed Forces Induction Station, SU 3724 Activated 5025 ASU Sta Comnp Casual Doet No, Recep~tion Center, SU 17793 1 (Pipeline) July 15, 1947 742d MaiP En (ZI) (ASF) Activated 5025 ASU Sta Comps Casual Det No. 'US D~isciplinary Barracks, SUT 1723 2 (Pipeline) July 15, 1947 1st Guard Co (DEMVL) Activated 502.5 ASU Sep Det AAF Pers Apr 1.0, Med Det 1947 Command and General Staff School, SU 17111 Activated 5025 ASUJ Det fo Pa~tients, AAF Pers Staff and Faculty

Apr

io,

1947

Band (DEML)
C&GSS Sch Det (DEML) C&GSS Sch Svs Det (DEML)' Sherman Field Army Air Base (assigned llq AAF) 344t~h Subodepot (GCADCAr) Med Det 3d Staff Squadron (assigned Hq AAF) Det, 3d Weather Squadron, Regional Det, 23d Airways Comm Sq, Regional Extract from official correspondence, office of the Ad~jutant; General, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Activated 5025 ASU Sep Det (then 1773) Oct 7, 1946 Activated 371st Army Band May 15, 1947 1948 Units M'P Det, Sta Comlp 5025--Area Svc Unit organized Feb 1, 1948 5025 ASU Sta Comp Vet Food Jnsp Det discontinued Mar 15, 1948 1950 Ulnits Det No. 3 and Trans D~et discontinued QM Det, Hq Co Sta Comp .5025th ASUL C,&GSC D~et discontinued Det N~o. 1 H~q Co Sta Comrp 5025th AS'U

' Negro enlisted personnel.

APPENDIX XVI MABSTERWS OF FOXHOUNDHBS, FRO~M 1929 TO 19401

Maj John C. Daly, 1st Master, 1929 Lt Col J. M/. W~aainwright (2 years) M\3aj N. B. Briscoe Capt MI. B. Jones Maj Pearson M/enoher Lt Col E. W. Taulbee Lt Col Win. MI. Grimes Lt Col K. G. Eas~tham Lt Col F. Gilbreath L-t Col P.~ Rg.]Davison Mn~aj C. H. Rneed Some of the Honorary Whippers-in Capt 14. C. (Chubby) Doan, Cay Lt Col Paul RC. (Pop) Goode, Inf Cap-t G. C. Mudgett, Cay Maj W. Nr. (Neely) T'odd, Jr., Cay L~tR. H. Harrison, FA Capt Z. W. (Zack) Mo~ores, Cayv Lt W~illard ~Holbrook, Cay Capt` Peter C. Haines, III, Cayv

From-Gone Awayg with the For~t Leavenwor~th Kansas, 1940.

1

Hulnt, by Paul Davison, Fort L~eavenwor~th,

83

APPENIDIX XVII ANCIENT VQEHICLES AVIAI[LABLE FROMI FORT LEAVQENWORTHI

IMUSEUMWI
-

51. Coach, stage, Yellow Mountain 10.00 The Fort Leavenworth Museum has on hand 52. Coach, stage, Star Line ____10.00 a number of wheeled vehicles which are in con3. Schooner, prairie, small--____5.00 dition to permit them to travel or be used for 53. Wagon, Conestoga -______10.00 purposes such as they were originally con_______10.00 54. Wagon, freight structed. However these vehicles must not be 10.00 4. Wagon, Dougherty (glazed) towed behind motor cars or trucks at speeds -__, ___5.00 5. W~agon, Dougherty in excess of 5 miles Iper hour. 55.5 Bus, wagonette________5.00 Whenever the Museum's vehicles are rented, ---. ______ _ 2.50 6. Buck board the person renting them must establish his 33. Surrey-____________2.50 identity and the financial responsibility of the 38. Surrey _________...__2.50 activity he represents. Prior to renting ye____ _ __._ ~_2.50 34. Surrey hides, permission to do so must be secured from ___.__.___2.50 --. 14. Standhope the Headquarters Commandant, Command and 32. Phaeton _____________2.50 General Staff College. 2.50 37. Buggy _.____________ The person or activity renting the equipment 45. Buggy ____~____~....__2.50 must assume full responsibility for the eqyuip5.00 21. Coupe-Rockaway ment from the time it leaves the M/useumn until .5.00 46. Rockaway it is returned thereto. Damage to vehicles be56. Hiack _____.____._ 5.00~_. iO yond that which is due to fair wear and tear 40. Brougham ___ __ _ .__~_5.00 -will be paid for by the renter. The service 44. Barouche ___. _ __ ____5.00 charges listed herein will cover the cost of re39. Landau-____________5.00a pairs due to fair wear and tear. 23. Victoria____._______5.00 The person or activity renting vehicles will _______10.00 -8. 1I-Jansom cab arrange for and pay all costs of transportation 7. Hansom cab,____~______ 10.00 required to transport them and other equip15. Beach wagon _________.5.00 -ment from and return to the M~useum. All 42. Trap ____._____-_5.00 financial arrangements will be made with the .__. .. _ 5.00 13. TrapBook Department, Command and General Staff _._._ 5.00 11, Body break (fire wagon) College, and checks made payable to that 10. Roof break (Lowe) __.~___. _5.00 agency. .5.00 43. Roof break (red) Minimum service charges are quoted belovjr 5.00 57. Roof break (yellow) and cover the absence of the vehicles from the 5.00 58. Roof break (seats facing) __~_ MNuseum for 3 days, including the days of de16. Body break (Elm Hotel) _~_. 10.00 parture and return. For each additional day 12. Roof break (Tootle) ____.__ 10.00 of absence a charge of one third of the service charge per vehicle will be made. Service charges do not include meals and Minimum service charges for vehicles are as lodging for personnel to be sent with vehicles. follows: -_______$15.00Arrangements will be made by the responsible 1. Coach, stage, 1838 party of the activity. 2 . Coach, stage, (Union Pacific, 1870) -_._._____10.00
---. -----.. -_______ - --~._.______ -______ --.

:~From a mimeograph sheet in Museum file, Transportation Office, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas.

84

APPENDIX XVIII PROGRAM OF DEDICATION CEREMONY, POPE HALL, MAY 23, 1941

Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

CER~EMONY OF DEDICATION
OF THIE BRONZE TABLET PLACED AT THIE RIGHIT OF TIlE ENTRANCE DOORWAY TO0 POPE: II\IIl, FORT LEAVENWORThI, KANSAS

ACKNOWLE DGEMIBENT

The grateful thanko of the Army of the United States, through the Commsodiog Gecrui~l aod resitleots of Fort
Leaveoo'orth, are exteocled to the National Society of the Coloojial Dameo of America itt the State of Kausas and par-

ticularly to: PRESENTED BY THE NATIONAL, SOCIETY

of

MRS. FRANK I,. CARSON State Presidelet of VAN TIJY! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MRS. EFFIE H-IATrT Chairmao of the Historic Activities ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~State Committee, MRS. FRANK DANIEL, WEIISTIER Jr. DANIEl. REED ANTHIONY, ~~~~~~~~~~~MRS. MRS. CYRUS DECKER LI.IOYD I DAVID CARSON ~~~~MRS. MS MINTON, JR.

TIlE COLONIAL DAMES OF AME~RICA in the STATE OF' KANSAS

TO COM1MEMORATE TIlE SITE OF

AKRTNE

THlE FIRST CAPITAL of the OF KANSAS TERRITORYI

OCTOBER? TO NOVE~MBER 24, 1854

Memhers of the Committee oo Arrangements.

POPE

hIALL,,FORT LEAVENWORThI,

EANSAS

Friday. May 23, 1941, 11:00 AM.M

PROGRAIM
Cry Band-Rattle of Freedom Oh Susanna

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~""i

w::;~~:i~:

~~:~

Leo:~:~:::~~: J. css Invocatiun Ctsplnis~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; Adtlress-Mrs. Frnsk L. Cursstt~~,:~:~

Band -Kansas

Marelt

Qovursor Aodrew B. Reeder's Officefro

Band-Sta Benediction --------.-

Spangle

Bane

Chnlettierbert H. Sto~nltttk

of Colonial Dnlllcs Amcr~~ic8

~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ State~~~~~~~~

-lsdct I lko~sa~e

ASSIGNMENT OF INSTRUCTORS, 1937-1938

F.W.Hoeoeycutt COMMAWNDANT:-Colonte ASSISTANT
B. H.Pend~ergrast' COMMANDANT~-Mka) TOASSISTANT SECRIETARYI

ANDB CLASS REGULAR (DIVISIONICORPS) I K.B. DIroctor.~-CeI Edmnd~s W. Assistant Director:-Ma~jC.McMahoe to

EXTENSION COURSES AND SPECIAL (DIVISION1) CLASS Director-Cot C.I. Crockett Assistan Director:-Ma) M. S. Eddy to

CatF. ASSISTANT SECRETARY:-Lt W. Milblurn SECTION EDITORIAL i W kbol mr .LMlw MajP. E. Leiher N. Capt N.Narteess

FIRST SECTION OPERATIONS OFFENSIVE PARTIAL ASSIGNMENT Lt CotJ. B. Anderson, Cot N.Breretan L. Chief. Jr. F. 5. Lt Cot 0. Downs, Lt Cot R.Waltz T. Lt Cot F.Taylor MajE.F. Butlen H. Ma) N.Brennan Capt N.Hartoess F. Jr. Capt N. Llaeaha, F. Ma) H.Brooks E. Ma)Hl. Brown C. MelH. E. Dager Ma) E.Hurdis C. Ma)H.C. Mandet MarJ H.Wilson J. coot C. L.Adcock

~~~~Lt

F OURTH SECTION THIRD SECTION SECTION SECOND SUPPLY OPERATIONS. DEFENSIVE I NTiGrrsENClE AND LOGISTICS ASSIGNMENT EVACUATION AND HISTORY STRATEGY Lt CotG.R.Meyer, PARTIAL T. Lt Col K. Brown, Lt CotJ. A. Considine. Chief Lt CotK. G.Eastham, Chief Lt CotC.E.Hocker Lt ColW.E.Burr Chief Lt Cot R.Finley C. Ma)E. F.Butlener tCtL it r Maj0. L. Nanes LtCutP. J. Meatier Lt Cot0. L.Weart Ma)N.S.Eddy Ma) F.Koenig E. MajC.M. Daly B. W. Ma) A. Camphell Ma)j L. Mithorn Ma)' B. McDaniel A. Jr. MajG.L.Eherle Capt H. Lanahan, F. Ma)S. L.Ellis Ma) E. Porter R. MaJ L.McBride H. Ma) M. Gurney A. L. Ma) W. Rooks PATA SINETMa) MajC.L Irwin MajR. G.Tindal Lt CotC.F.Williams . Ma)R.Lgg Capt E.Lrec W. .Ben MrsM)R PARTIAL ASSIGNMIENT M)W MajW.F.BCsamhl M aj L otF W.lBoie Captpsl Ma)J. Cffe W. A. Ma)W. Shely ClF .Bwe Ma)G.L.Kooraft Jr. Ma)L.K. Truscott, Ma)P. E.Lather Capt E. Gallagher P. Ma) B. Spreit C.

FIFTH SECTION MISCELLANEOUS Lt Cot E. Mc~luillin, R. Chief MajW. B. Auger Ma)H.F.E. Bultman MajA. F.Iliogman MajT. R.Phiilips ASSIGNMENT PARTIAL Lt CutL.K. Underhili R.G.Breeno MajE.F. Butlene a .W ahoc G. Jr MaJ N. Peahody, Jr. Fa Lanahan, . Hl. f .Laaan

INFANTRY SUBSECTION Lt Cot R.Walltz, Ma)G.L.Kraft F. Legge Ma)B. RI. Chief Ma) E.Leiher P. I. Lt Cot Gill, Jr. Ma) C.McMahon W. Lt Cot J. Mueller P. G. Lt Cot F.Taylor Ma)' H.Pendergrast T. R. Ma)F. N.Brennan Ma) E.Porter Ma)H.C.Brown Ma)L.W.Ranks W. Ma) A. Shely MajH.E. Dager Ma)G.L. Eherte Ma)R.G.Tindoit S. Ma)A. 0. Warnock Ma)Mt. Eddy Capt E. Gallagher P. Ma)C.L.Irwin H. Ma)A. F.Kiogmlan Capt N.Hartoess MYa) F.Koenig E.

CAVALRY SUBSECTION: Lt Cot A. Considine, J. Chief W. Ma) B. Auger Ma)C.M. Daly Ma)0. L.Haines Ma)j C.Mandell H. ldaj A. C.Smith Jr. Ma)L.K. Truscott,

ARTILLERY COAST FIELD ARTILLERY SUSCINSBETO Lt CoI E. Hocker, t C. Lt CotF.W.Bowley, I IIChief Chief LtColC.R.Finley Lt CotW.E.Burr H. Jr. Ma) F. E.Boltman Lt Col5.0. Downs. MajB. L.Milkero E. Ma) H.Brooks T. Ma) R.Phillips Ma) A.Camphell. W. Ma) H.Wilson J. Ma)A.N. Gurney Ma)R.W. Haskroeck Ma)' E.Herdis C. Mfa) H.Manis W. MajH.i.. McBride

SUBSECTION I ilNEER ENGI SUBSECTION AtR CORPS CotL.H.Brereton, t Cot F. Williams, C. Chief Chief R. Mla) G.Breene Lt Cot L.Weart 0. Mla) L.Ellis S. Ma)L.A. Pick Ma) B.McDaniel A. Capt L.Adcock C. Capt E. Loreoce W.

CORPS SIGN.AL Jr., Capt H. Laoahan, F. I Chief

GENERAL 1 ADJUTANT ICHEMICAL WARFARE SUBSECTION SUBSECTION SUBSECTION Jr., Ma)G.M.Peahody, Ma)E. F.Rellene, Chief Chief 'II :

UDGE J. ADVOCATE SUBSECTION Lt CutL.K. Underhili, Chief

ME'DICAL CORPS SUBSECTION Ma)C.B. Sprult, Chief

CORPS QUARTERMASTER ORDNANCE SUBSECTION SBETO J. W.Coffey, Ma) Camphell, W.F. Chief Chief

~~~~~~~~~~~~Maj

89

ASSIGNMENTI OF INSTRUCTORS, 1938-1939 (Effective 15 September 1938)

ASSISTANCT COMMVANDANTI:-CekareI K . Edummisr e
SECETnARY TO ASSISTANT COMMANa~hNTl-Maj S.H.Pendeigrast

REGULAR (DIVISION CORPS) CLASS AND DIRECTRel-Cal Leag J.Wv. DIRECTOR:-Ma~j W.C.Mecaham ASSISTANT TO

SPECIAL (DIVISIONI)EXTENlSION CLASS AND COURISES DIRECTOR--CaI C. I. Crackt~tt ASSISTANT TO DlRECTOR:-Lt AI. Cal B. Lagaji.i

ASSISTANTf SECRETARY-Lt" L Burr Cal W. EDITORIALl SECTION bIw .Hu r r .I U~

FIRST SfC~l~ll I I SECONDo SECTINa OFFENSIVE OPERATIONHS I NTHELuLIGECIE ASSIGNMENLT INI STORY STRATEGY AND it Cal R.Ceek, S. Ch~ePARTAL Lt Cal N. Bawly, F. Lt Cal F. Jakas 0. Cal H.B~rerela L. Jr. ChIe~f I Lt CalN.C.MandIe It Cal5;'0. Dawas, LtCalJ. B. IThmpsee Mel H.Bnrauk E. It CalF.R.Waltzh MajJ.DaF. Barker MajH. Brma C. IMIEi.FBelklea MajE.F eig MaI H.E.Dagatr Capt R.E.Jeahins MaJTf.R. Phlllips Maj C.JI.Grldla Cpt~tF: .HLtaaaa,Jr. raIREPaarte MLj MaJR.Tf.GIm MajJ. H.Wssan Capt E.Larence LW. Capt N.Hatnass HI. PARII~AL ASSIGNMENT MajP.E.Leler

FOURTH SECTION ( FIT SECTION mr THIRD SECTIION SUPPLY, EVACUATION MISCELLANEOUS DEFENSIVE OPEnRATIONS Lt Ch~ef PARTIAL ASSIGNMENT AND TRCANSPORAfTIONCalR. E.McQal~ln, ii CalS.I. Mepar, Lt Cal A. Caesldlne J. Lt Cal F.WIlliams,1 C. Chief L Cal A. Hadgsea t P. It Cal E.Brttt S. It Cal E.tHacker C. ChIef Mu L. R.Bayd Ma) B.Aegar W. Mr W. P.Bk~ It CalH.L.MBrIde MelYIA. Campbell W. a Lt Cal.IP.JMaeller Maj R .G.Breae M u waW.CCIuaseMJ.. Maj H.F.f. Baltman captF. H.Laaa J~lr, Lr. aA.PF.T~syer it Majd Ctia IN.o. MaIG6L. berle MaJB. H.Parr MajS.I. lis .tL~rft PARTAL ASSIGNUENIT Mrj A.M.Gre MajCYi PAIRTIAL ASSIGNMENT LtClLK nabl Ma C.L Irwin Ma) F.Bullaaa E. MelC.H.KaIstadt LtCalS. B. halat LE. Oive Mh G Pahd, r MaW.H.Mario Lt Cal a .S a a .F apel Ma)A.J. McFarland F. Jr. Maj W.Cafley J. Capt . Lamahan, Melr L Milbar B. Ma)j W.W.lrvln MIjLk. TrscattJr. MajA.0. Warnack

INFAN'TRY SUBSECTION Mel Lt Cal R.Waltz. F. Chiebf C.H. arltatd Lt CalS.E.Brett Nlr IE.F.Iaeeig MajG.L. Krafl Lt Cal H. B. Legge Lt Cal J. Mieltie P. Ma) E.Leher P. Ma .J cae MuiLR. Bayd MelN.C.Bream Ma) C.My~tah. W. MujG.H.Padrgists Ma) B. Ceta N. MajH.E.Dager Mur E.h~h R. Pale MaJGL~herle Ma)i.W. Raeks MelA. 0.Wareack Ma) J.Gridey C. Ma E3 Hll Capt N.Harteess HI. Capt E.Jenkins R. MajC.L Irwin

IELD CAVALRYSUBSECTIONF ARTLLERY It Cal A. Caasidlne, J. SUSCINSBETO 5. Jr., Chlaf Lt Cal 0. Dawns, Chief it Cal C.Meadell H. Lt Cal P.Tharyer A. It Cal L.McBride H. W. It Cal B. Theasnpen Ma) P. DBedsae I. Ma)E H.Braaks MajW.B. Aegr~u MajW.C.Chase Maj A. Campbell W. MajA.N. Gulrney Maj S.Remap I R. Ma A.C.SmiflhMRTGuri MjW .Mn MajLK. Td rascelt, Jr. MelB. H.Perry

COAST ARTLLERY It Cal E.Hacker, C. Chiaf MujH.F.E.Beltmurt MajW. Irvine W. a .L ibr Ma'T.R.Phillips MajJ. H.Wilsen

AIR SUBSECTION ENG SUBSECTIIONI CORPS INEEIIR t Cal E.Olivrs, L. Cal H.Brerelan, L. Chief. ChIef P. Ma) OaF. J. Baslter Lt Cal A. HadLgsen Ma) G.Breene R. Lt Cal F.Johns 0. Capt E.Lernce W. MajS. L. Ellis

SIGNAL CORPS I SUBSECTION I

ICapt F. rLanha, I H. Jr.,

Chief

I rMa

CHEMICAL WARFARE ADJU'TANT GENERAL SUBSECTION SUB SuECTION E.F. Blle, I Me .N.Paey, J., Che Chief

)DGE JU ADVOCATE SUSCTO LICl UnderhIll, L K. Chief

MEDICAL CORPS SUSCTO Lt S.B.Deldt, Cel Chief

SUBSECTION QUARTERMASTER CORPS ORDNANCE~ MjnoN. Ca~sey, 3. SUBSECTIONW YIW.F. Me Campell, Chief Chief

91

ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF SCHOOL 1940-1941 2 December 1940
Col M. C. Shallenberger, Acting
= = = = = = = = =

II

II II
__ _____ __________________________

Command _______________________________ Coordination Administrative Channel

--

__
EXTENSION COURSE SECTION Chief: Lt Cal A. i. McFarland
--

___________________________________________________

JL_ADMINISTRATIVE
ASSISTANT SECRETARY:

SECTION
= = = = = = =

COMMAND SECTION Chief: Lt Cal C. R.Cook Assistant: Maj J. C. Crockett

Lt Cal A. P. Thayer
r

Assistants: It Cal C I Clark Lt Cal C. A. Edson

_________________________

_________________________

61 SECTION Personnel Chief: Lt Cal W.A. Capthorne Assistant: It Cal R. F. Albert

92 SECTION Military Intelligence Chief: Lt Col i. B. Thompson Assistants: Lt Cal R. L. Burnell It Cal 1. W.Rooks

93 SECTION Operations and Training Chief: Lt Cal P. A. Hodgson Assistants: It Cal A. S. Nevins Lt Cal i. A. Nichols Maj T. F. Hickey

__________________________

_________________________

94 SECTION Supply and Evacuation Chief: Lt Cal T. M. Chambliss Assistant: It Cal 6. L krift
______________________________

B II II I II Jj II II Ii B

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

II
MEDICAL CORPS SUBSECTION It Cal C. B. Denit, Chief

___

INFANTRY SUBSECTION Lt Col 9. L Kraft, Chief Lt Lt It Lt It Cal Cal Cal Cal Cal A. D. Warnock L Donovan A. R. Walk i. E. Hull C. i. Cridley Lt Cal P. R. Coode Lt Cal J. R. Deane Lt Cal J. B. Bennett Maj I. E. Jenkins Maj W.A. Borders

CAVALRY SUBSECTION Lt Cal C. F. Houghtan, Chief

ffimLrJ

FIELD ARTILLERY SUBSECTION Lt Cal W.A. Campbell, Chief Lt Cal W. Bledsoe P. Lt Cal I. R.SheetZ

ARMORED FORCE SUBSECTION Lt Cal V. W.B. Wales,

ENGINEER SUBSECTION Lt Cal P. A. Hadgsan, Chief

COAST ARTILLERY SUBSECTION Lt Cal C. E. Hacker, Chief It Cal C.0. Y.Ostroin Lt Cal W.W. Irvine Maj F.B.Volkel
93

AIR CORPS SUBSECTION Maj R.A. Snavely,

SIGNAL CORPS SUBSECTION Lt Cal H. I. P. King, Chief

CHEMICAL WARFARE SUBSECTION It Cal W.A. Copthorne, Chief

ORDNANCE SUBSECTION Lt Cal W.W. Irvine, Chief

QUARTERMASTER CORPS SUBSECTION Lt Cal W.F. Campbell, Chief

Maj E.F.Cress

Chief

__________________

________________

_________________

a-'. .

ACADIEMIC

DEPARTMENT

COMIMAN~D AN D GENERAL STAFF SCHOOL April 10, 1941

ASSISTANT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~________
CDI A. B. Edmunds

CommandADAN
Coordination

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~===========~~~~____________

It

= = == = = Administrative Channel

CLASS DIRECTOR4
Assstnt Lt CSal J.C. roett Cot C.ShaltenbergerM.

AUMI14ISTRAIIVE

SECTION

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ASSISTANT SECRETARY: LtCal A. P. Thayer

Assistants: Lt Cal C.I. Clark ~~~~~Lt A.Edson Cot C.

01SECTION COMMAND SECTION Chief: Lt Cot C.0. Y.OstrorniI Assistant: Maj R.E.Jenkins 6 ETO Personnel Chief: Lt Cal W.A.Copthorne Assistant: Lt Cot R.F.Albert

02 SECTION SCI Military Intelligence Chief: it Cot R.L. Burnett Assistant: It Cot L,W.Rooks
_______________

G63 SECTION Operations and Training Chief: Lt Cot P.A.Hodgsan Assistants: Lt Cot A.S.Nevins Lt Cot J. A. Nichols Maj T. F. Nickey

II
II

04SCTO ETINUTENSION and Evacuation ChAsiefan: Lt CotM.Chambis T. sitn:L CtA .Wl EX COURSE SECTION Chief: Lt Cot A.J. Mcfarland Asisat Maj H.T.Woytoni

IISupply IIsf
It

SUSCINI ISUBSECTION Lt Col L. C.Davridson, Chief Lt Cot C.F.Houghton, H.B.Hldbrn HRChief it Cot idbi~ M.B H.Royce aj C. . LtCotLS hIpLt Lt Cot J.B.Bennet Maj W.B.Griffth, Jr. L o .S .Pilp Lt Cot L Donovan Mj.0.NLoonMaj F. Del. Comfort LtCo God PR Mla W.A.Borders liii I. H.Riepe Lt Cot J.R.Deane Lt Cel1, R, Deans M~aj R.M.Ensowdr Capt P.H.Bethune Maj R, M,EnslMj Mulr W.0.Buie MaJ B.W.Bidwell Malj F. E.Gillette

SUBSECTION LtCot W.A., Camplbell,

Chief

SUBSECTION Lt Cot V.W., B.Walres,

o W.P.Bledsoe

Chief

SUBSECTION Capt W.K., Wilson, Jr.,

I-l Cal E.F. Cress t Mal R.E.Jenkins Maj I. K.Sells Maj J.H.Baumann

Chief

SUBSECTION It Cot W., W.Irvine, L1Col C.1.Clalrk t Maj 0. 5. Elterthorpe N]F .Vle

SUBSECTION

Maj N.T.Woyton

Chief

Chief

Maj R.A.Snlavely,

SUBSECTION It CotI. eL. P. King,

Ci

Capt R.W.Clifton

Chief

Lt Cot W. Copthorne, A.

WRA SUSCTO

Chief

SUBSECTION t Cot S. B.Omrit,l

SUBSECTION

CORPS SUBSECTION Lt Cot W.F.Campbell,

I~t

Cot W.W.Irvine

Chief

LtCot J.R.Sheetz It Cot R.H.Bacon Maj C.A.lagevi J.L Pyle Maj C.S.Whitmore Maj T.A.Rht~obrtsr Ilr c. ii. Dlonelly Ir

95

ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF SCHOOL February 16, 1942
Command Coordination AdministrativeChannel II DIRECTOR, SPECIAL COURSE Colonel 0. H.Saunders Assistant: It Col F.de L. Comfort

F-

ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION Chief: Lt Col H.B. HI:debrand Assistant: It Cal C.A. Edson

----

[DIRECTOR, COURSE FOR OFFICERS Cml L. Donovan AssistanF Maj R.H. Hobbs

-Err--_
COMMAND SECTION Chief: Colonel C.F.Iloughton

_______________ ____________________________________________________________ 61 SECTION 62 SECTION Personnel Military Intelligence Chief Col R.L Burnell Chief: Colonel W.Nalle Assistant: Lt Cal F. E.Gillette Assistants: It Cal 1. B. Rennet Lt Col L. S. N. Phillipp
___________________________ .

II

_____________ _____________________________

II II'I ii II II Ii II II

I
63 SECTION Operations and Training Chief: Col 1.. H. Cook Assistants: Lt Col I. A. Nichols Lt Col T. F.Hickey

'-Tm-04 SECTION Supply and Evacuation Chief: Col T. M.Chambliss Assistant: Cml A. H.Walk EXTENSION COURSE SECTION Chief: Cal A. i. McFarland Assistant: Lt Col F. R.Sweeney

'I
II II II
II
pp

I ffi
AIR SUBSECTION SIGNAL SUBSECTION Lt Cal C.H.Palmer, Chief CHEMICAL WARFARE SUBSECTION Cal A.R. Walk, Chief MEDICAL SUBSECTION Cal N.P. Carter, Chief ORDNANCE SUBSECTION It Cal N. A. Watson, Chief GUARTERMASTER SUBSECTION Lt Col W.A. Pashley, Chief Maj 0. A. Rash It Cal W.H. Hardy, Chief Ma R.W.Clifton

INFANTRY SUBSECTION Cal B. M. Lennon, Chief It Cml W.F.Britten Lt Cml J. S. Lindsay Lt Col H.E. Kelly Lt Cal S. L. Peebles Lt Col W.D.Buie Lt Cml B. W.Bidwell Lt Col C.H. Royce Maj H.M.Enslow Maj W.A. Borders Maj 0. A. Harvey Maj M.H.Kamnierer Maj 0. 0. N.Lodoen Maj A.Skarry

CAVALRY SUBSECTION Lt Cal I. K. Sells, Chief Lt Cal j. H.Riepe Capt P.H.Bethune Capt E.B. Kirk

FIELD ARTILLERY SUBSECTION Lt Cal R. H.Bacon, Chief Lt Cal C.A.Pyle It Cal i. L. Langevin It Cal C.S.Whitmore It Cml E.M. Guigley Maj I. C.Crubb Ma) C.N. Donnelly

ARMORED FORCE SUBSECTION Cal K. C. Eastham, Chief Lt Col N.A. Watson It Cal W.B. Griffith, Jr. It Col J. H. Baumane

ENGINEER SUBSECTION Lt Cal C.R.Bathurst, Chief It Cml A. 0. Trudeau Maj W.K.Wilson, Jr.

COAST ARTILLERY SUBSECTION It Col D.S.Ellerthorpe, Chief It Cml J. F.Howell Maj C. H.Blumenfeld Capt B. L Paige Capt 0. E. Kidde

97

ORGANIZATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF FACULTY Command and General Staff: School February 10, 1943
-

Command
-

I ASSISTANT COMMANDANT loslroclino

~~CalShalleaberg~er M. C.

I CHIEF: F. del. Comfort Cal ASSISTANTS: G.E.Kiddo it Cal

STAFF (GS) GENERAL COURSE Cal W. DIRECTOR: Nalle ASSISTANT: B.L,PaigerI Lt Cal
;,--

COURSE NEW DIVISIONS (ND) Cal V~lal DIRECTOR: J. H.Van ASSISTANT: R.H.Hobbs LICnl

II

STAFF ISOSS) SERVICES OF SUPPLY COURSE Col A. DIRECTOR: W. Pashley ASSISTANTS: B.E. Hendarsnn LICal MajL,DeCew
---

ORIENTATION IAOC) COURSE ARMY LICal DIRECTOR: F. R.Sweeney ASSISTANT:R.Rica, Capt ADC

AND ADMINISTRATION PERSONNEL Chief:LtCal E. F. Gillette LI H.AI. Cal Rallf Jr. Lt Cal P.Sledman, G. MajO.F. anoyr Maj0.Sinclair Maj0. E. Prascoll Jr. MajH.C.Dozier, MajW.R.Areinheder Lt Cal H.Donnelly C. LICol0.A.Rash MalJ.W.Radnlph

-I IOPERATIONSTRAINING AND INTELLIGENCE L Chie:Ca B. . LooanChief: Cal H.Conh Cal St John A. al8 M eno Cal M.Dauigley E. Cal H.Palmer G. LICal F. Britlen W. LI Cal L.Peeplos S. LI Cal F.Howell, J. Jr. LI Cal J.Schroedor H. J. MajC.M.Cammings LtCal W.Morgan MaiC.L.Harrison LICal V. Joyce W. LtCal E.Thoraber H. MaJ M.Slayden W. LtCal C.Whilehair J. MajR.C.Angsler MajJ.M. Emigh MajG.P.Winton, Jr. MajH.C.Eastman MajH.H.Kilpalrich Maj E.Liab A. MajT. B.Roelofs Cal A.Watson N. LI Cal H.Riepe J. Lt Cal S. Uindsay J. Lt Cal H.Hobbs R. P. It Cal W. B. Bidwell Lt Cal H.Belbane LtCol E.Biaford T. It Cal G.Cameron, A. Jr. LtCal H.Royce C. LI Cal L Paige 0. It Cal H.Banmana J. LtCal 0.N. Ladona G. It Cal C.Grahh J. It Cal A.Borders W. It Cal H.Chard R. Maj0.F. Redihan MajJ. 0.Brislar MajJ. A.McChnislian
_____

LOGISTICS SERVICES OF SUPPLY C. Chief:Cal 5.Ellerlharpa 0. Chief:Cnl R.Rathorsl H. Anal: Ll Cal E.Henderson B. Cal P. Carter LICol 0I.Home J. OPERATIONS SUBSECTION LICal A.Harvey G. Chief:LICalR.0.Ford LICal S.Cobb, C. Jr. LI Cal S.Hoary F. LICal C.Aloe R. Wallace LtCal S.Kiltrell T. MajL.DoG. MajL, DaCaw LICalH.W.Doan C. MajC.MI. Cammings LICal H.Blamenfeld MajJ. F.Prala MATERIEL SUBSECTION MajE.R.Ellis Chief:LtCnlH.N.Elder LICalJ.G.Cawlay, RE. Dine LI Cal S.Henry F. Maj H.Van W. It Cal GarberTRNPTAINSBEIO G.
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Is COMMAND SECTION Divisions Infantry Groap A Chief:Cal T. Satlan S. it JoH.Riepe . It Cal W.Bidwell B. LICal E.Binfard T. it Cal H.Royce C. LICalR.H.Chard MajJ. 0.Brislor MajJ.W.Rudolph COMMAND SECTION Armored Divisions Chief:Cal L.Roberts WV. Cal A.Watson N. It Cal G.Cawlay, J. RE It Cal N.Banmano J. LICalC. Gaas A. It ColP.H.Belhane It Cal G. A. Cameron, Jr. MajB. F.Redihan Ma)' V. Maddox W. MajJ.A. McChristiaa It Cal E. H. Tharaher MajE.R.Ellis

SECTION COMMAND Air Army Forces Chief:Cal M. D4avies J. CoFW. Hardy H. It Cal L.Rodham, H. Jr. LtCalR.W, Clifton M. LI Cal F.Mayer It Cal Garher G. MaJ G.Dilwarlh, B. Jr. MajE.M. Lighlfoot W. Maj R.Forbes Cal 5.Ellerthorpe 0. Lt Cal F.Howell, J. Jr.

BRANCH REPRESENTATIVES Infantry Cavalry Field Artillery Corps Medical Armored Farce -Col 0. N. Lennan -LI Cal H.Riepe J. -- al E.M. Qaigley C -- al H.P. Carter C -- al W.L.Roberts C AirForces Engineer Artillery Coast Ordnance -- al J. N.Davies C -- al C.R.Batharsl C -LI CalJ.F. Unwell, Jr. -LIt Cal 0. Ford R. Tanh Destrayer -- I Cal E.Tharaher L H. Signal Corps --al G.H.Palmer C Carps -A. DouartermaslerCal W. Pashley Airborne Troops -- CalB.W.Bidwell LI Chemical Wartare-- ol A. SI.John C

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FACULTY ORGAiNIZATION

OF COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL;EG 15 Nov~mb~r

1950
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MID COMWNBD UCnOWS

ADMIN3SIUAI3W AND 73C54N3CAL A. K. (DI.) C, Jr. (0.9) Treed. 0.0. 2. Jr. (3).) Tyler.
Hereto.

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lImo. C. 0. (D4r) A.dr.o. 3. D. Mood.,. W. 36.. Jr.

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CO, VON CapI. VON LI CM.USUC

340 6230 342 335 342 24112

K..h..L K. H. (Exor) Cook. C. V.

CM.Armor Cot,Arty C.I. 1.1 Cot. Arty WOJG.USA

Cope. AOC

2324112

23 21218 226 21221 241 3178

141 24147

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Noaloee. A. W. J.haot..e.J. W. Co3. Ord C

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_________

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31 23244 33 2331 287 3187 536 291 3387 37 8072

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8631394 SUCTION
Cot. Brillob Amy 13 2367

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______________________________________

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ALUW OffICES SECTION C3 A 'Cht

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Pop. 36.33333

Pop. 36033 333

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S.eer, W. H.

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CM.CuIC Cot. MC CoN. Arty LI CM.QMC

232370 225 2370 236 233 231 2386

ImI

____________________________

L2M.Irz23j

DWARTMENT 3 P. 36.(DIr) Cot. lot L.. Cot. 3.1 Dr...... 36. F. CM.lot CooleId. F. 3. LI CM.3.1 Ihyhlo. A. LI Cal. Arty 11o.ey. 3. 3. Jr. LI CM. Amer Hobo.18.36. LICM.3.f Joed...36.A. L.n.o.G.K. LICoI.QMC N..6e. 3.8. LI CM.Arty LI CM. Arty Mont.. F. 18. LI CM.3.1 Powy. K. C. LI CM.1.1 P..ML 36.L Jr. 1.1CM.Arty 36&..okwW.8. Rhom&.e.J.J. LI Cot.Arty Sko.olt.e. 18. K. (Er..) LI CM,Arty 0.s.1.,. C. 18. LI CeLArty LICM. 1.1 Took.e.D.K. LI CM,t.f V.. SOyt.. 8.0. LI CM. 3.1 Walk.,. (2. D. 1.1Cot.t.t 180.400,4. 18.?.

I I___________ __________I_________ ____________[ I____________ ___________I__________

__________ __________ ___________

231 1345
23 8086

23333 227 7287 337 334 222 231 227 7287 2323383 23 336 226 23187 220 2336 225 24292 23 2432 234 1186 23 5345 334 1386 31 8186 222 233 23 2387 321 2134

DWA*TMINT ti CoO. Arty 553.13..E.G. (DIr) CM.CE KItood. K. F. IKe..) Cel. Am., 0.186 3. K. .3,. Fern.. It. 18. Cot.Am.. HIddImbo. K. 18. CM. Arty CM.0r4C M.otoe.. A. W. LICoIArty floeom.S.P. B86rM.er.R.M..Jr. LICMtof Cwo.oror. 8. L LI CM. l.r D.V.o.y. C.N. LI Cot,Am., LI Cot. Arty GUS.rI.V. C. LI CM.Arty 361....3. B. U. LICebArty Jdrtoo.J.C..Jr. Know 8.36. LI CM.TC P.M. 3.3. LI Cot.NBC Pope. K. I.. LI CM. Amer 36....y.T.0. L3CM.Am., LI Cot. Arty 8t.gk 3.36. LI Cot. CE Suoomoo. F. K. LI CM.3.1 Wolker. 36. 8. N.j. DIM, Doe..p.rt, 3. &

101 0328 lOt 0318 132 5434 014 7100 138 732 346 24190 3862034 33522392 148 24386 t37 2434 137 2432 304 2332 310 731 315 23382 392 331 III 2434 314 7168 017 2438 186 1438 062331 104331

DEPARTMW41 NI CM. 3.1 Coolt.. J. 18. hOtel CM. Arty LIed. H. 11. CM. Arty Pleom.3. 8. All... 3. 17. LI CM. CE A*by. 3. C. 3.. LI CM. lot LI CoO. Amer Blok.oq. T. 0. LICM.Armor BopOO.P.L LICM.0.f F.rbw36.C. 8. LI Cot. Arty (21.0.01. LI CM. 3.0 Ho.4.mo. 3. 3. (8...) Lt.doer. 36.8. LI Cot. 3.1 IA CM, 1.1 MIddI..ortli, 36.V. LICMtmI N6ggMhoeo.C.L 1.1CM. 3.1 0h.o.J. 3. Jr. LI CM. Arty DeMo.... L 42.. LI CM. 1sf 8t.mpt. 3. 06. LICoI.AeOy WMObC.K. LI CM. 3.1 WIIII...,. 18.C.. Jr. N.j. 3.1 DerdomI. N. L N.J SIEC 0.1.1.. 86.A.

333 107 31336 33

318 6186 204 33 288 338 230 8286 386 348 538 332 me 067 3231 234 200 lilA 4381 286 3232 231 7186 330 6386 1353 0281 312 038 232 7086 lIlA 4181

DWAUTT IV CM.CE POOIOr.S.A.It.(D4e) MotIle.. 3. CM.3.1 CM.Arty 04Mb3. W. DoO.M3. W. IC. LI CM.1.1 CooIeMI. C. LI CM.Arty LI CM. 3.1 Cloek.36. N. C.Uo.3.3. LIC.3.Arty LICM.IoI D.33.o.T.8. LI CM.3.0 36.o.i.y. 86.3. LI CM.1.1 IIorrtopteo. 3.18. 0Mb P. 86. LI CM. Arty LI CM.NBC 3.5.44... 3. 18. JOOoi.T. K. LICM.tml LICM.Iot Mare. L. N. (3m) C. LI CM,Am., 86804413. L LI CM.Arty MobIl, (2.T. LICM.TC Uolrh.3.M.J. LI CM.Arty 33.1k. 8. 3. LI Cot.3.1 To4Ml. C.. Jr. F. Zol.. N. 1Jminomo. 1.8. 1.1CM.3.0 LI CM.Arty

113 6147 287 6386 238 8286 3833286 238 4186 38 III 1387 235 5186 312 1386 387 6186 232 23386 38 6387 238 22186 211 6t47 231 1387 287 6386 230 3386 203 2335 307 613 * 33 53 2386 38 #187

DEPARThI1 V CM.lot 238 833 5. (DIrt 331 337 CM.1.1 3.,.,. IL 1. 318 2387 Do... BoolT. Co3.AGC A. CM.lot EU 4288 D.Obootto. K. 380 1082 Wok.,, RjrhoedK, Jr. CM. Arty LI CM. Arty 432 Dedleri. 18. 36.Jr. 239337 LICM.CK C.moro..34.F..Je. LICM.Ain.e 292 432 Do..bry.W.8. LI CM. 3.0 239 337 7.33.,. 18.H. C. 237 4382 Gorot. J. 0. U Cel. 3.1 LI CM. MPC 23 438 N.g.ety. H. K. IA Cal. Arty 34 4t08 HIlL 18.18. Jr. 386 1t82 LICoL Arty KIog. LW. 1.0CM. tel 238 434 I..ogkIt..G.T. LI C.t. Arty 238 833 N..... C. W. (K...) LI CM. Am., 204 4150 PolIsm.. W. H. LICM.Q14C 23 4385 Sp..ldt.g.W.L 382 431 VOl...... 3. A. LI Cot. 3.1 86.3.tot 334 434 Fetedma..W. 337 4382 Shi. 0.1 36..kott. K. W. 38 Laog. L 3. 88.3.Amer
Dodoor, 18.

OWARTM34T VI K..... 3. 0. (DIe) CM.Arty CM.Arty R.tS. 3. 0. CM.Arty SporI..W.F. LI Cot. 1.1 OMoy..P. T. LI CM. Arty Canoe.3. 3. Go.. C. 3. LI CM. 3.1 LICoblof UoE.a..R.J. LIC.LArty 1.oro...J.1) LI C.I. Amer L.eko.hork. K. A. (Ern) LI CM. Amer TIroy.3. 36. LI CM.tot Tboo.. 3. C. Dortelt. 8. 36. N.j. 3.1 NajArty BoogiwE. K. N.j. 3.1 Ch.od3.r.M.C. N.j. Arty Loot. P. K. jAck... 8. K. N.j. SIgC Ltm.L MaiWAC Capt.CE Dmorhmp. 18.36. RIrh. C. C.p4. Amor 040LI. 1.1 lt.d.... 1. I..

8.4 4375 5.12338 0.27 51271 8.8 330 5.36 534 8.15 2136 84621386 8.2721111 8.4 4373 8.18 437 8.7 4100 8.7 4184 8.01 338 8.7 4384 8.14 234 8.30 4867 8.24 844 846 8.1 134

L.

Froort.. 18. 36.(DIe) CM. Arty LI CM. lot Sl.ek. K. K. (K...)

8086 286 8386

ARMY940.0PUtNT3O4G PLANT Wloot.oh.. 8. 8. 86.3. tot AFPP 33

S133JC130144L AIDS Cope. NBC AFYP 58223 0&oyd.l. 3. C.

-

lt.Itoo do.M. oddlllo..3 doly.

121

APPENDIX XX PERSONNEL HEADING CERTAIN KEY ACTIVITIES AT FORT LEAVENWIORTH FROMV 1937 TO 1951
Chiefs Allied Oflficers Section Aug Lt J. T. de Araujo Lt Col J. W. Morgan Aug Oct Lt Col L. L. Jarvie Feb Col Wr. H. Hennig Col H. A. Luebberman Feb Aug Col H. B. Enderton Jun Col D. B. W~ebber

1944 1944 1944 1946 1946 1947 1951

Directors Extension Course Department Col Col Col Col Col Col

~William A. Campbell
Louis J. Compton William J. Epes William T. Sexton George R. Barker William F. Spurgin

1948 Nov 1946-M~ar Mar 1948--Jun 1948 Jun 1948--Jul 1949 1950 Jul 1949-Jun Jun 1950--Apr 1951 Apr 1951l-Present

Enrollment 901 1,797 7,893 10,195 10,961

Col Col Col Col Col Col Col

Commandants US Disciplinary Barracks Nov 1940--Jul 1942 Converse R. Lewis 1942--Sep 1943 James P. Marley Oct 1943--Nov 1946 William S. Eley 1946--Mar 1947 Lat~hrop R. Bullene Mar 1947--Aug 1948 Graeme G. Parks Aug 1948--Jun 1949 Clarence E. Cotter (acting) Jun 1949--Present. Rhodes F. Arnold
.Jul .Nov

Commanders Station Hospital Col Daniel W. Harmon Col Robert C. McDonald Lt Col James B. Anderson Col Albert S. Bowen Col Edward J. Strickler Col Clarence W. Hardy Col Henry S. Blesse Col James H. Turner Col Frank 0. Alexander 1935--1939 1939-1~940 1940--1941 1941--1943 1943--1945 194.5 1945--1949 1949--1951 1951--Present 123

124

THE HISTOR Y OF FOR T LEAVENWOR TH

Q~uartermasters 1936-1939 M/aj F. F. H~all Lt Col L. H. Palmer 1939-1941 1941-1943 Lt Col A. C. Ramsey Maj H. E. Ross 1943-1946 Col E. H. Fay 1946-1947 1947-1948 Col C. A. Valverde Col M. A. Quinn 1949-1950 Col. C. A. Barker 1951-Present

Superintendents National Cemetery Mr. W~ayne Smeltz May 1934-Dec 1947 Mr. Adolph P. Bernhardt Dec 1947-Present

Receptioit Center News Reception Center Newus Reception Center News RecetionCentr Nes Jan 1945 Fort Leavenworth News Fort Leavenworth News Fort Leave~nworth News Fort Leavenworth News Fliort Leavenworth News Fort Leavenworth Newus Fort Leavenworth News Fort Leavenworth News Forte L2eavenworth News For~t Leavenworth Ntews Fort Leav~enworth News Fort Leavenzworth Newos F~ort Leavenworth News Fort Leavenworth News

1Sgt

E dito~rs Fort Leavenwortht News Pfc Don Jones Cpl James A. Lynch T-5 Frank Bailey Chas G. Pearson Cpl Thad N. Marsh C~pl Dwight Cramer Pfc Gerald Friedman Capt E. V. Dunbar TSgt Edith Gribble MSgt George E. M~ayer Pvt Kenneth Adair Pvt W~illiam Jordan Pfc Robert D. Cleur Rct John 3B. Thomas SFC Lloyd L. Jones Cpljl Mlary L. Peterson M/Sgt Jack Theal, Jr. Cpl Mary L. Peterson

Jan 1941-Aug 1942 Aug 1942-Nov 1943 Nov 1943-1944 1944-Feb 1946 Feb 1946 1946 1946 1946-Dec 1946 Dec 1946-Mar 1947 Me/ar 1947-Jun 1947 1948 Jun 1947-Octl .Oct 1948-Jan 1949 Jan 1949-Jul 1949 Jul 1949-Jul 1950 Jul 1950-Sep 1950 Sep 1950-Present Sep 1950-Present

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adjutant General's Office, Personnel Research and Procedures Branch, Survey of the Educational Program of the Command and General Staff College; Adjutant General's Office, 1947. Andreas, A. T., History of Kansas. Chicago: 1883. Annual Report, US Disciplinary Barracks, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1950. Aylwin, W. H., "A wartime course at the American Staff College," Royal Enzginzeers Journal, Mar 1947, p. 68. Baldwin, Hanson, United We Stand. Whittlesey House, London: 1941. Barth, G. B. Col, "The Department of Operations and Training," Military Review, May 1949, p. 52. Bendetsen, Hon Karl R., Address to Associate Class, 8 April 1950. Boyer, Benjamin F., Lt. Col, "Training Staff Trainers," Military Review, June 1946, p. 53. Brumwell, Malcolm J., "An Ecological Survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation," The Amnerican Midland Naturalist (Notre Dame, Ind:1951) Vol 45, pp. 187-231. Bundel, C. M., Selected Professional Papers, Ft Leavenworth, Kansas, 1939. Cincuentenario de la Escuela Superior de Guerra, Tessier, Claudio D., General de Brigada. Command and General Staff School, Annual Report of the Commandant,1938-39. -1950. Command and General Staff School, Coutrses 1941 Comprehensive Survey, Command and General Staff School, W~artime 1940-1945. C&GSS, 1945. "Command and Staff College," F~ield Artillery Journal, Vol 37, p. 99, 1947. Command and Staff College, Instruction Circulars No 1, 1936-1950. Annual publication. GenIntervew, De 1950.McNair, Cook, G R., Mj Correspondence, File on Fort Leavenworth 1Museum, Transportation Office, Ft Leavenworth. Danford, Robert M., Graduation Address, Third Special Class, Jun 1941. Lt Col, Gone Awayd with the LeavenDavison, P. R., Lavenwoth, worth unt, ort Knsas:1940.Times Drum, Hugh A., "Evolution of the General Staff," Army and Navy Journal, 1938. Eaton, Orville L., An Analytical Study of Methods of rurction at the Command and General Staff~ Inst School, C&G SC: Jun 1946. Eddy, Manton S., Report of the Department of the Army Board on' Educcational S/ystem for Officers, 15 Jun 1949. Eddy, Manton S., "Address to the Associate Class," Mar 31, 1950. Edmunds, K. B., Excerpts from Report on Third Special Class. 1941. Eisenhower, Dwig~ht D., Crusade in Europe, New York: 1948. Fine, Benjamin, "Army to Reopen Its War College," New York Times, Aug 4, 1950. Activities 1937-1938, 1939-1940, Fort Leavenworth C&GSC Pamphlets. Frohman, L. H., "Bringing Leavenworth to the Army Areas," Quartermnaster Review, Jan-Feb 1949. Fuller, H. H., Brig Gen., Addresses, 1941. General Orders, Ft Leavenworth, Kansas, Adjutant Office, Ft Leavenworth, Kansas, 1937-1950. ~~~~~~~~~~~General's Gerow, Leonard T., Report of Waer Depacrtment Militaryl Education Board on Educational System for Officers of the Armzy. 13 Feb 1946. Gray, Millard G., "Department of Logistics," Military Review, Vol 29, No 12 (Mar 1950) Gruber, E. L., Brig Gen., Addresses, 1940-41. Fort Leaven'worth, Kansas 1941. Isley, Bliss and William Richards, Four Centuries of Kansas, 1944. Instruction Circular 2, Information for I~nstrutctor~s. CGSC, 1950. Instruction Circular 1, Information for Student 0thcers, CGSC, 1940-1941 Feb-Apr 1941. Kansas State Chamber of Commerce, Kansas Year Book, 1937-38. Kehm, H. D., "Instructor Training at Leavenworth," Military Reviewu, Apr 1949, p. 44. Leaven~worth Times, 1937-1941 issues, mciro-film. Leavenworth Chamber of Commerce, Leavenworth the Pioneer City, 1940, pamphlet. Ludendorff, The General Stdlff and Its Problem. New YokEPDtn&Co198 McCloy, John J., "In Defense of the Army Mind," Hr~rsnaaie Lesley J., Leavenworth, 1939. Clipping file. McNair, Lesley J., Addresses 1939-40. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1940. . inilRprst h ertr MrhlGog 1939-41; 1941-43; 1943-45. Wi~ar, ~~~~~~~of MignH;"ao'sShlfrGerl,"NY IMagazine, 9 Apr 1950, p. 16. ev duatGnrlsOfcF MrigRprs enworth, Kansas, 1937-1950. Nelson, Otto L., Jr., National Security and the General Staff, Infantry Journal Press: 1946. Orleans, Jacob S., Measurement in Education, New York: Ronald Press, 1947. "An inventory of Prerequisite Military Knowledge, "Militar~y Review, Jul 1947, p. 37. "Report on Activities of Psycho-educational Advisor, Jan 1947-Aug 1948." Pence, A. W., "Logistics at Leavenworth," Military Review, Jan 1946, p. 28. "Post War Military School System," Military Aff~airs, Vol X, p. 42.

1~25

126
Pratt, Fletcher, Eleven Generetis; Studies in American Command. 1949. (Omar Bradley: Tactician of the West. Page 297). Salet, E. A., "Reorganization of the Command and General Staff College," Military Review, Sep 1948. Schellendorif, Bronsart von, Gen., The Duties of the Generarl Stacff, London: -Harrison & Sons, 1875. Second Special Class, Feb-Apr 1941, Schedules, Instruction Circulars, Problems, Special Text Material, Vol I Misc. Settle, Mary Lund and Ramn . Epr n

THE HISTORZY OF FORT LEAVENWORTH Truesdell, Karl, Official Files 1942-1945. UpoEeyMitayPlcofhentdSaes po Eey iia Plc t Utd aes War College, Proceedings of a Conference of Cornmnat fGnrladSeilSrieShos 190 War Department, C irculars 239, 1945; 263, 1945, Sec

Wheels, Press, 1949.The Stanfod Shallenberger, Martin C., "'Changes at Leavenworth," Military/ Review, Aug 1943. "Keeing p-toDate" Revew, Miitar ec 143. Willoughby, C. A., M/aj Inf, The Command and General Shindler, Henry, History of Army Service Schools, Ft tf col otLaewrh ass Leavenworth, 1908.Woodring, Kansas, Hon. Harry H., Secy of War, Graduation Shindler, Henry, Public Worship, Fort Leavenworth,AdrsJn21197 1942. ~~~~~~~~~~~Wuertenberger, S. B., "General Methods of Instruction in the Command and General Staff School," IMilitacry Shindler, Henry, Fort Leavenworth, Its Churches and RveSp14,p 5 Schools, 1942. Shindler, Henry, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Guide. Zavaleta, Armando M., Captain, Tenient~e General Luis Stimson, Henry L. and Bundy, McGeorg~e, On Active Maria Campos, Gerrari Hnos, Buenos Aires, 1938. bService in Peace and `War. Sullivan, Chas. J., Army Posts and Towns.

II;8 96 e I 0,9Jl 96 Winy ihr . TeDprmn fItliec of the Command and General Staff College," Military Review, Vol XXVIII, Mar 1949, p. 43. Wiley, Palmer and Keast, US Army in World War IL, Procurement and Training of Ground Troops. Hsoia iiin eateto h ry 98

PagNeX

Page

Berry, Miss Margaret ---------,,,,54 A&R _______55 See Department of Analysis and Research -____33 Berthier, Napoleon's Chief of Staf--l Biddle Boulevard -------52-_____5 Abdallah Temple, Leavenworth --,__----7 -- ,---_36 Academic building _-45-------_-_-_,4 Big Stranger Creek ,--- _,35, 48 Bishop, Maj Gen Percy . --P -10_, ______1 Academic Department _-34,----Bliss, Brig Gen Tasker H. ,,,_-39____-3 Academie de Nobles -55------~~-_,,,5 7 1, 3, 6 Bo0etticher, Lt Gen Frederick Von -,-----Activities, 1937 --------------_____55 Bolling, Maj Gen Alex _-,,---, ____-20 Adolphus, Gustavus ---------6 _____-35 Book Departmnent ---------_,---Adviser program ---------Boughton Memorial Hall __-51I-.'___,,5 After-action reports -35--------____ 29,-__-_-_-_-__50 Air Corps -16,--------____--6 27 Boy Scouts --42, 43 ___-3 7, 52 Bradley, Gen Omar N. _-~-- -21-__2 , See also USAF ---------Brazilian officer courses _- i_-1____,,,,7 Air University -----________--29 _--- __-5, 6 Allen, Capt James _--------____-52 Brees, Maj Gen H. J. ----5,___5 42 21, Allentown (courses) --------_,_--3 7 Brereton, Lt Gen, USAF, L. H. _- Allied officers: -.-- ,----^17, 23, 28, 29, 35, 48 Briefings _--35______-----___--_ __ British Commonwealth officers -29_______,2 Distincjive insignia for -23--------20 Bruce, Lt Gen Andrew D. __________-American Royal __-1---------_____ Andrea's, History of Leavuenworth County-,,,-,9 Buckner Drive ____--28_--__,____,, 10 Buckner, Lt Gen Simon Bolivar -28________ Andrews, Lt Gen (Brig Gen) Frank ,_-1,-Andrews Hall ___-18,------.--8 22, 38 Building 61-51____________,_,__5 -- ____,, ,__, 1___ 9 Annual Old Settlers Association Picnic and Bull, Maj Gen Harold R. Pioneer Day Parade ---------_- __1 "Bull pen"' 36, 56 See also Instructor training; ____-51____5 Applicatory method ___-_-------x 1 7 Bundel, Brig Gen Charles M. -_____6, 7, 9, 11, 58 Araujo, Capt J.T.de _____---------Argentina-__ ____ --------- ^ -- 41 38 Army Air Forces Course-16,________6 18, 24 C-82, Air Force "Flying Boxcar" ,_____,-6,_____g Camberley, British Staff College ___---- -41-4 50 Army Cooperative Fire Association -24,,_____,4 61 Army Educational System Campbell, Brig Gen Win. A. 48_,i_____4 See also Eddy and Gerow Boards -_,_,,~-333 Canausa, MSgt Freddie __-___,_-24 Army Field Forces-__ _ __-33, -- 34, 37, 38 Candee, Brig Gen, USAF, R. C. __, 40_-Army Ground Forces Course _____^-16, 18 Carlisle Barracks, Pa. ______,__-Carnival, Winter Horse Show _,_,---- -6-Army Group-___. ____---.-39-----3 Army National Bank -51__________,_5 Maj Gen Win. H. ______,----- -xx Carter, Army School of the Line, Fort LeavenwortL_--__ 59 Catron, Brig Gen Thomas B. ____,---- -202 Army Service Forces _, _____-181----~ Cemetery -52 Army Service Forces Course 4_____6, 22, 24 18, See also National Cemetery ______ .____ 11_____~ Army Signal School, Fort Leavenworth -_____,59 Chamber- of Commerce, Kansas City, Mo. 18 Chapel, Post __--_-_-------_-_-7, Army War College -__,ix, x, 19, 29,- 38, 39, 48, 56 Chavez, Senator Dennis -,_---- , ____-10 Army-Navy Staff College Course (Class) __16, 17, 24 Arnold, Gen H. H. ,____,_____-20, 43 Cherry, Samuel A. _______--8_______ Choral Group _-----29,--____-9 50 Arnold, Col Rhodes' F. __________'_-522 -_____6, 10 9, Art Group-_______ ._____ __ _____53 Citizens Military Training CampCivilian components -- _____,______7 3_, Associate Course (Class) -Civilian components, officers -5_________ See also Regular Associate -_-,,,----32 Civilian educational adviser-25,___25 32, 45 27, Atchison-1______________,_,___ Class: size - _ -_ _ 1, 10, 12, 32, 41_, 48 Augur Avenue _-6-______-____---_ __, See also Regular (Special) Class -1---_0, 27 Augur, Maj Gen C. C. -8--_-----Clausewitz __________--55--_----5 Authors -34_____________----52_-__5 Clement, Mrs. Bertha _______-_1. Cody Field-__ -___________,___ _151 Cody Hill ________--10__,-----_~ Baker, Bob, CGS.C barber ------I-Baker, Miss Charity __-----__-____54 Coffee Shop ______--51___,-----_5 ___-48 College Review Board Barrows, Col F. M. _---------, _____5 See also "'murder board" ___-33,_,3 35 34, Baum, Miss Lula -51--------Colonial Dames of America plaque-22______,2 "Beehive" ___-1--------~------Bellah, Lt Col James Warner -1--------5 Combined Arms, School of See also O&T -_--_-___--_-32,_3 Bellerive -15__----------,_____ 27, 39, 40 Benton, Thomas Hart _-53----------_5 Command and General Staff College ,__x

127

128
Page

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVlENWORTH

Page

S_--. ,_1,-Eberle, Maj Gen (Maj ) G. L. Command and General Staff School ,.3, 11, 12, 22, 23 39, 60 Eddy Board -29,____-_----,,,9 _ Building, -original -3---------___, Eddy, Lt Gen Manton S. 5, 28, 29, 40, 42, 51., 54, 60 Command and General Staff School (College): Eddy, Mrs. Manton S. -31------,,_,,_3 116 Expansion, Wor~ld War II --------_,25 Edgerton, Dr Harold A. -_-----,__ Organization 1940 -1------------1 -,___35, 44 Editing and Publications Department 56 Mission __-11-------------~, 11,________1 12, 60 -Edmunds, Col Kinzie B. _111 Length short courses ---------_ _-__25, 27, 32, 45 Educational adviser-,,_L -- ,21 Liaison officer with WVDGS - ----Educational System for Regular Army Officers Graduates trained by 1944-22_, _____,2 30 29,____29 See also Eddy Board ____-26 - ____5 25,_, Command and Staff College ________19 -Edwards, Maj Gen Idwald, USAF Redesigrnated. Command and General 38,______3 Eglin Field, Florida ,,,_,-__, _7 Staff College -2---------, ___-51_ Eichelbelrger, Lt Gen Robert ,---_, -,__,__26 New organization, Gerow Board Eisenhower, General of the Army Dwight D. ._42, 43 Age of students -39---------_,_, I--- -21,__,_2 Eismont, Pfc Joseph D. -23, 24, 25 Command Class ---------------. A48 ---_, _,L-Emery, Col H. R. Commander and General Staff, School of ,.-,,,,32 __,,_,___2 Enderton, Col H. B. ,_-29,, --34-.--Communications zone _ Evaluation program, student ______ ---. Conestoga wagon -3-----36, 58 48_____,4 See also marking system _-25,_-___5 Conference of School Commandants Excelsior Springs-___________,_,__1 12, 61 Cook, Maj Gen (Lt Col) G. R. _,--,,,11, -A__.______8 Executive, Academic Department Coronado California, USIMC Amphibious 34, 37 Extension courses-5,________,_,_5 ____ Training Center _-38--------Corral Creek -48---------_1,,___4 Coughlin, Mr. and Mrs. John P. ________-50 Faculty: __ Craig, Maj Gen Louis A. -52--------16, 18, 32 Number, grades ______-4,__ ___ Crittenden, 2d Lt John J. -8--------Composition-________5, 16, 25, 26, 27, 32 Cunningham, Col (Lt Col) William A. .,,___-21 Subjects assigned _______-5,___-_ ___-53 Current Affairs Group --------44, 45 ___ Excellence ____-21,-------_______7 Custer, Maj Gen (Lt Col) George A. ____2 Fairchild, Maj Gen Muir Si. USAF-20_.,, ____,-_ Cut sheet -36-----;----____3 Faith, Col Don C. -34-~------~, Fanis, Mrs., Librarian _____-51.______5 ___ Daly, Col (Maj) John C. -3-----~--___,_____ Field trips -38--------58 Danford, Maj Gen Robert M. ---------Film, operational and training-38_________3 Danielson, Maj Gen C. H. __________-455 Fink, Bishop Louis M. _____-51-______ _____--3 Dougherty wagons -------First Provisional Officer's Course, Davison, Col (Lt Col) Paul R.-9___, _____, 60 -------------Fort Leavenworth ___-7 Davison, Hon. Trubee ---------Florsheim, Irving S. _-_---rl_____-17 Dean, Maj Gen (Lt Col) J. R.-1.4_________. Ford, MS~gt Henry -52---------_____ Dean, Maj Gen William F. _-24---------Formal review Denit, Brig Gen (Maj, MC) Guy-14________1 See also College Review ___-34,______3 Department of Analysis and Research --- _,_33, 48 38, 45 Fort Benning _______-___,_-16, -______32, 37, 38, 39, 46 Department of Army ix , Fort Leavenworth, founding-, 38, 48 ____1 Doctrine -33,-------First school _-ix___-___-______ Instruction -39---------_____-3 Museum ____-3-__-_--,_____ Board on Educational System for Officers 3,-------_---_____3 9 Hunt --____2 (Eddy Board) -29-------.Fort Scott, Military Road-9_____,_______ L_ 39 Department of Defense - --------Fort Sill _____-1,____________,16 ___ Department of Justice -10----I---Frederick, the Great _-55__--_-__-_--_.______34 Departments, Academic Department Freeman, Dr Douglas Southall _-38______-3 ___4 Devers, Gen Jacob L. -42--~-----Fremont, Brig Gen John Charles-_____-_____ _9 Diploma -37-----------------Frenchman's ___________-36_____Disciplinary Barracks _____-6__-Fuller, Col Ezra Bond ,__, -- ------ --- _8, 22, 52 See also USDB -1-59 Fuller, Maj Gen (Brig Gen) H. H. _,-18,_~8 Doctrine, coordination of -38---------_Fuller Hall _-6__________-,--_-____-9 Doniphan, Col Alexander William ,_,1 Fuller, Miss Lottie __-50___-_______5 Donoyan, Brig Gen (Lt Col) Leo-__,_____14 29, 51 _,_-6, Dramatic Club ---------____5 Dreese, Dr Mitchell -25--------Gattan, Lt John W. -52--------_____5 Drummond, Air Marshall -21---------__ 1,____ 10 "Gay Nineties" -----------Duning, Maj Fred -48---------_____ 6, 23 General Etaff ~Class ___---1-_______ advanced-39__________________3 Eaker, Lt Gen Ira, USAF -~------__---21 __ x -__ -_ _General Staff College -_ _13, 44 Eaton, Sgt Orville L. ------------

INDEX
Page

~~~~~~~~~
Page

39 x,______x Instruction -4,--------General Staff, US Authorization Instructional Aids Section ----x, 39, 56 ----- Functional divisions ---Instructor Training ---------55________5 -Washington's composition Intelligence, School of --------_-- 55 Grant's composition --------Iran _---------41-------------vii ----College founded -___3 Jarvie, Lt Col L. L. __-------36--56I--------, _, ____,5 Germsan-Jenkins, Maj Gen (Maj) Reubin-14_^__,___1 5,5 ------------elgbera --list-21_____,2 Johnson, Lt Col, USMC, Chandler H. ____ i ---------Corps eiil _4 ,,,, ---------.S ohsn o Director of Training, SOS-20___,___2 __,____5 S.-48nscoc Johnso, Colt M.ri 32 -- ,24, Gerow Board ~tMri . enscah5 Jns 25, 26 _i____ Report -24,-------__53 Kansas City Art Institute ---------24, 25, -______21, 27 Gerow, Lt Gen Leonard T. __-1 Kansas State College -11--------42, 51, 52, 59 80 Kearney, Col Stephen Watts ---------, ' 4 Gilbreath, Maj Gen Frederick ______-11 61 40,_40 Kelly, Col Henry E. ----.-----29, 53 _____1 Girl Scouts -1,--------Kibler, Maj Gen (Maj) A. F. _----------5 51 ________9 Glee Club -29,-------King Avenue -28---------_______2 ________-5 Gneisenau ----------____-28 King, Maj Gen Edward Leonard ___. '9 -9, ______Golf Club ----------Kinsella, Rev T. H. __-51---------__1 Grades __-21 Knerr, Maj Gen, USAF ---------15, - ___, 4___. 36 See also Evaluation Program 41 Korea -38,-----------------Graham, Maj Gen (Maj) R. C. L.-__________ invasion -40----------------,4, 13, 16, 21, 24 __3 Grant Hall ----- ~----55 Kriegsakademie _-.-------._-4__41, Grant, Gen Ulysses S. -56---------__1 Groves, Maj Gen Leslie R. Jr. _^---------7 __ Ladies' Golf Association -54--------11, 12, 17, 18, 58 Gruber, Brig Gen Edmund L. -,-0 ____, -5_~_, Lanahan, Mlaj Gen (Capt) F. H. 7 -1-----------------Death 7 ______-1 Larsen, Roy E. ---------___18, 52 Memorial plaque -- ~1-----Lawrence -1------------------52 ,18, -----------Monument -~_____Learninlg points -35---I----Gruber Hall-_,____16, 18, 19, 22, 26, 38, 50, 53 ixix8, 52 Leavenworth, Brig Gen (Col) Henry -Gen (Capt), Alfred-6__~_______ Gruenther, ___ Leavenwort~h, Capt Jesse -9--------Guest speaker program -38---------___ 28, 521 Leavenworth -1--------------, __-___-5 Guides, Indian -52-~------I----41 L'Ecole Superieure de Guerre ----_______ Leigh Hall -52---------_; Ham, Mrs. Woodrow W. -54---------___ ______ Lesson plan __-35--------20 -.----Handy, Lt Gen Thomas -----__-52 Lewis and Clarke School --------______1 Harris, "Hoss" ----------10, 18 Lewis, Col Converse R. _----------Harrison, Maj Gen (Maj) W. K. Jr. _______- 5 ______1 Lexington, Mo. -11--------Hartness, Maj Gen (Brig Gen) Harlan N. -28___ Lindberg, Col Charles A. __-9_--------_ 1,1 32, 40, 60 Hartness, Mrs. Harlan N. 1--3--Logistical Command Course --------- -37 _____46 ---. -.----Harvard (University) Logistics, School of -32---------__-_3 1------ -I-_-_____ Hastings Road --_-, Ludlow, Brig Gen Wm _-x--------~---______1 Hastings, Virginia Marsh -__5 Lyons, Mr. William J. _-51--------37--------Hawaii ----------_, 7 Havarood, Maj Gen Johnson ---------MacArthur, General of the Army, Douglas-,._4, 43 5 __---Hazlett, Maj Gen (Lt Col) H. F. _-_52, 53 Ma.cCormick, Austin ----------_____48 Hedekin, Col T. B. ----------___,__ Manuals, field _-33--------____2 -25~-Henry, Dr Edwin R. -----36,------44 _____.Map exercise ---io-----_1 Herndon, M/aj Gen Wm K. ---6, 44 ____-----3 Map maneuvers __----___20 Heubner, Maj Gen C. R. ---------.-38 1--------___,-, 6, Marine Corps --____-48 ---------Highway 92 -18, 58 ,_4, Marking system ----------21 Hilldring, Maj Gen John Henry --- ~----___~ Marley, Col James C. -18--------___-1 -51--Hills, Col Huntington -----Marshall, General of the Army, George C. .,10, 20, 59 _____-54 Hinz, Mr. Emnil ----------__, _____3 Marshall, Col S. L. A. -38--__4 -42---Hodges, Gen Courtney H. -----,_____42 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Honeycutt, Maj Gen (Col) Francis W.-______-7 Massenbach -55--------____,,,__5 -20---____2 Hull, Lt Gen John E. -----5, 7 McAndrew, Col Joseph A. -----------52 3,-------_-____3 Hunt Lodge _-40, 60 -____,_5, McBride, Maj Gen (Maj) H. L. 51 50,___0 McClellan Avenue -.--------India _- 1 -2----McClellan, Officers' Mess ----__2 See also Allied officers -29--------______1 McGlinn, William ----------. Induction Station McHenry, Secretary of War 1798 _______-- 55 24 See also Reception Center ----------50 22,-------____ McNair Hall _--Industrial College of the Armed Forces-._____39

35 _______ __3 -38---37 3-__-6, _-_--32

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THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVrENWORTH

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Park College--53o Parker, Mr. George _-51___,__,____5 McNair, Mrs. Lesley J. -10,____-_____ Parkinson, Mr. Gordon -54_____,______5 McNarney, Lt Gen Joseph T. ___i--1__9, 20 Patch, Lt Gen Alexander M. -42_________4 Medical Field Service School -40_________4 Patterson, Hon Robt P., Secretary of War ____3 52 Mella, Mrs. .-__, __,,_____,_____13 Patton, Gen George S., Jr. _-42________4 Menninger, Dr William C. ,_______-38,,3 Patton, Gen George S. School -52_______,_5 Meritorious Service Plaques-2____,______4 Pearson, MSgt, Librarian __-51_____,,,5 Merritt Lake __________-50______5 Pence, Brig Gen A. W. -24,________4 61 Milburn, Lt Gen (Lt Col) F. W. - __, _____,5 Pershing Park--___________,__,,48 Military Review-44,___________,4 48, 50 Personnel Center, War Department Military training company-5 See also Reception Center-24,___,____4 27 Missouri River-ix_______,_______,i Personnel, School of -32,_____,,,,___3 Moltke---__________________55, 56 Peru _________---_________17 41 Monteiro, Maj Gen Pedro Aurelio de Goes -. ____9 Peterson, Maj Gen Virgil -19____.______1 Morgan, Brig Gen (Lt Col) J. W. -1-,_____7 Phillips, Mr, Transportation Office -51,______5 Motivation, student-43______________4 Pick, Lt Gen (Maj) L. A. -5___________ Muelilebach Hotel-_,,,, _____________~15 Pick, Mrs. L. A. _____ -- __ _____~ _ _ -7 M~ueller, Maj (Maj Gen) P. J. _L-S--___, Pilot Knob-__________ ____ _ _ ___36 Muffling-55,________ __________5 Pinkerton's Detective Agency -55__,______5 Muir, Maj Gen Charles H.-22_________._2 Plans and Evaluation, Deputy for -48_______4 "Murder board" '"Platte Purchase Centennial" -I__________ See atso College review board-33_,_,____3 Pony Express Rodeo -_ __ _ ____ 1_____ Murdock, Capt Daniel H.-8_____________ Pope Avenue-1,______________1 21, 50 Pope Hall-J6,______~______6 21, 22, 48 Nalle, Col W.-24,,,, _i ___-, ____,2 Pope, M~~Iaj Gen John C. -8_____,,_,,,,_ NJapoleon's (Bonaparte) Staff ____-55_,_,5 "Portrex"--___________________38 National Cemetery-18,___________8 Exchange-_____________27, 52 Post 50 Ndational Defense Act of 1947 _,_-29_,,,,, Post Exchange Restaurant-21__________2 National Guard Courses-___10,10 27, 37, 43, 48, 57 Powell, Mkaj Gen C. R.-10____________1 NMational War College-39_____________3 Presentation-____,_____________35 Naval War College-29,____,__,____9 33 Princeton University-13,__________3 44 Navy--16___________________ Printing Plant, New ,_-48________,,4 Section--_________ ___________ 37 Program of Instruction (P01)-34___,,,,,,,3 Netherlands East Indies cadets -1_________7 Col (Mlaj ) C. A.-1_______ Pyle, .,,_____4 New Divisions Course -16____,_,,_,__~ Ney; Marshal of Napoleon -55____,_____5 Quartermaster General's Staff-55_________5 Noce, Maj Gen Daniel -2 Q_____________2 USAF (Capt) Elwood uesada, Lt Gen, -,_,__7 N~onresident Instruction, Department of 34,__3 48 Normandy Area -28 Race Track Pasture-1_______________ Nuhn, Miss, Editing and Publications-51_,_,_5 Rains, Lt Sevier M.-8_______________ Reception Center-______________ 10, 28 Observers--38 Reeder, Governor of Kansas, Andrew H. 1--1-- 22 Officers' (Club) Mess ______-1_,_,0, 21, 27 Refresher Courses-______________37, 48 Officers' Club, Phillips Hotel, Kansas City-is___1 Regular Associate Course -1------27, 37, 48 Olathe--1 _ _____ __,1Rgua Regular Cas Class-4_ ___ ___ .__ __ ____ ____ ___ "O)ld Rolling Wheels" _-i_________,__ graduation _________-------228, 29 "Old Santa Fe Trail Pioneer and Regular Course:-4,___________4 9, 26, 37 Wild West Show"-1_____________1 2 1940-41, Suspension-~______,_____10 O'Leary, Miss Grace ,_-51__________5 1950-51_, Opening-40_____________4 Operations, Deputy for ___-48________4 Requirements-__________________36 Operations Section (G3), of Academic Research, by authors-34,______,____4 36 Department _______--34_,______3 Reserve Officers Training Corps 6,______6 9, 10 Organization for Instruction 11,____132, 48 26, Review board Organized Reserve Corps Courses 10,.___0 37 27, See also College review-34___________3 43, 48, 57 Reynolds, Maj Gen Russell-20__________2 Oregon Trail ________--9_________ Richardson, Lt Gen (Brig Gen) Robert C. Jr. .._9, 13 Orleans, Dr Jacob S. -25,____,,_ 27, 32, 4S Ridgeway, General Matthew B.-42_________4 O&T (Organization and Training), School of _--_32 Riding hall-1____________~______5 R'iley, Fort-1____________,______ Pakistan Rooks, Maj Gen (Lt Col) Lowell-13_______1 See also Allied officers -------- ____,29 Root, Elihu-__ ___ ______ ____x, 6, 56 Parent-Teachers Association 6,_______6 51, S2 Rose Circle __- _______________ _28

McNair, Lt Gen (Brig Gen) Lesley J.,,-9

10, 11 20, 29, 57

INDEX
Page

131
Page

Rose, Maj Gen Maurice-28___,_,,,,,,,,2 ROTC Camp-_______;_6,___~___6 Rucker, 2d Lt John Anthony-8___,,,,__,_ Ruffner, Maj Gen Clark L.-13__________1

9, 10

Saint Ignatius Chapel-51_____________5 Saint Joseph ,____-___,-,,,_,,,1. Santa Fe Trail-9_________________, Savoy Grill-15__________________1 Scharnhorst-55_________________,5 Schillo, Fritz-1___________,_,,__, Schley, M~aj Gen Julian-____ ,__,,___ 9 Schmahl, Col Dana-19________,_____1 Television show - _ _-______ 38_____ School of Application-56_____________5 Tenth US Cavalry-1,__________,1 6, 9, 10 Schools, Advanced branch-.____________56 Terrain exercises --36_______,_ Basic branch-56________________5 Terry, Mrs. James K. --54,________ School System for Officers Testing, student See also Gerow and Eddy Boards -29______2 See also Evaluation -25,__________5 36 Secretary of the Army-29,_L______~__9 39 Theater Army --39________ Secretary of War ___________, 3, 19, 25, 51 Theater, War Department - _________7, --18 Separation Center Thomas, Senator Elmer __--10______._1 See also Reception Center -2__________7 354th ASF Band, 20th Infantry Band-2_____7 Service Club -6_______,____.____, 371st Army Band, also called C&GSC Band, Service Staff (SOS) Course -18,______8 19 S.U. 1739 Band --2__________ Seventeenth US Infantry 9,________9Tindall, Brig Gen (Maj) R. G. -_____.__._5 10 Shallenberger, Col Martin C. ---,12, 19, 21, 61 "(Tobacco Road" --.A4_____,___ Sheetz, Maj Gen (Lt Col) J. R. -14_, ______ Todd, Col (Maj) William N. Jr.-10_____._1 Shellendorif, Bronsart von-____________5 Training Aids _--38_________ Sheridan, Gen Philip-________,______x 5i Training literature Sheridan Hall-________________3, 22 See also Manuals --38______,__ Sherman Field __- _______,__17, 37, 59 Troop 66 Sherman, Gen W. T. ix,____________x also Boy Scouts --51 See 53_________ Sherman Hall-3,__________,____3 22 Trudeau, Brig Gen Arthur G. ---40______4 Sherman, Mrs. Ellen Ewing-51__________5 Truesdell, Maj Gen Ka~rl 18,____820, 21, 22 19, Sill, Fort-,_____________,_____40 23, 24, 41, 46, 59 Simpson, Lt Gen William H.-42_________4 Truman, The President of the US Smith Lake-____________,_____50 (Sen), Hon Harry S. __--10________1 Smith, Maj Gen (Maj), A. C.-,___________ Truman, Maj Gen R. E. _--10___.,,__,,1 Somervell, Lt Gen Brehon-20____,______2 Truscott, Lt Gen Lucien K.42__,______ Soult, Marshal of Napoleon ____,,__,__5 -Umpires--15_______________,_,5 36 Southern Mansion-,________,_____15 Unification ,,,_,,, --,,,,,,,,,,,,37 "Southern Pines"-38 ~~~~~Uniformity of Doctrine,- CGSC responsibility for -- 48 Sparkman, Congressman Claude __-10______ US Air Forces --41________, Special Associate Courses~ 7 US Disciplinary Barracks 18,_______8 22, 52 Special Classes, number -1______,_____6 Re-es~tablished --10,____,,,,,__

Student Officers' Mess See also Building 61 --51________ Student selection --43____,____ Sumner Place -28,___________ 51 Sun, Dr and Mrs. Norman -___,, -53__,_,5 Sunflower troop --1________ Survey of Educational Program CGSC, 1947--25__2 "Swarmer" --38________ Swift, Brig Gen Eben --x_________ Swing, Lt Gen (Maj Gen) Joseph M. ---39,39 40 Symington, Hon W. Stuart- ,___,,__,, -52

Second-12 ~~~~~~~US General Staff --- _____ ______ 46 Third _-1__________,___7, 18, 58 US Military Academy ,-_--56,_--___5 Sixteh -12--------I--_.,,,_, Seventh-_____________~_____18 Vail, Bishop R. H. ____-__-,--__--__7 Ninth 16_____L------______1 Van Tuyl, Mrs. Effie I_-9--_--,--_-Tenth and Eleventh -18___________1 Van Vliet, Col John H. ___- ___--I--323 Twelfth--__________________16 Volunteers, 32d US Infantry ____--9--_-__ Eighteenth-16,______________6 22 "Spots" -15,___--___-_____,__5 36 WAC Detachment--24_______,____4 51 Spring Race Meet and Horse Show 1______~ W;ainwright, Lt Gen Jonathan M. 10 _,_, -__,_1 State Department --- __ _ __ _ _ ~ 16_ Walker, Lt Gen Walton S.-__ ___- __,_,_, 27 Steuben, Lt Gen (Baron) Von ____,__,__55 -War Department 10____~, 11, 12, 16, 18, 19, 26 Stilwell Avenue __________,__-28_2 Inspection--19____,,_,,,,_,____1 Stilwell, Lt Gen Joseph W. _____-28,___2 War Department General Staff 1__9, 23, 25, 26 22, Stimson, Hon Henry L., Secretary of War-_____43 War Department Military Education Board Stotsenburg Hall ________________ -21 See also Gerow Board _-24__,,,,,,__ Stratemeyer, L~tGen George, USAF __,_2 20_, Washington, Genm George -55__,___,_,_

132
Page

THE HISTORY OF FORT LEAVENWORTH

Page

WDAF, Radio Station, Kansas City, Mo. ____-11 ,_-----5 Weart, Maj Gen (Maj) D. L. ---Weather -6-.-----------~----5, 20 Weible, Maj Gen (Capt) W. L. -------45, 46, 48 West Point -13,-------~_____ Weyland, Maj Gen USAF Otto C. __.- _24, 52, 61 Wherry Housing __49 See aclso Pershing Park ---------White, Maj Gen Miller -19---------___ ____ Wilkinson, Spenser -X---------Williams, Capt (W.O.), Cleveland-6_________ Willoughby, Maj Gen Charles A.-4______,__

14__l Wilson, Brig Gen (Capt) W. K. Jr., "Weary"33 32, Withers, Col George ------------7, 53 Women's Club -6,11------------32________~___ Wood, Col Stuart --34---___3 Work week, instructor -----~-1_____7 Wrigley, Philip K. --------13, 44, 46 Yale University ------------50 15,________1 YMCA ----------Yount, Sgt Wendell 0. ----1,-______1 -18--13 ____

Zone of I~nterior Course ------

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COMBINED ARMS RESEARCH LIBRARY

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Report Documentation Page

Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

1. REPORT DATE

3. DATES COVERED 2. REPORT TYPE

22 JUN 1909
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

A compendium of laws covering interests upon the Fort Leavenworth military reservation together with history of its institutions and other information for the benefit of officers, soldiers and civilian employees
6. AUTHOR(S)

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Army Command & General Staff College,Combined Arms Research Library ,250 Gibbon Avenue,Fort Leavenworth,KS,66027-2314
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

10. SPONSOR/MONITORS ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITORS REPORT NUMBER(S)

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT

A history of legislation specific to Fort Leavenworth Kansas. This history begins with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth in 1827 and continues to the late 19th century.
15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:
a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE

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18. NUMBER OF PAGES

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

unclassified

unclassified

unclassified

142

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)

Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

A Compendium of Laws
Covering Interests Upon the

Fort Leavenworth Military ]Reservation

Together With a

History of Its Institutions

and Other Information for the Benefit of Officers, Soldiers and Civilian Employees

By

Henry Shiindler
Foreman Staff College Press

Make your employer's business your sole interest. Work cheerfully and faithfully. If you see anything that needs to be done and no one attending to it, do it. Never content yourself with a mere niggardly discharge of narrowly interpreted obligations. Do more than is expected of you, never less. Remember that he who does no more than he is paid for is never paid for more than he does.--Major Gen~eral J. Frankli~n Belt, U. S. Army.

A WVORD IN ADVANCE The need of a compendiucm of the authorities under which the corporate interests on the Fort Leavenworth M~ilitary Reservation were established, has long been recognized by those charged with the administration of the post's executive affairs. The records available are too incomplete and lack much of the information necessary for an appropriate discharge of these functions. The undersigned, familiar with these grants and much of their history, has undertaken ~to place before the authorities a compilation of all laws and regulations applying to these interests with such information in addition thereto, in each case, as may be deemed appropriate. If the result presented in these pages proves acceptable the author will feel amply repaid. HENRY SHINDLER. Fort Leavenworth, Kas., June 22, 1909.

CONTENTS
PAGE

Act authorizing right of way Leavenworth & Des Moines 22 .. ... Rail Road ......... Act authorizing right of way to Rapid Transit Railway Co. 40 Act donating portion of Reserve for a public highway - 58 (Mletropolitan Avenue).....,,... Act authorizing sale of land to Leavenworth Coal Co_. .. 63 69 .. Act authorizing sale of land to Water Company.. Act authorizing lease of land to Water Company......71 Act authorizing erection of building for Y. M. C. A. on 82 ..... Military Reservation...... Act authorizing erection U. S. Penitent~iary on Military 109 ..... Reservation ......... 10 Act of Kansas Legislature ceding jurisdiction... Act of Kansas Legislature authorizing establishment of - 75 ....... public school...... 29 Agreement with Kansas Central Railway .......... 83 Altar Guild.. 101 . Army Service Schools .......... .79 Army Y. M~. C. A. Building . .97 Arsenal U. S., Leavenworu;h........ 102 ........ . Arsenal, Liberty, Mo., 54 .., Articles of agreement with Water Company 31 . .. Atchison, Topcka & S5anta Fe Railway ... Attorney General of U. S. on railway rights on reservat'n 34 61 Corral Creek. 23 Charter Fort Leavenwyrt~h R. R. Company..... , .22 Chicago, Rock island & Pacifica R.R...,,,, 14 .. . Civil and Criminal Process .......... 73 .Educational ,...,.,.,,...... .1....... Establishment of Post ..... 90 .. Fort Leavenworth Mess. .......... 23 Fort Leavenworth Railroad Co., The .......... 58 Gtrant Avenue. 9 ....... Jurisdiction, Civil..... 12 Jurisdiction, Military .. 45 KRansas and Missouri Bridge. 66 Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth Water Co... 63 Leavenworth Coal Company .......

License granting authority to build Catholic Church....,77 License to Kansas Western R. R .... ~... ~~ ~~~31 Merritt Lake..60 Metropolitan Avenue..5. 8 Missouri and Kansas Telephone Company. .48... ... q M~issouri Pacific R. R., The......~~ ~~~~~ . 27 National Cemetery..100.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 Opinion of Attorney General covering cession of Jurisdiction ... ,. .~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ,, 18 Peoples Telephone Company ........ ~~~ ~~~~~ 49 Pope Hall... .. ,...~, ,~80 Post Chapel .... ,....~.' ,,,,,~,,,,~,,,,,, 79 Post Hospital ........ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~, 8 Post Steam Laundry. .86...~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~s Post Office,,, ~ 91.......~~~~ Postal Telegraph Company...... ~ 47 Transfer Remains General Leavvenworth to National Cemetery Fort Leavenworth.11 Purchase, Lea~se and 5 le of Lanlds. ,,,, ,,, 63-67 Railroads.. .... ~..2 Rapid Transit Facilities.3_~~,,, ~.~,~,,,,,, 7 Religious ....... ~~. ~~.77~ Rights and Duties of Legal H~eirs..... 15 REoads and Avenues ,.5.,,,_,,,,,, 7 Sanitation...............52 Sheridan's Drive..;...... .. ~~~~~~~~~~ .59 Sketch General Henry Leavenworth.111.....~~~. l St. Ignatius' Chapel......, ,.. ~~~~~~~~~ 77 Statue of General Grant. 92 Suffrage ......... ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~13 Survey of Rteservation, Correspondencerelating to,.. 4 Taxation..,,,,..,,.. ~~~17 --Terminal Facilities .... '...~~~~.~~~~~~~~ 32 Union H3all. ,,,,,, , ~,,~~ ~,~~~~~~ 81 Union Pacific RailwYay, The... .... ,,,.i.. 28 U. S. ~Milita~ry Prison. ,,,,,,,.,....~~~,~~~~ 103 U. S. Penitentiary ... , ~.~~~~~~~ 103 Wa~ter Supply. .... 51

xi~

DIV S ION rI

Establishment of Post and Survey of RWeservaPtion

TIlhe site upon which Fort Leavenworth was built w~ located by Colonel Henry Leavenworth, 3d Intry, in Miay, 1827, and officially declared established fan Iby the War Department September 19, 1827. The first survey for a reservation was made in 1830 by Isaac M~cCoy. This official was appointed by the President to survey lands needed for a reservation for the Delaware Indians as provided for in a In order to define treaty made the previous y~ear. the boundary between the Indian lands and the lands required for military purposes, the surveyor suggested to the commanding officer of the post' to permit the fixing of the boundary lines for a necessary reservation, and, with his consent, this was done. The lines thus fixed ran be~tween north and south as they are now known, and as designated in an official survey of 1854. The western line extended from the right bank of the Missouri river ~westward about tour miles, thence north to the Missouri river, which also forms the eastern boundary. A second survey was made in 1839 by Lieutenan~t A. R. Johnson, 1st D~ragoons, upon direction of the post commander, 2 and, under this survey, the lines as fixed by MlcCoy were not disturbed except thai the line along the west, was withdrawn eastward and the course of Salt creek jfixed as the western boundary. Upon the approval of the act in 1t854 organizing
1 Major 2

William Davenport, 6th U. S. Infantry. Kearney, 1st Dragoons. Colonel Stephen WV.

-2-

the territory of K~ansas, the President directed that the lines of the Fort Leavenworth: military reservation be defined by meets and bounds in order that the lands may be withheld from public sale, to which all other lands in the territory, under the act referred to, became subject. Such survey was made under the direction of Captain Franklin E. Hunt, 4th Artillery, commanding the post. Under date of September 28, 1854, Captain Hunt informs the department that under his instructions the reservation as formerly laid out being much larger than necessary, he only "went 2~ miles from the right bank of the river, and thence along the top of the bluff's" as near as he could make a good boundary to the M~issouri river. At a point about six miles from the southeast corner of the reservation the river makes a turn towards the northwest for~ some distance and accounts for the western boundary extending north to the right bank of that stream, forming both the east and north boundary of the reserva~tion. There has been no other change since the Hunt survey of 1854 and the present boundary lines are known as thle "H3unt Survey". (See map.) For correspondence relating to this subject see Appendix "A". The reservation as surveyed in 1854 contains about 6,030.6i8 acres. Since that time twenty acres of this land were sold to the Leavenworth Coal Company to whaich reference is made in a subsequent division . During the past ten years some small parcels of lands on the west boundary were purchased and made a part u~f the reservation. In 1838 a timber reservation, comprising 6,000
acres, was set aside in Missouri, along the river opposite the post. In 1841 this reserve was largely di-

-3-

minished, and again in 1844 a further reduction was made, so that at this time, according to the records in the office of the quartermastergeneral, the reservation in Missouri contains about 939 acres. A survey of this reserve has not been made for many years, and it is believed, owing to the immense inroads
made

by

the river upon

this

land

that it

contains

nothing like the acreage given.

[APPENDIX
QUARTERMASTER

"'A"]

GENERAL'S OFFICE

Washington,City, Jucly 11, 1854.

SIR: Your communication of the 10th instant, with the accompanying copy of the original map of the military reserve at Fort Leavenworth east of the MIissouri river, is received. The object of the department is to obt~ain a Ipint of the reservation lying on the west side of that river, which I have accordingly to request may now be furnished. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, THOMAS S. JESUP,

QuartermasterGenzeral. Johnz Wilson, Esq., Commnissioner Ge~neral Latnd

Ofice,

Washingtonz

City, D. C.

GENERAL LAND OFFICEi

July 11, 1854.

In reply to you-r communication of this date reqluesting copy of the plat of the military reservationat Fort Leavenworth, on the west side of the Missouri river, I have to state that there does nlot appear to have been any action through this office for reserving lands at the post west of the river, but only the portion east of the river, opposite the fort, as shown by the map transmitted with my letter of the 10th instant. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, JObHNW VILSON,
SIRE:

Commnissioner. Lieute~nant Colonel Charles Thzomas, Deput~y Quartermatster Genzeral in ChTarge, War Dep't.

Endorsement on the above:

1Respectfully referred to the adjutatnt general. I understand that a reserve was made by order of the President of the United States within the Indian territory west of the 1Missouri, the site of the present post of Fort Leavenworth, and that the order for the reserve was issued firom the adjuta~nt general's office. Is there a report and survey of the reserve in the offce? If there be no evidence of the reserve

-5 having been made, we may lose the site with all the improvements. THOMAS S. JESUP, QuarPtermaster Gelneral. Jucly 14, 183i4. Respectfully returned to the quartermaster general. It does not appear from our examination of the records of this office that any reservation has ever been made at Fort Leavenworth on the west side of the M18issouri river. S. COOPER, Ad~jutacnt General. Ad~jutant Generacl's Office, Jucly 18, 1854. Respectfully returned to the adjutant general. It is desirable that the lands necessary for military purposes at Fort Leavenwiorth be formally set apart for military purposes; otherwise they will be seized upon by squatters, and the public will lose not only the land but the improvements. I respectfully recommend that the proper order be issued for surveys to be made, and that the authority of the President to the Land Department be obtained to reserve from sale the lands now occupied, and which are considered necessary for military purposes. THOS. S. JESUP, Qucartermaster G~eneratl. August 3, 1854. Respectfully submitted to the Secretary of War. It does not; appear to have been the practice of the department to make reservations of lands for military purposes within the Indian territory, the laws regulating trade and intercourse with ITndian triboes being, in that case, sufficient to prevent intrusion. But as the lands in the neighborhood of Fort Leavenwort~h are now about to be surveyed and brought into market, it is recommended that the land at that post, required for military purposes, be now set apart and reserved from sale by the president. S. COOPER, Adjutalnt Greneral. Let orders be given to have a survey made and a reservation laid off, including the building and improvements, and so much land as is necessary for military purposes, looking to its use as a main depot and cavalry station. A plat will be made, and such a description of the tract given, as will ~ena~ble the

-6Commissioner of the General Land Office to have it marked on the plats of the public lands. JEFFERSON DAVIS, Secretary of War. War Dejpartment, Aucgust 9, 1854.
ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE,

Washington, August ii, 1854. By the direction of the Secretary of Wrar, you will cause a survey to be made, and a reservation to be laid off, including the buildings and improvements, and so much land as may be necessary for military purposes, at Fort Leavenworth, looking to its use as a main depot and cavalry station. A plot of the reservation will be made, and such descript~ion of the tract~ given, as will enable the Commissioner of the General Land Office to have reservation marked upon the plats of the public lands. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
SIR:

S. COOPER, Commanding Officer,AduatGnrl FLiort Leavenzworth, 1Missouri.

WVAR DEPARTMENT,

Washington, October 14, 1854. SIR : I herewith enclose a map and field notes of a survey of a tract of land at Fort Leavenworth to be reserved for military purposes under an ord~r of thc President, dated the 10th instant;, and endorsed upon the papers. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, JEFFERSON DAVIS, Hon. R. lMcClelland,SertyofW. Secretary of the Interior.
FORT LEAvENWORTHI, KANSAS TERRITORY,

S~eptember 28, 1854. C~OLONEL: I herewith enclose field notes of a survey made for a military reserve at Fort Leavenworth, in obedience to instructions received by me, dated Adjutant General's Office, WT;ashington, August 11, 1854, and by this mail I f orward a map of said reserve in Kansas territory. This is en-

-7tirely independent of the reserve in Missouri, which I consider at present necessary to retain on account of the timber, ferry, etc. It appears from records in the possession of ~Mr. J. C. McCoy, who assisted in making a survey, that in October, 1830, a reservation was laid off, the southern boundary of which commences, and corresponds with it, with the exception of a slight offset, which you will observe running around the farm fence, containing, a tract of about one hundred acres, which lies in the Delaware lands. The line was run in this manner to include, according to instructions, all the improvements; but, as it is clearly land already assigned to the Delawares, and it is the only land in the reservation that can be claimed by any Indians, I would respectfully suggest that the straight dotted line across the' farm field be made the boundary, and that the assistant qruartermaster at this post be directed to move his fence to conform therewith. The line thence continues with the southern boundary, but as the reserve, as formerly laid out, was much larger than I conceived necessary under my instructions, I only went, out 2~ miles on this line, and thence along th& top of the bluffs as near as I could make a good boundary to the Missouri river. I am, Colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant, F. E. HUNT, Captainz, Fourth Artillery, Commanzdinzg Post. Colon~el 8. Cooper, Ad~jutant General, U. S. Army, Washinzgton, D. C., submitted to the Secretary of War. Please Respectfully see herewith a copy of the instructions to the commanding offlicer at Fort Leavenworth to cause the reservation to be laid off and surveyed. S. COOPER, Ad~jutan~t General. General's Office, October 9, 1854. Adjutant The accompanying field notes and map of reservation for military purposes are submitted to the President, and recommended for his approval and orders, as indicated within. JEFFERSON DAVIS, ~Secretary of War. October 10, 1854.

DIVISIONP;

II

and8 CrimJurisdictionl-Suffrage-Civil inzal Process-T'haxation, Et$c.

Under an act of the legislature of the state of Kansas, approved February 25, 1875, jurisdiction over the Fort Leavenworth military reservation was ceded to the United States, reserving certain rights
as

to civil

or

criminal

process and taxation. 1

Until the admission of the territory of Kansas, June 21, 1861, as a state, the United States exercised exclusive jurisdiction over the lands comprising the Fort Leavenworth reservation. "From some cause-inadvertence, perhaps, or over-confidence that a recession of such jurisdiction could be had whenever desired--no such stipulation was made in the act providing for the admission of the territory. The United States, therefore, retained, after the admission of the state, only the rights of an ordinary proprietor, except as an instrument for the execution of the powers of the general government, that part of the tract which was actually used for a fort or military post, was beyond such control of the state, by taxation or otherwise, as would defeat its use for that purpose. So far as the land constituting the reservation, not used for military purposes, the possession of th~e United States was only that of an individual proprietor."
1 The Constitution of the United States permits a state to cede to the United StatesJ jurisdiction over a portion of its territory. Bensona vs. Unit~ed States, 146 U. S., 325.

--10-

the reservation and to cure the defect, if possible,

To ascertain the rights of the United States upon

the question was submitted to the United States attorney general for an opinion. 1 This official held that to secure a restoration of federal jurisdiction over these lands it would -be necessary to obtain from the state of Kansas a cession of same. This was secured in the act above referred to and is as follows:
An act ceding jurisdiction over Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation.

~Be

it enacted by the Legislacture

of the State of Kansas:

That exclusive jurisdiction be, and the same is hereby ceded to the United States over and within all the territory owned byvthe United States and included within the limits of the United States military reservation known as the Fort Leavenworth Reservation in said state, as declared from time to time by the President of the United Stattes, savinzg, however, to the said state the right to serve civil or criminal proacess within said reservation,, in~suits or prosecutions for or on account of rigfhts acquired, obligations incurred, or crimes committed in said state, but outside of said cession and reservation, and saving further to said state the right to taxr railroad, bridge, and other corporations, their franchises and property, on said reservation.
Approved Februcary 25, 1875.

Since this jurisdiction was ceded, the Supreme Court of the United States has passed upon two important quaestions--one, as to the right of the state to tax the property of private corporations upon the reservation, the other, upon the liability of such corporations for damages to property and injury to persons, under the laws of the state in force at the time such jurisdiction was ceded. With reference to the right of the state to tax the corporations on the Fort Leavenworth re~serve the
court held

th~at "there is no constitutional prohibition

against the enforcement of that (taxing) clause. The right of the state to subject the railroad property to taxation existed before the cession. The. in'See Appendix B.

validity of the tax levied not being asserted on any other ground than the supposed exclusive jurisdiction of the United States over the reservation, notwithstanding the saving clause."' The second case relates more directly to rights of persons residing upon the reservation who may have had inflicted upon them damages to property or personal injury, by railroad companies operating upon or running through the Fort Leavenworth lands. This case arose at Fort Leavenworth in 1881, where one William M~cGlinn, an employe of the United States, met with the loss of a cow, killed by a railway company, upon the Fort Leavenworth reservation where the road was not fenced as required by the laws of the state of K~ansas. A demand was made upon the company for the payment of $25, the value of the cow, and such attorney's fees as would be reasonable. The action was brought in the District Court of Leavenworth county where a judgment for the plaintiff MlcGlinn was handed down. An appeal to the Supreme Court of the state was submitted on an agreed statement of facts, where the judgment of the lower court was affirmed. This tribunal held that the act of Kansas, relating to the killing or wounding of stock by railroads, continued to be operative within

the limits

of the reservation as

it

had

not

been abro-

gated by Congress, and was not inconsistent with existing laws of the United States. The U. S. Supreme Court holds that "It is a general rule of public law, recognized and acted upon by the United States, that whenever political juristransferred from one nation or sovereign to another, the municipal laws of the country--that is, laws which are intended for the protection of private rights--continue in force until abrogated or changed

diction and legislative power over any territory is

by the new government or sovereign. * * * As a matter of course, all laws, ordinances and regulations in conflict with the political character, institutions and constitution of the new government are at once displaced. At the time of the cession a state law was in force in Kansas requiring railroad companies, whose road was not enclosed by a lawful fence, to pay the owners of all animals killed or wounded by the engines or cars of the companies the full value of the animals killed and the full damage to those wounded, whether the killing or wounding was caused by negligence or not, and that this act remained in force in the reservation after the cession."''

Civil R~ights on Ithe Reservation

In view of this cession of jurisdiction, questions frequently arise as to the civil rights of persons who may be stationed or who reside on the reservation, the following are some of the general provisions of law and Army Regulations which govern and may serve the inquirer:

M/lilit~ary Jnrisdietion
The exercise of all authority over the Fort Leavenworth Mlilitary Reservation is vested in the commanding officer of the post. His control is supreme, subject only to higher military authority. All persons stationed, residing upon, or who may pass through the lands within the boundaries of the reservation, are subject to the rules and regulations provided by military authority and existing laws of the United States.
The opinion in these cases can be found in 114 U. S. wallace, pages 525 and 542, on h els t am rvc Schools' library. ,thshleofheAmSrvc

Suffrage The right to vote is subject to the laws of the state of Kansas fixing the qualification of voters. There is no Federal law under which persons stationed or residing upon the reservation can claim such privilege. A person in the military service is entitled to a vote in the place of his legal residence, provided he* has the qualifications prescribed boy the laws of the state in which such residence was acquired, previous to his entry into the service. If a legal residence has once existed, mere temporary absence therefrom in the service of the United States, whether as a soldier or in the civil service, however long such absence may have continued, will

not destroy it.

The suffrage provision of the Constitution of K~ansas (~Article 5, Par. 3), is as follows:
"LFor the purpose of voting., no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of the United States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this st~ate or of the United States * But nothing herein contained shall be dieemed to allow any soldier, seaman or marine in the regular army or navy of the United States the right; to vote. "

This last sentence is an amendment to the Constitution on the subject of suffrage and applies only to such persons in the military service stationed within th~e state of K~ansas, whQ have never acquired a legal residence therein. The fact that a person in the military service is stationed within a particular state or territory does not procure for him a legal residence, since he is the~re, not by his own will or choice, but in obedience to the order of military authority, subject to withdrawal from such place by similar order. A person in thle military or civil service of the United States residing upon the reservation, who ac-

quired a legal residence in the State of Kansas before entering such service does not lose the right to vote by reason of being stationed in or residinmg upon the Fort Leavenworth Reservation. The right to cast a vote at any election, whet~her in a township, county or ward of a city where such legal residence was acquired, is fixed by the constitution of the state of Kansas and cannot be denied by officers of election, provided, of course, the person complied with such further regulation relative tLo registration, as the legislature of the state may have prescribed. A personm in the military or civil service of the United States residing upon the For-t Leavenworth Reservation, whose legal residence for the purpose of voting is in a precinct in which voters are required to register ten? days preceding an~y election, must comply with this regulation before he can cast a vote. Under the Kansas constitution an officer or soldier, whose station is Fort Leavenworth, burt who may reside within the corporate limits of the city of Leavenworth with the sanction of the commanding officer, cannot acquire a residence therein for the purpose of voting.

Civ8il

anda Crimin~al

Process

In ceding its jurisdiction to the United States the state of K~ansas reserved the right to serve civil -or criminal process upon the reservation, "in suits or prosecutions for or on account of rights acquired, obligations incurred, or crimes committed in the state,")

without the limits of the reservation.

That

is to

s'ay,

no person can feel himself exempt from prosecution for a criminal offense, under the laws of the state: of K~ansas, by withdrawing to the reserva~tion over which the United States has jurisdiction; no person can evade a civil suit in the state of K~ansas for obligations incurred within the state of Kiansas, whether

-1-~

assumed before coming upon the reservation in the service of the United States, or, subsequently. To illustrate, if a person resides upon the reservation and goes to the city of Leavenworth and assumes an obligation and for a failure to meet same, civil process is entered in the courts of the state, and within the County of Leavenworth, the orders of such court can follow him to such reservation and must be obeyed by the person affected. For any crime committed within the State of Kansas a person cannot claim exemption from arrest by withdrawing to the reservation whether in the employment of the military or civil service of the United States or not. The state has reserved the right to serve process upon such persons and the aid of the military authorities can be invoked to compel a compliance with the orders of t~he state court. However, for all obligations assumed upon the reservation and failure to comply therewith, or for all violations of the federal statutes, proceedings must be instituted in the federal courts, as these alone have jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases arising upon the reservation.

RQights

arnd Duties

of Legal Hfeirs

The federal statutes do not provide for the issuance of letters testamentary or letters of administra-

tion on the estate of persons who may die while in its

service and residing upon a military reservation over which the state, in which same is located, has ceded its jurisdiction. The Regulations for the United States Army provide for the disposition of the effects of persons who may die in such service, but such provisions have been made with a view of protecting the estate of the deceased and heirs, if there be any, the final disposition thereof being subject to the

--16-

direction of the courts of the state in which death occurred, should legal s-teps have been taken to establish a right for possession of same, otherwise the distribution will be made by the Treasury Department as follows: (1) Widow; (2) children, in equal share; (3) father; (4) mother; (5) brothers and sisters in equal share. In Kansas the probate law extends over the Fort Leavenworth military reservation. All letters testamentary or of administration are issued by the Probate Court of Leavenworth coun~ty, to which tribunal a-pplication must be made for the issuance of same. Reference has already been made ~to the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States to the effect that where a state cedes jurisdiction, all laws of the st~ate existing at the time of cession and not

in

conflict

with

those of the

United States

do not

change, unless altered or repealed by the new government. This view applies with particular force to the probate law of Kansas. In the case of persons in the civil employment of the United States upon t~he reservation, settlement of claims on account of services rendered by such deceased person can only be made with such person who shall have established a right thereto in the Probate Court of Leavenworth county, or has been appointed an executor of -the estate. The above covers only the general provisions for the disposition of such estates. The details are fully covered by the Army Regulations and the probate law of Kansas. Th-e Army Regulations advise officers that in cases of single men it i~s safe rule to dispose of the a effects as provided for in such regulations, and leave the final responsibilit~y of settlemzent to the Treasury Department. The same rule also applies to officers who are single. In the case of officers or soldiers

who leave a widow

it is

usually

the

rule

to permit

these to take charge of the property. Where, of course, a proper division of the estate -particularly where it consists of personal effects--is concerned, the Probate Court of Leavenworth county must be left to settle all disputes, if any such arise, and application thereto is made for relief by persons claiming a share in such estate.

TPaxation
Persons residing upon the Fort Leavenworth military reservation are exempt from the payment of state, county and town taxes, and, therefore, not entitled to any benefits arising therefrom. This, however, does not exempt persons from the payment of taxes on personal property which may be located within the jurisdiction of the state. For instance, a person employed by the United States, stationed or residing upon the Fort Leavenworth military reservation, in possession of personal property and of realty located outside of the reservation and within the county of Leavenworth, is subject to taxation as ~though its owner resided outside the reservation and is within, the jurisdiction of the tax laws governing said county.

[APPENDIX

"LB"]
April 19, 1872.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 30th ultimo, inclosing papers touching th~e military reservation of Fort Leavenworth, K~ansas, and submitting for my official opinion the following questions: "1st. Whether under the Constitution the reservationof this land as a site for a military post and public buildings takes it out of the operation of the law of M~arch 8th, 1858, (11 Stat., 430, 431 . .). "2d. What action will be required on the part of the Executive or Congress to restore the land comprising this resfervation to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States ?" Respecting the part of the reservation which is included within the pink lines traced on the plat thereof, as surveyed by Captain F. E. Hunt, a copy of which plat accompanied your communication, I have to say that the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of United States vs. Stone, (2 Wall, 525,) has substantially decided that the land thus described never was a portion of the territory allotted to thle Delaware tribe of Indians; that it was legally reserved by the President for military purposes; and that the Secretary of the Interior, in 1861, transcended his authority when he ordered surveys ~to made of this iland. Practically, then, the be decision of that case disposes so much of the subject of your communication as relates to the legally-established limits of the reservation; there being, a~s I understand, no doubt concerning that part of the reservation which is described on the plat by yellow lines. But, while the United States appear to now hold the lands embraced by the said plat as a military reservation, they never having parted with the title thereto, it would seem that the jurisdiction over the same has passed to the state of Kansas by virtue of the act of June 21, 1861, admitting that state into the Union. The effect of the act was to withdraw from federal jurisdictionall the territory within the boundaries of the new state, excepting only the territories of Indians having treaties with the United States which provided t~hat, without their consent, such territory should not be sutbjected
SIR:

to the state jurisdiction, (see United States vs. Ward, 1 Wool, C. C. Rep., 17; United St~ates vs. Stahl, ibid, 192.) The reservation is within the territorial limits of the state, and does not comle within the exception averted to. To restore the federal juristiction over the land included in the reservation, it will be necessary to obtain from the state of Kansas a cession of jurisdiction, which, I have no doubt, will be readily granted by the state legislature upon application. The papers are hereby returned. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, G~EG. H. WILLIAMS, Attorneyc Genteral. Hont. Win. M. Betknap, Secretary of War.

Ra ~ilroa ds
The Constitution of the United States (Art. IV, sec. 3, par. 2) provides that :
"LThe Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States." The G~overnment of the United States has, with respect to its own lands within the limits of the state, the rights of an ordinary proprietor to maintain its possession, and to prosecute trespassers; and may legislate for their protection, though such legislation may involve the exercise of police power. (Camfield vs. U. 5., 167 U. 5., 518.) SECTION 6, Act of JUly 5, 1884:--The Secretary of War shall have authority, in his discretion, to permit the extension of state, county, and territorial roads across military reservations; to permit the landing of ferries, the erection of bridges thereon, and permit cattle, sheep or other stock animals to be driven across such reservation, whenever in his judgment the same can be done without injury to the military forces stationed thereon. Act of July 28, 1892:--Authority is hereby given to the Secretary of War, when in his discretion it will be for the public good, to lease, for a period not exceeding five years and revocable at any time, such property of the United States under his control as may not for the time be reqluired for public use and not for the leasing of which there is no authority under existing law, and such leases shall be reported annually to Congress. A license is an authority, revocable at pleasure, to do a particular act or series of acts upon the land of another without possessing an estate therein. (Morgan vs. U. 5., 14. Ct. Ols. 319.)

-22-

Chicago, Rocka Island &~ PEacific Ry. Co.

I~ormerly The Chicago & Southwestern R~y. Formerly L~eavenworth &3Des M~oines Ry.

Under an act of Congress, approved July 27, 1868, a grant was made to the Leavenworth & Des Moines Railway Company authorizing it to construct a line through the military reservation of Fort Leavenworth lying within the state of Mlissouri in the following terms:
Be it enaccted, etc., that the right of way, not exceeding. one hundred feet in width, is hereby granted to the Leavenworth & Des Moines Railway Company, a corporation created~under the laws of the State of Missouri, to construct and operate a railway across the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, on the east side of the Missouri river, upon a line to be designated. and fixed by the Secretary of War.

In a communication to the Secretary of War, setting forth his reasons for an approval of the proposed grant, Harvey Egerton, the road's president, said:
"The construction of the railroad to the river will be of no inconsiderable conveilience and benefit to the government. With the present facilities all freight is landed more than a mile below the city, and is ferried over, then transported to the fort--a distance of more than five miles. Wlith the terminus of the Leavenworth & Des Moines Railroad, where we have designated upon the map (the river bank) all freight for government may be landed by feri~y upon the government levee, saving time and labor."'

The company, however, failed before being able to carry out the promise made to the government to secure the grant.1 Later another company was
1 The city and county of Leavenworth voted $300,000 in aid of the road's construction, said amount to be paid in installments in proportion to the amount of road graded and placed in operation. Through collusion with certain o~fficials of the county of Leavenworth, o-fficers of the road secured possession of the entire bond issue, when only a fraction of the line had been graded, and none of it in operation. To prevent

-23-

organized under the name o-f "Chicago & Southwestern Railway Company."' This company succeeded to the rig~hts held by the Des Mloines road. The roadbed was then finished and the line put in operation by the latter part of 1870. Access to Leavenworth and the post was then had by the means proposed in the letter of the "Des Mdloines" president, from a station opposite the post, in Mdissouri, called "Bridgeport" and what is now the eastern end of the Missouri & Kansas Bridge. About the 1st of January, 1871, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Company secured a lease of the Southwestern and begaan operating the line. The road became known as the "Rock Island, " although the leased line did not become the actual property of the road until the year 1876. (See KEansas & Missouri Bridge, p. 45.)

The

Fort L~eav~enworrt

th~ailroad Co. i

The Fort Leavenworth Railroad Company was org~nized under the author-ity of a charter granted by the State of Kansas, August 2, 1871. The purpose for which this company was formed and created was to
"build, construct, equip, furnish, manage, work and control a railroad and telegraph line in the County of Leavenworth, State of Kansas. "The railroad to be constructed by this corporation is to be located within the County of Leavenworth, State of Kansat, starting and beginning at or near the western abutment or approach of the Kansas and Missouri Bridge, on the Fort Leavenworth mlilitary reservation in the state and aforesaid, and terminating at, within or near the city of Leavrenworth, legal objections the bonds were carried into Missouri as soon as signed by the county officers and once safe on the other side of the river, work on the line ceased. The federal court, however, Judge Dillon, held that inasmuch as they had paid one installment of interest on these bonds, such payment had legalizled the issue and the county was bound to meet the intferest as it fell due. This it has done.

--24in said county with a branch railroad from a point near said bridge on the line of said first mentioned railroad, to a junction with the Leavenworth, Atchison & Northwestern Railroad (Missouri Pacific), at or near said city of Leavenworth, and also to construct;, own and operate such other branch railroads within said military reservation as may become necessary or useful in connecting other railroads now or hereafter to be constructed through said military reservation; and also a like railroad connecting said main road and branches together across any portion of said reservation; and also to construct, build, manage and operate a telegraph line or lines along and near to the lines of said road, Ibranches and connections. "The estimated length of said road is about three miles and its branches and connections are about nine miles. "LThe office and place of business of said company and corporation is to be in the City of Leavenworth, in the County of Leavenworth, Stat~e of Kansas. "LThe terms for which said company and corporation is to continue shall be ninety-nine years."

In thus reproducing the "prospectus" of this

company, as

set

forth

in its

charter,

make of record a most peculiar situation at one time existing on the reservation. A railroad company, without authority from either Congress or the War Department, "squatted"' upon the reservation lands, building sidetracks, stockyards, roundhouses and freight buildings in the very "teeth of bayonets", defying all efforts for twenty years to secure its removal. The third section of the act of Congress approved July 20, 1868, granting a charter for the construction of a "high" bridge across the Mlissouri river opposite the post, carries with it a grant providing "for the use of railroads leading to said bridge from either side of the river a right of way through said Fort Leavenworth reservation, not exceeding for all said roads three hundred feet in width, provided that said roads do not in any way interfere with the public buildings on military reservation."'

it is desired to

-25-

It is not to be understood that this Fort Leavenworth Railroad Company was an independent organiza~tion. Its officers were identified with the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad company, just as the officers of the latter company were fully identified with the Chicago and Southwestern, which? was the construction company for the Rock Island. As the interests of this road were expected to be considerably

within

the territorial

limits

of Kansas,

it

was de-

sirable to organize a corporation under the laws of the state. There was an additional object in view, qluite, if not more important, than the mere attempt to control the railway operations on this side of the river as they related to the great bridge. It was the obtainment of considerable lands of the reservation to permit the construction of no inconsiderable terminal -facilities of the road. Under the third section of the act referred to, the Fort Leavenworth Railroad Company hoped to be able to arrogate to itself the right to control the bridge approach and such terminal facilities as each By of the roads to cross thereafter, mary reqyuire. this grant nothing more was intended than to give free access to and from the bridge for the different roads. It meant as clearly as anything could mean that each road desiring to cross the bridge should be able to reach the City of Leavenworth free and unincumbered so far as the route through the reservation was concerned. The bridge was opened to traffic in 1872. When the Rock Island reached the K~ansas side of the river, it promptly commenced the construction of terminal facilities, running an extended track in a souzthwest direction, from a point near Two-Mile Creek, and at the head of Sixth street, constructed its freight house and yards.

-26-

Subseqyuently the Fort Leavenworth company organized under a state charter to assume control over the trackage built by the Rock Island. The military authorities of the post laid the action of this road before the war department with a view of ascertaining just what rights the roads possessed under the third section of the act granting a charter for a br~idge. The Attorney General of the United States was asked for his opinion (see appendix C). This was to the effect that the road had no authority beyond that clearly stated in section 3, and this did n~ot extend towards the construction of terminal facilities. On a second representation to the war department in 1875, that the road continued to occupy illegally certain portions of the reserve, the Secretary of War, following the opinion laid down by the Attorney General, held that the road had no right to such occupation and directed its removal. Beyond such instructions nothing was done and the road continued to do business at the "old stand". In 1878, when, upon a third representation the instructions given in 1875, were modified and action deferred to permit the company to secure relief from Congress. A bill was introduced in the Senate (45th Congress, 2d Sess.) by Mlr. Plumb from K~ansas, providing for the sale of certain reserve lands' to give the Rock Island road the relief sought. The measure passed the Senate but met with parliamentary defeat in the House. This was the only step taken by the company

to obtain

Congressional relief,

"hang on" to its unauthorized possessions until 1894. Upon assumption of the -command of the Department of the Mcissouri in 1887, General M~erritt commenced "taking stock" of the corporations doing business on the reservation. He discovered that the Rock Island was there illegally. In his annual report
'Senate page 4418--Con. Rec. 45th Congress, 2d Session.

but it

managed

to

-27-

for 1888, the General furnishes a list of all Fort Leavenworth corporations with the authority under which they did business on the reservation. He referred to the fact that the War Department had been frequently asked to take steps looking towards a removal of the road from the reserve, but nothing appeared to have been done. He recommended with considerable force that the road should no longer be permitted to occupy unauthorized ground A flood of correspondence folupon the reserve. lowed and finally when forbearance ceased to be a virtue even withb the War Department, the post commander was directed in 1891. to forcibly remove the company after ten days notice having been given. This had the effect of securing action. The company represented that arrangements were about being perfected to build a new bridge at Leavenworth, and when finished would remove its terminal facilities from the reservation. The bridge was opened to traffic on January 1, 1894, and from that day the Rock Island ceased to be a bone of contention with the Fort Leavenworth authorities, while the Fort Leavenworth company had long before gone out o~f business, the object of its organization having failed to materialize sufficient to make i~ts continuance unnecessary.

The Miissouri

Paci~fic ~Railway

FEormerly Atchison1 & Nortehwestern Lreavenworth,

The present right-of-way through the Fort Leavenworth reservation, along the Missouri river was authorized by Section 2 of an act of Congress, approved July 27, 1868, which provides:
SECTION 2. AndE be it fu~rther en~acted, That the right-ofway, not exceeding one hundred feet in width is hereby

-28granted to the Leavenworth, Atchison & Northwestern Railway company, a corporation created under the laws of the State of Kansas, to construct and operate a railroad a~cross and over the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, in the State of Kansas, upon such lines as shall be designated and fixed by the Secretary of War; Provided, That if the said company shall not construct, within one year from the passage of this act, a railway from the city of L~eavenworth to the city of Atchison, then, in that case, a like privilege is hereby conferred upon any other company that; shall construct a railway between said cit~ies.

This company obtained a large grant, in stoscks1 from the city of L~eavenworth, it having promised to establish headquarters, roundhouses and workshops in the city. Soon following its operation the road was purchased by the Mlissouri Pacific Railway, which had reached Leavenworth from Kansas City, and has ever since been operated under that name. The roundhouses and whatever shops had been established were removed to the city of Atchison.

The Unzion P~acific Railway

T4he Leavenwortlh, V~iormerly KEanlsas &r Wbesternz Formerly The Kanasas Central R~ailway Railway

The Union Pacific Railway runs through the reservation by virtue of a license granted in 1871 by the Commanding General of the Department of the Missouri, to the Kansas Central Railway. This road was intended to run from Leavenworth to Denver, but when a distance of 164 miles west was reached, construction ceased. It was first built as a narrow guage road and later changed to standard gauge. The company was. organized by citizens of Leavenworth, and the county gave $250,000 of the only paid up stock' in
1This stock was secured by the county of Leavenworth from the Kansas Pacific railway in return for $~250,000 in aid

-29-

the K~ansas Pacific, (now Union Pacific), in aid of its construction. The road runs through the towns of Valley Falls, Holton, Onaga, and Garrison. M~iltonvale is its terminus. In 1876 the road was sold ~to "Commodore" Garrison, owner of the Missouri Pacific railway. In 1880b it became the property of Jay Gould, who purchased the Missouri Pacific. Gould, at this time in control of the Union Pacific, turned this property over to the Union Pacific and has continued to operate the road since that time. Following is a copy of the authority granted the K~ansas Central Railway Company under which it runs across the Fort Leavenworth M~ilitary Reservation :
This instrument made and executed on this 31st day of October, 1871, witnesseth, that: In consideration of the granting of the United States of the right-of-way to the corporation known as the Kansas Central Railway Company through the military reservation of Fort Leavenworth on the line selected by said company, the said Kansas Central Reailway Company hereby agree and bind themselves to do and perform, and to keep perpetually in repair, the following described work; as follows: Whenever the line of the aforesaid railroad shall run between any portion of any corral or corrals or inclosures now existing or hereinafter made, in which are kept animals belonging to the United States, and the stream known as Corral or Two (2) M/ile Creek, passageways sufficiently wide and high for horses shall be constructed under the said railroad, the nlumber of such passageways to be fixed by the principal offcer of the Q~uartermlaster's Department on duty at Fort voted that company for the construction of a branch of the Kansas Pacific from Leavenworth to Lawrence to connect with the main line. This stock is worth $25,000 anually, and it is claimed that county offcials, under "peculiar" circumstances, transferred the stock to this com~pany. For a history relative' to the construction of this road and its final sale, see Senate Executive Document, 1st session, 50th Congress, Vol. III., testimiony taken by Union Pacific Railway Commission, pp 1588-1595.

--30Leavenworth at 'ie time, and subseqyuently at the time any new corral may be estabalished: To construct wherever the line of the said railroad shall meet any fence upon the said military reservation, secure cattle guards, such as will prevent the passage of cattle, sheep and swine into or out of the ground enclosed by said fences:the said fence to be such as will give satisfaction to the principal ofJficer of the Quartermaster'sDepartment on duty at Fort Leavenworth. To make a roadway by a good and substantial bridge and do all necessary work to make a good wagon road over the railroad at the point where the aforesaid railroad shall cross the existing main wagon road from Fort Leavenworth to Leavenworth City, to said bridge and roadway to be of the full width of~ the present road at the point above mentioned, and the appiroach to said bridge on either side to be filled so that there shall be a level grade from the bridge to the next rising ground. To make up a line to be hereafter designated by the Chief Quartermaster at Fort Leavenworth, a road as a substitute for the existing road upon the western border of the prairie farm, --said road to be thrown up in the ceater and ditched on both sides. To move and reset upon such lines as the Chief Quartermaster may designate such of the present fences upon the prairie farm as the aforesa'id of~ficer may think it necessary to move on account of the building of said railroad. To build a bridge sufficiently wide for two wagons to pass each other upon it, over the cut which the company proposes to make through the ridge on the western boundary of the military reservation, and do ali necessary grading for the approaches to said bridge so as to make a good and continuous wagon road at that point along said ridge. In witness thereof the undersigned officers of the said Kansas Central Railway Company for and in behalf of the company have hereunto placed their hands and seals at Leavenworth, Kansas, the day and date first above written. (Signed) L. T. SMITH, Presidenzt Kalnsas Celntral B. W.~ Co.
ATTEST:
4

PAUL E. HAVENS, Secr~etary. A.TRUE copy: (Signed) R. SAXTON, De~puty Q. 1M.General.

(Signed)

-31 -

In the 51st session of Congress Sc lator Plumb of Kansas introduced a bill (Senate No. 4974) confirming to the K~ansas Central Railway the right of way
granted

it in the

above license.

The

military

com-

mittee to which the bill was referred submitted a report with amendment, but no further action was taken. In 1901 the Secretary of War granted to this road the right of way for a switch under the following terms:
The L~eavenworth, KIansas & Western Railway Company is hereby granted a license, revocable at will by the Secretary of War, to lay a spur from its main track on t1he military reservation of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to the line of the new penitentiary grounds, as shown in yellow upon the attached blue print upon the following provisions and conditions : That any sum which may have to be expended after the revocation of this license, in putting any premises or property hereby authorized to be occupied or used in as good condition for use by the United States as it is at this date, shall be repaid by said Leavenworth, K~ansas & Western Railway Company on demand. Witness my hand this 12th day of July, 1901. [Signed] ELJHU ROOT, Secretary/of WTar.

In 1908 the Secretary of War granted this road a revocable license1 to connect its lines near the post with the terminals constructed by the government to give it access to the public storehnouses.

Leavenw78orth1 Nlorthernt
Operated By

&~Sonthern

Atchison, T~ope~ka & Sante Fe

This road enters the reservation from the south, near the west line, leaving same about half the distance north. It runs between the main line of the
1Official

copy in offce of Quartermlaster.

-32 -

Santa Fe on the south at Holliday, and the main line of the same road on the north, connecting at Atchison. It is owned and operated by the Santa Fe railway company and was constructed in 1886-7 under the following act of Congress:
Be it enacted by the rSenate and House of Represelzntaives of the United S~tates of America, in, Congress assembled: That the

right of way not exceeding one hundred feet in width. is hereby granted to the Leavenworth Northern & Southern Railway Company, a corporation created under the laws of the state of Kansas, to construct and operate a railroad across and over the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, in the state of Kansas, upon such lines as shall be designated by the Secretary of War; Provided, T'hat if any part of the line to be so dtesignated and fi~xed by the Secretary of War for any other railroad company, all differences between such comupanies as to the occupying of such line, and as to any compensation to be paid therefor, shall be determined by the Secretary of War; And provided fu~rther, That no furt~her interference with any railway line now in operation on said reservation shall be made than the public interest shall require .
Approved July 3, 7886.

February 15, 1909, the United States Senate passed a joint resolution (Senate NJo. 127) authaorizing an extension of the track of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad on the reserve for the purpose of connecting them with the government terminal switch track. The resolution did not come up in the House of' Representatives for consideration before the session closed M~arch 4th.

Termitnal

Facilities

With the enlargement of the post to conform to recommendations made in 1899 by a board of officers better terminal facilities for the handling of troops as well as supplies became a necessity. For many years the MTissouri Pacific railway was the only local road to enjoy terminal facilities and t'hese

-33-

only because it ran directly through the post proper, though the location made them very inconvenient and a heavy charge upon the cost of hauling supplies to and from the depot. Other railways realizing the proposed increase of the garrison meant an increased haulage dietermined to obtain closer connection with the government storehouse and promptly sought switching facilities to connect with their lines. To meet this situation, and to prevent the cutting up of the lands by tracks, General Bell, commanding the post in 1903-4, recommended that the government build its own terminals and thus give free access to all roads, playing favorites with none. This view the war departmen~t; adopted. The tracks. were to run from the southern boundary of the reserve near Two M~ile Creek directly north, alongside the Missouri Pacific railway to a point now known as Normoyle Junction where Ithe tracks divert towards the storehiouses. .The road is now in operation from Normoyle Junction and all freight is temporarily handled by the M~issouri Pacific railway, and placed upon the storehouse tracks in the post. M~uch of the heavier work of the line south of Normoyle Junction has been completed but it may' be some time before finished for operation. The labor has been performedl by inmates of the U. S. M~ilitary Prison under the direction of the Constructing Quartermasters Captain James E. Normoyle and Captain' Win. D. Davis. The latter succeeded Captain N~ormoyle and the greater portion of the completed work has been accomplished under his personal direction.

[APPENDIX "LC"]

Opinion of Attorn~ey General.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, WTASHING~TON, D. C.

November 5, 1872. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 18th instant, submitting for my official opinion thie question "lwhetherthe acts of Congress granting right of way to railroad companies through the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth authorize them to erect such structures within the limits of the right of way as they may choose, or whether the privilege granted them by the said acts was simply for the construction of their roads. " From the papers and map which accompany your communication, it appears that the Chicago & Southwestern Railroad company have constructed from a point within the reservation two tracks for their road, leading to Leavenworth City, one for passenger and one for freight cars, and between these tracks, at a distance of 300 feet from each, another leading to cattle yard, established for the use of the company. The acts of Congress referred to are the acts of July 20, 1868, authoriz;ing the construction of a bridge across the Missouri river, the 3d section of which provides "that for the use of railroads leading to said bridge from either side of the river there is hereby granted a right of way through said Fort Leavenworth military reservation, not exceeding for all said roads 300 feet in width, provide that said roads do not in any way interfere with the public buildings on said military reservation," and the act of July 27, 1868, granting severally to two railroad companies the right of way, not exceeding 100 feet in width for each, "to construct and operate a railroad across and over the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth * * * upon such line as shall be designated and fixed by the Secretary of War." According to well recognized rules of law, ~these acts should be construed strictly against the grantees. (Mills et at vs. Saint Clair Coucnty, 8. How., 581.) Justice Cliff~ord delivering the opinion of the court in the case of Ric6 vs. RailroadZ Compa~ny, (1 Black, 358,) says: W~henever privileges are
SIR:

--35granted to a corporation, and the grant comes under revision in the courts, such privileges are to be strictly construed against the corporation and in favor of the public, and that nothing passes but what is granted in clear and explicit terms." Whether the railroad companies have the right to erect structures within the limit of the grant made to them by said acts is partly a question of fact as well as of law. All are undoubtedly conveyed by the grant. (Appletonz vs. Fucllerton, 1 Gray, 186.) Admit-t~ing that to operate a railroad successfully in Kansas it is necessary to have cattle yards connected with the road, it does not follow that wherever there is a right of way for such a road there is a right also to have such yards. To grant a railroad company a right of way through the streets of a city would not imply the right of the company to build cattle yards in such streets, while under some circumstances such a grant through wild public lands might be construed to give that right. Associated with the idea of a military reservation are those ideas as to use and appearance which make it doubtful whethker Congress intended to give to the companies any more than, after the construction of a suitable road, the right of transit with their trains thereon; but be that as it may, it is clear that Congress did not intend to give to the companies the right to erect unsightly or offensive structures upon the reservation. Assuming it to be true that (as the commanding general states) "~the establishing of cattle-yards anywhere within the limits of the reservation will seriously interfere with the public interests," it; thence follows, in my judgment, that such structures are not warranted by law. Possibly it may be more convenient;, but it cannot be indispensable to the operation of the railroad to have cattle yards located inside instead of outside of the reservation; and it is too plain for controversy that the direction and ordinar~y ulse of such inclosures are wholly incompatible with the military use of the reservation. Congress evidently made the grant with a view to the continued use and enjoyment of the reservation by the military; and it seems to me, therefore, that the railroad companies have no right to interfere with those ends fur~ther than the reasonable necessities of their roads and the business upon them may require. I cannot, upon the information I have as to the circumYstances of the reservation and railroads running through it, decide definitely as to whether any building or structure connected with such roads is allowable within the right of way

-6across said reservation; but I am clearly of the opinion that the right of way by said acts does not give to the railroad companies the right to build or have cattle yards, or structures of a like description, in their roadway or elsewhere upon said reservation. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, (4E0. II. WILLIAMS, Attornzey Gen-eral. Hon. Win. W. Belknrap, Secretacry of War.

DIVISIO~N R~apsid Trdanzsit

IV~ FSiacili-ties

Prior to 1888 the post population enjoyed only such facilities to reach the city x~r return as could be furnished by official conveyance or private hire. As early as June 17, 1863, the war department granted a license to the Leavenworth City Railway Co., to cross the reservation, with the evident purpose of furnishing rapid transit according to the character of motive power then existing, but the line was never constructed. Eff~ort to secure a copy of the license issued has failed, there being nothing on file in the War Department except a letter of acceptance. Some time in the eighties a "herdic" line was established, giving relief, both in providing rapid transit and cheaper fares. This was followed up with the establishment of a regular bus line and a further reduction f fares, ten cents one way, oar fifo teen the round trip. In 1888 Congress granted a right of way to the Kansas City, Wyandotte &. Northwestern Railway, (now the Kansas City-Northwestern) to build a standard guage road (dummy line) between the post and city. This line was duly constructed and is the foundation for the splendid rapid transit facilities now enjoyed by the residents of the post. Later a company was organized to build an interurban electric road between Leavenworth and Kansas City under the name of the Leavenworth-Lansing Railway Company. This company constructed its line between the two points named and, when ready
-37-

-38-

for operation, was superceded by another comp~any under the name of the K~ansas City-Leavenworth Railway Company. The dummy line to the post, having in the meantime been "electrified" (1894), the newly organized company purchased the line to be operated in connection with their Leavenworth lines which had already fallen into its possession. In 1898 (~May 17), .the company secured a license from the War Department authorizing a change of route from along the river, directly across the reservation from along

the street in the city where its

line

intersects with Metropolitan avenue. On account of the war with Spain, and for other reasons, the company delayed the building of this new line until in 1900, the Secretary of War, in view of the improvements then going on at the post, declined to permit this license to stand and granted a new license under date of August 25, 1900. (See license appendix 'D'.) The secretary took the position that it was not for the best interests of the military service to permit the line to cross the military reservation as authorized in the grant of M/ay 17, 1898. Later the company asked for a modification of the terms imposed by this grant, but was advised that the change requested was against public policy, and unless it began the construction of its new line as provided for in the grant of August 25, 1900, within thirty days from the date of the communication, the p~rivileges therein granted would be revoked. The company took the hint and began building its new line. Since that time the road has changed ownership as well as name and is now known as the K~ansas City-Western Railway Company. For several years the electric railwiay company operated its line along Metrop~olitan avenue between t 4gth and 7th streets. Since that time he stretch of

-39-

road along M~etropolitan avenue has been discontinued and connection made directly with the line ending at North 7th street, which is the present route.

[~APPEND IX "D"]i Grant, September 10, 1888 An act granting to the Leatvenworth Rapid Transit Railway Company the right to construct and operate its railroad through a portion of the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Be it enacted, b~ythe Senate and Ho~use of Representatives of the U~nited States of America, in Congress assembled, That license and authority are hereby granted to the Leavenworth Rapid Transit Railway Company to construct and operate its railroad from its present terminus at the south boundary of the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, into and through said military reservation to a point and terminus near the military prison, and at its said terminus near said military prison to construct a depot, and such side tracks, turntables and other facilities as may be necessary for the convenient operation of its said railroad; and for the purpose aforesaid, the use of a strip of land fifty feet wide for its right of way extending from the south boundary line of said military reservation to said terminal point near said military prison, and the use of a tract of land not exceeding two acres in area for said depot, side tracks, and terminal facilities, are hereby granted to said railway company; Provided, That the route of said railroad through said military reservation and the location of the depot grounds and the plans of the depot and all other buildings to be erected by said railroad company on said military reservation shall be submitted to and shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary of War; and said company, its successors and assigns, shall occupy and use said right of way and depot grounds subject to removal therefrom, and the revocation of the license and authority herein given, whenever the public service, in the judgment of the Secretary of War, may require such revocation and re muoval. Approved, Se~ptember 10, 1888. Revocable L~icenlse, July 1L5, 1892 Harry L. Earle of Leavenworth, Kansas, is hereby granted a license revocable at will by the Secretary of War, to con-

st~ruct, maintain and operate a street railway on the United States Military Reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; said railroad to commence at the intersection of Seventh Street in the City of Leavenworth, Kansas, with the south boundary line of the reservation and running thence north along the main road known as Grant Avenne to a point about midway between Grant Avenue and McClellan Avenue on Pope Avenue, the track to be located on the side of Grant Avenue between the row of trees and the fence, substantially as shown on the attached map; and to erect, maintain and use a small passenger station or waiting room at the norther~n terminus of said railway upon the following provisions and conditions : 1. That the track shaLllbe single and laid at the side of the roadway, no obstruction of any kind or character sh1all appear above the level of the street and separate trestles shall be built over railroad tracks and ravines. 2. That the motors shall be operated with compressed air, making no noise, producing no smoke, steam, gas or other feature of nuisance or danger, and nothing offensive in the way of sight, sound or smell, and they shall be supplied with the best safety appliances known to street railway propulsion, that is, a reverse lever and air brake. 3. That the said street railway and passenger station shall be subject to such police and other regulations for the good order and discipline of the post of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, as the commanding officer of said post for the time being may consider necessary and proper; and he may supervise the construction of the railway and passenger station so far as may be necessary to insure compliance with the terms of this license. 4. That any sum which may have to be expended, after revocation of this license, in putting any premises or property , hereby authorizled to be occupied or used, in as good condition for use by the United States as it is at this date shall be repaid by said Harry L. Earle, on demand. Witness my hand this 15th day of July, 1892. (Signed) S.B. ELKINS, Secretary/of War.

The above license was amended by the Secretary of War under date of February 10, 1893, as follows:

-42Harry L. Earle of Leavenworth, Kansas, is hereby granted a license, revocable at will by the Secretary. of War, to construct, maintain, and operate a street railway. on the United States Military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; said railway to commence at the intersection of Seventh street of the city of Leavenworth, Kansas, with the south boundary line of the reservation, and running thence along the west side and parallel to Grant Avenue, and at a distance from its western edge not less than fifty feet, to a point about midway between Grant Avenue and McClellan Avenue, on Pope Avenue, the cars to be run either by compressed air or trolley electric power; and to erect, maintain and use a small passenger station or waiting room at the northern terminus of said railway. This license is issued in place of the license granted to the said Harry L. Earle, July 15, 1892, which is hlereby revokred, and this license is issued upon the following conditions and provisions: 1. That the said street railway and passenger station shall be subject to such police and other regulations for the good order and discipline of the post of Fort Leavenw-orth, Kansas, as the commanding officer of said post for the time time being may consider necessary and proper. 2. That any sum which may have to be expended, after revocation of this license, in putting any premises and property hereby authorized to be occupied or used, in as good condition for use by the United States as it is as this date shall be repaid by said Harry L. Earle on demand. Witness my hand this tenth day of February, 1893. (Signed) S. B. ELKINS, Secretary of War. L~icense Issued May 11, 1898 "Commencing at a point where Fourth Street in Leavenworth, Kansas, extended, intersects Metropolitan Avenue on the south side of the Military Reservation of Fort Leavenworth, thence along the north line of Metropolitan Avenue to a point opposite Fifth Street in Leavenworth, Kansas; thence in a northwesterly direction to a point just east of the roadway and sidewalk on Grant Avenue, said point on Grant 1vnu~ Avenue, being about 1800 feet north of Metropolitan thence northerly, east of said roadway and sidewalk about
1 It is proper to note here that the grant by the war department to lay tracks along Metropolitan Avenue, between Fourth and Seventh streets in the city of Leavenworth, was made in ignorance of the law setting aside 100

-431600 feet, to a point where Grant Avenue canl readily be crossed at, grade; thence across said side~walk and roadway to the west line of said sidewalks and roadways of Grant Avenue; thence northerly, west o! said sidewa~lks and roadway of Grant Avenue and contiguous thereto, except near the summit of the hill, about 530 feet north of the crossing of said Grant Avenue, where the contour of the country makes it more difficult to follow close to said roadway, at which point said road may diverge from said Grant Avenue to a point west of said road, but not further Iwest than the old gradeline known as the 'Earle' grade; thence in a northerly direction along the west side of said Grant Avenue, and its sidewalks and contiguous thereto in northerly direction to the south side of Pope Avenue, at the junction of G1rant Avenue and where a suitable 'Y' and waiting room may be placed."

~icense Issued August 25, 1900 Revoca~ble The Kansas City-Leavenworth Railway, assignees of the Leavenworth and Lansing Railway Company, is hereby granted a license, revocable at will, by the Secretary of War, to construct and operate a line of electric railroad across and over the military reservation of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, along the following described route: Commencing at the southeast corner of the reservation at a point where it joins the land of the Leavenworth Coal Company thence wrest, on and over what is known as Boundary or Metropolitan Avenue, being on the south side of said reservation to the intersection of said Boundary or Mdetropolitan Avenue with Grant Avenue; thence north, following the line of G~rant Avenue on and over the old abandoned graded road-bed on the west side of said Grant Avenue, except that at Merritt Lake, the road shall be on a level with and adjacent to said Grant Avenue, to a point on the south side of Pope Avenue, at the junction of Pope and Grant Avenues, were suitable "Y" and waiting room may be placed upon the following provisions and conditions: 1. That the railway company shall commence t~he construction of the line within ninety days from the date of this license, and shall complete the same within eighteen months therefrom, and the failure to complete said line within eighteen months shall work a forfeiture of said line.
feet on -the south line of the entire reservation for a public highway and post road and the authority granted to the railway company was therefore in violation of such law~-HI1. S.

-442. That said road shall be located over and along the line granted by the engineer or qluartermaster in chlarge of the improvement of the reservation, and under the direction of the commanding o-fficer of the post of Fort Leavenworth, shall be built in a first-class manner and operated only by electricity. 3. That the fare between any point on the route of said railway to any other point, on the reservation, shall not exceed five cents and that the fare charged from any point on the reservation to any point in the city of L;eavenworth shall not exceed ten cents; P~rovided, That said company shall continue the issuance of tickets in book form, for sale at reduced rates, as at present to officers and men of the garrison at Fo0rt Leavenworth, Kansas. 4. That the cars on said road shall run between points on the reservation and the city of Leavenworth at least every twenty minutes during the day time until twelve o'clock midnight. 5. That anthority be reserved for such police regulations as may be deemed right and proper by the Secretary of ~War. 6. That within thirty days from the granting of this license the said company shall file with the Secretary of War its acceptance of same, therein agreeing to conform to the conditions herein specified and fully complying therewith. 7. That any sum which may have to be expended, after revocation of this license, in putting any premises or property hereby authorized to be occupied or used, in as good condition for use by the United States as it is at this date, shall be repaid by said Kansas-City-Leavenworth Railway Company on demand . This license is given in lieu of license, dated May 17, 1898, to the Leavenworth and Lansing Railway Company, which is hereby revoked. Witness my hand this twenty-fifth day of August, 1900. (Signed) ELJHU ROOT, Secreta~ry of War.

Bridges
The high bridge across the ~Missouri River at Fort Leavenworth was constructed under authority of an Act of Congress approved July 20, 86i8, granted to 1 the Kansas and Missouri Bridge Company, incorporporated under an Act of the Legislature of the state of K~ansas, approved November 16, 1867. The authority to construct the bridge is contained in the following act:
An act authorizing the consrtruction of a bridge across the Missouri River upon the Military Reservation of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas *1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Relpresentatives of the UnitedS~tates of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be lawful for the Kansas and Missouri Bridge Company, a corporation having authority from the state of Kansas, to build a railroad, transit, and wagon bridge across the Missouri river upon or near the military reservation of Fort Leavenworth, and that when constructed all trains of all roads term~inating at the Missouri River at or near the location of said bridge, shall be allowed to cross said bridge for a reasonable compensation to be paid to the owners thereof. And in case of any litigation arisingfrom any obstruction to the free navigation of said river, the cause may be tried before the district court of the United States of any state in which any portion of said obstruction or bridge touches. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, that any bridge built under the provisions of this act shall not be in any case of less elevation thaii fifty feet above extreme high water mark, as understood at point of location, to the bottom chord of the bridge; nor shall the spans be of less than two hundred and fifty feet in length, in the clear, and the piers of said bridge 1 See correspondence, Ex. Doc. No. 105, H. R. 1867-8; also for legislative discussion pp. 3719 and 3967, part 4, Cong. Record, 1st Session, 40th Congress, 1867-8.

-46shall be parallel with the current of the river, and the main span shall be over the main channel of the river, at low water.

In February, 186i9, a contract was made for the construction of the bridge at an approximate cost of $700,000. The company placed upon the structure a mortgage of $750,000 which was foreclosed in 1876, and sold to the Leavenworth ]Bridge Company, a corporation made up of the bondholders of the old company and organized for the purpose. In 1880 a mortgage was made by the Leavenworth Bridge Company for $600,000. In 1886 the bridge was partially destroyed by fire, and thereafter reconstructed. The mortgage upon the property made by the Leavenworth Bridge Company was foreclosed in 1886 and in 1899 the property was again sold at foreclosure to the Fort Leavenworth Bridge Company, the present owners. The bridge was completed and opened to railway and wagon traffic on April 10, 1872. The first road to avail itself of this highway was the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway. In February 1891 the Chicago Great Western Railway entered Kansas over this structure. Upon the construction of the bridge across the river opposite the city the Rock Island discontinued its use on the night of December 31, 1893, and from that time has used the new bridge. The Great Western followed the Rock Island a year later. Since then this bridg~e has not been used for railway traffic.
NOTE--The people of Leavenworth County subscribed for 2500 shares of the stock of this company, each share having the value of 8100. This subscription was paid within two years. Through a manipul~at~ion of the stock by county officials the taxpayers lost control and never realized anything from their subscription.

DIV~~ISIONeVrI Telegraph and Telephone Companies

Postal Telegraph-Cable Company

"The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company is hereby granted a license, revocable at will by the Secretary of W~ar, to erect and maintain a telegraph line across so much of the Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, timber reserve in Mlissouri as may be necessary in building said line parallel to and five feeet west of the west line of the right of way of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, where said right of way lies adjacent to the eastern boundary line of said timber reserve upon the following provisions and conditions:"
1. That the construction and maintenance, of the telegraph line herein permitted to be erected shall be subject to such rules and regulations as the commanding offcer of said reservation may from time to time make. 2. That anly sum which may have been expended, after revocation of this license, in putting any premises or property hereby authorized to be occupied or used, in as good condition for use by the United States a~sit is at this date, shall be repaid by the said Postal Telegraph-Cable (iompany on demand. Witness my hand this 28th day of February, 1901. [Signed] ELIHU ROOT, rSecretary of Wt7ar.

A license to run a telegraph line along the southern boundary of the reservation was granted October 1, 1901, to the Postal Telegraph-Cable Company.

Telephone Companies
On the 9th day of May, 1906, the Acting Secretary of War, Hon. Robert Shaw Oliver, granted a re-

-48-

vocable license to the Missouri and Kansas Telephone Company and the People's H~ome Telephone Company. Both instruments are identical in their requirements, and are as follows:
1. That the said licensee shall at its own proper cost and charges provide all manner of materials, labor and cartage of every description for the proper and complete installation., operation and maintenance of said telephone system. 2. That all work incident to this license shall be subject to the supervisionl and approval of the commanding offic~er of said reservation. 3. That the cost of the telephonic communication for the residents of said reservation, shall, be at a monthly rental of $1.00 per month for two party line, and $1.50 per month for special line per telephone; all government offices to be on special lines at the rate of $1.00 per month per telephone. 4. That the United States shall not be held answerable or accountable for any loss or da~mage that shall or ma~y happen to the said system or any part thereof respectively installed or for any of the materials or other things used and employed in the installation. 5. That upon the revocation or relinquishment of this license, the said licensee shall remove all its property from the said reservation within such time as the Secretary of War may indicate, and upon the refusal, neglect or inability to remove the same, the Secretary of War may cause such property to be removed at the expense of said licensee; and no claim for damages againstthe United States, or any agent or off~icer thereof, shall be created by or made one account of such removal. 6. That any sum which may have to be expended, after revocation or relinquishment of this license, in putting any premises or property, hereby authorizcd to be used, in as good condition for use by the United States as it is at, thisdae shall be paid by said licensee on demand. 7. That; in order to minimize the danger of fires from electric wires, said licensee shall provide electric installation inside of buildings as good as that prescribed in like cases under the rules of the Naationa~l Board of Underwriters. 5. That the installation and operation of the telephone sysltem herein authorizodi shall be subjeot to such rules and regulations in the interest of good order, police and discipline

-49as may from time to time be prescribed by said commanding officer of said reservation. 1People's fotne Tele-phone Company The People's Telephone Company, of Leavenworth, Kansas, is hereby granted a license, revocable at will by the Secretary of War, to extend its lines now on the U. S. military reservation of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, across said reservation on the east side of the Missouri river, to the highway leading to Platte City, Missouri, upon the following provisions and cgnditions: 1. That said lines shall be located and constructed subject to the supervision and approval of the commanding offcer, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 2. That any sum which may have to be expended, after revocation of this license, in putting any premises or property hereby authorized to be occupied or used in as good condition for use by the United States a~s it is at present shall be repaid by said The People's Telephone Company on demand. Witness my hand this 8th day of April, 1901. [Signed] ELJHU ROOT, Secretary/of War.

D [~~I IS I ONT\

V II~

W~ater Snpply and Sanitation.

The method of supplying water for the garrison was, until 1865, of the most primitive character. It was undoubtedly abreast with the times, and, considering the general lack of facilities at far western posts, these methods were evidently equal to the best in this section. The water wras delivered in barrels hauled around the post after having been filled on the banks of the M~issouri. An early visitor to the post describes the machinery for supplying the water as follows: "The waterworks consisted of a six-mule team and wagon driven into the edge of the water about hub deep, and in the wagon eight or ten barrels, with the upper head out, set on end. The 'power' was a couple of prisoners from the guardhouse, guarded by a sentry with musket and bayonet. One of the prisoners stood on the hub of the wheel, clinging to the top of the wagon box with one hand, while dipping up the water in a large camp kettle with the other, passing it to the other prisoner who stood in the wagon and emptied the water into the open barrels which were not covered to keep the water in; andl the water-wagon was doing well if it reached the fort with each barrel two-thirds full. The team was then driven around in rear of the officers' and soldiers' quarters, the prisoners dipping the water out and filling the barrels kept near the back doors for that purpose."~ In 1865, through the efforts of Colonel J. A. Potter, the depot quartermaster, steps were taken to improve the method for supplying the garrison? with

water. A purmping station was erected on the bank of the river, about a quarter of a mile north of the high bridge spanning the stream. With this steam pump the water was forced to a large tank, having a capacity of 21,000 gallons, situated near the hig~hest point of elevation in thle garrison. This tank stood little east of Scott avenue and south of Pope Hall. TPhe post was then supplied with two water-wagons, the bed being built in a long box shape to which were attached eight mules and the water hauled to all the quarters in the post. The tank was provided with an automatic attachment to cause the pump to do its duty or afford it relief according to the quantity of water in the tank. Cisterns were placed at numerous points in the post, in fact every set of officers' quarters was supplied with one for the storage of water and in season of draught were filled from the tank by hose. Unless thne roof and guttering of quarters were kept clean of organic matter the result often was a contamination of the water in the cistern. As the sanitary conditions were equally bad at the post General Pope, commanding the Department of the Mdissouri, appointed a board of officers in 1874 to consist of Major Gl1over Penin, medical director; Surgeon T. A. MlcParlin, post surgfeon; and M~ajor J. J. Dana, depot quartermaster, to make a thorough investigation of its sanitary condition. (The sinks throughout the garrison consisted of vaults dug in the rear of all habi~table buildings, which, when threy became too foul were filled up and new ones dug.) The board made strong recommendations, but as water was not abundant it was evident to the members that their views could not obtain, nor did until some ten years later.

--53-

General Pope's action in convening the board was based largely upon a report submitted by Surgeon M~cParlin to the following effect:
"LConsidering the importance, the size, and the character, as an established post having been occupied since 1827, and also the greater security in case of fire, it may be regarded as a matter of surprise and regret that the water supply has not been made adequate to all needs and emergencies. For the want of it, cesspits and cesspools continue to honeycomb and saturate the soil, and drainage is imperfect. On this account, except in summer, bathing facilities for all the men cannot be supplied--inasmuch as the water has to be hauled in quantity only a~vailable by water wagons. Indeed very few of the officers--and those of high rank--have proper facilities for hot and cold water supplied in a bath room for themselves or their families. Officers of moderate means cannot afford to purchase expensive copper boilers and bathroom fixtures and then, turned out of qluarters by a senior officer, remove them to another set. "The expenditure by government of a sum adequate to give a constant supply of water, and the purchase of necessa-ry fixtures, and appliances for baths would be a great and salutary improvement and raise this extensive and important command nearer the plane of health and the sanitary standard attained at other stations in the army and navy."

The post's modern system of water supply was secured by Captain Lafayette E. Campbell, assistant quartermaster. This officer came here from San Antonio, Texas, in 1883, and at once set to work to secure a change, from primitive to modern sanitary conditions. Within one year the mains of the Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth Water Company were laid along Grant avenue to the post and contract entered into with this company to furnish the water. The sanitary conditions received equal attention and to Colonel Otis, 20th Infantry, belongs the credit for the construction of the post sewerage system. Of course, the system has been greatly extended and improved but a number of the trunk lines are today as they were originally laid down by him.

-54--

Under

the

contract referred

to it is

provided

that

the company furnish and lay on the reservation 9,000 feet of standard 8-inch cast iron pipe to a depth of four feet and that for said work the company should be paid $11,500 and the property thereafter to belong to the United States. It was further stipulated that for the supply of water for use in the post the company be paid a rental of $500 per month. The right to renew the contract annually for twenty years was reserved, except in case of a material increase of consumption, and then to be paid at a rate to be agreed upon between the department commander and the company. The contract is signed by M~ajor James Gillis, chief quartermaster and Len T. Smith, president of the water company. This contract is as follows:
ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT entered into at Fort Leavenavenworth, K~ansas, this.....day of June, 1884, by and between Major James Gillis, Quartermlaster, U. S. Army, Chief Quartermaster Department of the Missouri, party of the first part, and L. T. Smith, of Leavenworth City, Kansas, President of the Leavenworth City & Fort Leavenworth~ Water Company, acting in his own behalf, and also as president, duly appointed and qyualified, of said Leavenworth City & Fort Leavenworth Water Company, an incorporated company of the said state of Kansas, party of the second part: THIs AGREEMENT WITNEsSETH, that the said party of the first part, for and in behalf of the United States of America, and the said party of the second part, for -and in his own behalf, and as President as aforesaid for and in behalf of said Leavenworth City & Fort Leavenworth Water Company have mutually agreed, and by these presents do mutually agree to and with each other as follows, namely: ARTICLE I. That the said party of the second part shall furnish and lay on the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, nine thousand (9000) feet of standard--eight; (8) inch cast iron water pipe now in use on said military reservation. The pipe to be laid four (4) feet deep, and all work to be perfect in every respect, and subject to inspection by the depot qyuartermaster at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

-655 That for and in consideration of the faithful performance of the stipulations of this agreement, the party of the second part shall be paid at the o~ffice of the depot quartermaster the sum of eleven thousand and five hundred ($11,500.00) dollars. ARTICLE III. It is expressly understood by the parties to this agreement that upon the acceptance of the pipe, and payment made therefor, the said nine thousand (9000) feet of pipe shall be the property of the United States, and that thereafter a contract shall be enltered in for the supply of water on the Military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, at a monthly rental of five hundred($500.00) dollars, and that the United States shall have the right to renew the said contract annuallyr for twenty years, at a rental of five hundred ($:500.00) dollars per month, except in case of material increase of consumption and then to be paid at a rate to be agreed upon between the department commander and the Water Company. In witness whereof, the undersigned have hereunto subscribed their names and affixed their names the day and the date first above written. JAMES GILLIS, 2Major and Quartermaster, U. S. Army, Chief Qu~artermaster, Departmenzt of the 2Missoucri.
ARTICLE II.

L. T. SMITHI, President, Leave~nworth, City and FEiort Leavenworth Water Company.

In the early days of the present reconstruction period Colonel William Gary Sanger, Acting Secretary of War, and. General W. H. Carter, visited the post for the purpose of investigating the advisibility of installing government water works. The scheme met with the approval of Secretary Root and funds were made available. Engineers were employed to make the necessary surveys and a full report of the cost submitted. It was intended to place the reservoir upon the highest point on the bluffs west of the post. This step, however, met with serious opposition from the private company, which, through its directors residing in the East, made use of influence at their corn-

-5-6

mand to prevent this proposed improvement. The department, however, refused to relent until it wrung f~rom the company not only concessions of a favorable kind, but secured a great improvement in the quality of the wat~er thereafter furnished. On July 1, 1907, a new contract was entered into with the Company to run for eighteen years, the right, however, being reserved by the United States

to

withdraw from

it at any time,

upon due and suffi-

cient notice. This contract is on file in the office of the quartermaster.

DIVISION?

VIII

Road~s and Avenu~es

Prior to 1887 there had been no "official" attempt made to name the post's avenues. During that year, Brigadier General Orlando B. Willcox, commanding the Department of thie Missouri, directed that a board of officers convene for this purpose. The board decided to name all avenues running to and from the river, in honor of officers of the navy, and all others in honor of officers of the army. All avenues located since that time, particularly those in the college section, have been named by General Bell, commandant of the service schools. Until 1888 Scott avenue was known as Arsenal Avenue, its name being derived from the fact that it lead directly towards the main entrance of the Arsenal grounds. That year, however, General Merritt caused its name to be changed to Scott Avenue; the board of the former year, on the ground that the avenue was so well known by its name, declined to
change

it.

The board also extended the name of Pope to that portion of the avenue extending west from Grant, towards the National Cemetery, and is in continuation of the avenue bearing the name having its eastern beginning at Scott Avenue. Sumner Place was until 1887 known as the Main Parade. For further particulars as to the location of avenues as named by the board see Book FF in office of post quartermaster.

-58-

~Metropolitan

Avenue

The avenue bearing the above name is one hundred feet in width and runs along tlhe entire southern boundary of the reservation, forming the dividing line between the city of Leavenworth and the reserve. It was set aside by Congress for a public highway under the act set out below. As indicated by Section 2 of the act, title in the land is retained by the United States and its jurisdiction thereover continues. The act follows:
An Act donating a portion of the Fort Leavenworth military reservationfor the exclusive use of a public road.'
Be it enacted by the Senzate and House of Represenztatives ofthLe United States of AmzericaL in Congress assemblled, That

a strip of land one hundred feet in width along the southern boundary of the Fort Leavenworth military reservation, in the state of Kansas, extending from the M~issouri river to the western boundary thereof, be set apart for the perpetual and exclusive use of a public road; and the said road shall be and remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from tolls or other charges upon the transportation of any property, troops, or mails of the United States. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That Congress may at any time amend or repeal this act.
ApprovedZ July 27, 1868.

Grant Avenue

This avenue connects the post with the city of Leavenworth and was commonly known as the Fort road until 1887, when it was given its present name. t Until 1876 he road made direct connection with the city at North Fifth Street. The stretch of road running to Seventh Street at Metropolitan Avenue after passing the cut south of the railroad viaduct, was not opened until that time. At the south end of the cut the old road took a southeast direction towards North FEifth street.
'For discussion of this measure see Cong. Rec., pp 3956 and 4493, part 5 2d session 40th Cong. 1867-8.

-59--

In the early seventies the road was graded under the direction of General John Pope, an appropriation of $15,000 having been made by Congress. In 1889 the trees on each side of the avenue were set out by military prisoners under the direction of Captain J. W. Pope, Commandant of the MIilitary Prison. This officer also caused the construction of a brick sidewalk along the west side of Grant A4venue from the post to the city. This work was done in 1894 and 1895, just prior to the prison's abandonment and transfer to the Department of Justice.
Sheridan's D~rive

This roadway runs along the summit of the bluffs forming the western boundary of the post and is used exclusively for pleasure. It was constructed by direction of General Sheridan and has always been known as "'Sheridan's Drive." These bluffs rise about 200 feet above the surface of the garrison and furnish a magnificent view of the country and the M~issouri river. Its initial point is almost at the very south line of the reserve and ends at its north line, furnishing at the last named point a view of the river northward with Atchison, a distance of fifteen miles, in sight. The old town of Weston, Mo., is almost opposite. After the drive was constructed, the bluffs were pierced for a railway track by the K~ansas Censtral Railway Company, and to preserve the drive's continuity a clause was inserted in the license granted by the department providing that the company-"LBuild a bridge suffciently wide for two wagons to pass each other upon it, over the cut which the company proposes to make through the ridge on the western boundary of the military reservation, and do all the necessary grading for the approaches to said bridge so as to make a good and continuous wagon road at that point along said ridge."

-60-

No part of this agreement has been complied with by the railroad company. Sirnce then Congress gave a grant to the Leavenworth Northern & Southern (Santa Fe) Railway Company to pass through the reservation, piercing the bluff immediately south of the K~ansas Central cut, but no provision was made for the construction of a viaduct to permit a continuity of the drive. A few years ago it was discovered by parties owning the property adjoining the reserve on the west that part of the drive was upon their lands. A survey was directed by the military authorities and this contention by the owners cornfir~med. Through the efforts of Hon. Charles Curtis, a member of Congress from the district in which the post is situated, an app~ropriation of $9,300 was obtained for the purchase of the land which theretofore had been considered as a part of the reserve. It amounted to 100.91 acres. The deeds for these lands are made of record in the office of the register of deeds for Leavenworth county for the year 1902. The parties, together with the parcels of land purchased from each, are as follows:
Deed Deed acres. Deed Deed from Lorenzo Kern, conveying 14.21 acres., from John J. Steinbach and wife, conveying 20.35 from Leo Hund and wife, conveying 20.90 acres. from Mike KFern and wife, conveying 35.45 acres. M~erritt L~ake

Named in honor of Major-General Wesley MRerritt, U. S. Army. This small body of water was formed by the construction of a high wall dam on the west side of the large stone culvert crossing Grant avenue over One Mile creek. This stream is formed by two small branches coming from opposite directions at the head

-61-

of the lake--mere draws, draining the water from the rising ground just beyond. General M~erritt believing that a small lake at that point would aid in beautifying the grounds, directed the construction of the wall to form the dam. When finished the lake was named in th~e General's honor. Later the lake was filled with fish by the state fish commission, and a part of the expense was borne by the officers then serving at the post. In reality a "stock: company" was created and the right to fish, after a time, was reserved to these contributors. Eaclh officer was issued a certain number of shares and these constcituted the authority to fish in the lake. A transfer of such shares usually followed on transfer to other stations. The right to fish was frequently granted to non-shareholders by those who held the stock. Time, however, has wiped out the shares and authority to fish, with a. view of protection to the fish in the lake, can only be obtained from the post commander.
Corral Creekc

This stream crosses Grant Avenue immediately south of the railway viaduct, from west to east, emptying into the M~issouri River. By other than the military it is known as Two M~ile Creek. 1 On all military maps, however, it is designated as Corral Creek. It secured this last name on account of its passing through a section of the reserve for many years used
'It was the custom in all new settlements and particularly in a country that had never been surveyed, nor its streams named, to reckon all distances from some particular point or place. When the post was located distances were usually reckoned from the flagstaff and by creeks. It was only natural therefore that fir~st creek south of the flag staff, should be called Ouc Mile. While this stream is only one half the distance it answered the purpose. The next stream is about one mile to the south and this was designated Two Mile. Thus we have Three Mile running through the heart of the city of Leavenworth. Within the county of Leavenworth they numbered up to Nine GMile.

--62--

as a mule corral. The organization at the post of expeditions in the earlier period of its history required the retention here of thousands of mules for necessary wagon trains and a section of the reserve was necessary for a corral. It was continued for many years subsequent to the civil war, and not until the latter eighties finally abandoned. As high as three thousand mules could be obtained from the corral at one time, and there were periods when the depot quartermaster was responsible for five thousand head. During pasturage season, and often for the winter, large herds were sent to different sections of the county where excellent pasturage could be obtained or their wintering provided for. Platte county, too, fed many of these herds. They were usually in charge of men employed for the purpose by the government. It was seldom that the government lost any of these animals.

IX DIVISION? Puxrchase anld Ltease of L~andas

PLeavenworth Coal Company

Under an act of Congress approved July 20, 1868, the L~eavenworth Coal Company was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land in the south-eastern corner of the Fort Leavenworth reservation. The boundary lines of thi~s piece of land and the terms under which purchase was made are contained in the act and are as follows:
An Act to authorize the sale of twenty acres of land in the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Reypresenztatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Leavenworth Coal Company, being the successors and assigns of Samuel Denman, William H. Russell, and Thomas Ewing, junior, in the lease aforesaid, sh~all have the right to purchase from the United States twenty acres of land lying in the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and described as follows: beginning at the intersection of the south line of the reserve and the Missouri river, thence westwardly in a line parallel to the south line of the military reserve, thence southwardly in a line at right angles with the south line of the military reserve, thence southwardly in a line at right angles with the south line of the military reserve to the point of beginning, the said lines to be run so as to make the form of the said twenty acres as nearly square as practica~ble. The said Leavenworth Coal Company shall pay therefore the sum fixed by the United States district judges of the State of Kansas, the eastern district of Missouri, and the northern district of Illinois, whose reasonable expenses shall be paid out of anly money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated; and said lease is hereby extended sixteen years from the passage of' this act. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That upon the payment of the purchase money for the same, the Secre~tary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to the said Leaven-

-64worth Coal Company and its successors and assigns a patent for the above describeda lands, which pa~tent shall also grant; to the said company and its successors and assigns, the exclusive right to mine for all coal underlying the lands now comprised in the military reserve aforesaidl. 1
Approved, July 20, 1868.

Maajor Frederick Hawn, for many years a resident of Weston, M~o., a geologist of considerable note, while engaged as an assistant to Professor Swallow in a geological survey of Platte County, Mao., in 1851, on an examination of his notes, conceived tlhe idea that coal .was underlying the lands of Leavenworth County as well as those of Platte. Later MWajor Hawn made a survey at his own expense, confirming his first impression, that coal existed under the Leavenworth lands at a depthl of 700 feet. Afhter much effort he finally secured the organization of a company with considerable capital to sink a shaft. This company consisted of Thomas Ewing, jr.,2 William H. Russell, Samuel Denman and Major Hawn. Under the then existing custom the quartermaster of the post, Captain Stewart Van Vliet (November 13, 1860) leased to this company, by direction of the Secretary of War (Floyd), a strip of land comprising twenty acres, situated in ~the southeast corner of the reservation. The lease was to run for sixteen years and authorized the miningf of coal under the entire reservation. For this privilege the company agreed to furnish the government all the coal required at the post and to pay a royalty of one-fourth cent per bushel on all coal mined. The company was also to have preference for an extension of the -time upon the expiration
1 For discussion of this measure see pp 2681 and~ 39S3, part 4, Congressional Record, 2d session, 40th Congress, 1867-8.
2 G-eneral Ewing was a distinguished officer of the Army during the civil war. Prior to the war he was a resident of Leavenworth being a member of the law firm of Ewing, Sherman & Mc~ook. Sherman later became one of the leaders in the civil war and McCook ~belonged to the great fighting family of McCooks of Ohio.

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-65-

of the original period for which the lease was granted. All of the provisiojis of the lease were accepted in good faith by the company, and as an earnest of its purpose, prosecuted the mining opera-

tions with

vigor, but under very many trying

culties, and at a very great expense. They finally succeeded in striking the coal beds (713 feet) as predicted by ~Major Hawn, having expended the entire capital of $40,000. It was then discovered that the lease was invalid because the right theretofore exercised by the Secretary of War to grant license for the purpose stated no longer existed in the War Department, and which had the effect of excluding t~he lessees from further operation on the reservation. This forced the lessees to appeal to the legislature
of Kansas for assistance

diffi-

to

secure for

zation from Congress to make valid the aforesaid lease. That body, on February 18, 1868, passed a joint resolution authorizing the purchase of twenty acres, for which the government secured $1,400. General Merritt, in a special report to the War Department (1887-88), called attention to the rights exercised by this company, first, by the lease made in 1860, and afterwards under the act of Congress of 1868. This privilege, said the General, granted by lease, legalized and extended by act of Congress, expired years since, and the "coal company has in no instance, so far as can be discovered, observed the terms of remuneration due, under the lease, to the government. " The matter was referred to the Department of Justice and suit entered against the company. Engineers were sent here by the government and a thorough survey made of the mines with a view of ascertaining just what amount was due in royalty to the United States. The controversy was carr~ied on

it an authori-

-- 66

for some years, but finally settled out of court.

Since

that time, it is

asserted, the company has

not

mined under the reservation.

LIeave~nworth City and8 Fo~rt Leavenworth Water Comnpany

The Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth Water Company exists under articles of incorporation granted under the general laws of incorporation of the state of K~ansas in 1882. Its plant is located in the northeast corner of the twenty acres of land purchased by the Leavenworth Coal Company from the United States, and in? part on lands owned by the United States. The water is forced through settling reservoirs from the bank of the river to a main supply reservoir on Pilot Knob, the highest point in this section, furnishing a pressure sufficient to reach the highest. buildings in the city. After a number of years of operation the company found it necessary to increase its reservoir capacity and applied to C~ongress for the purchase of ten acres of ground adjoining the coal company's lands on the north upon whnich, to place additional reservoirs. The grant was authorized in an act approved June 6, 1888.1 The WVar Department was directed to appoint a board of officers of the Army for an appraisement of the land. T~he commission placed an appraisement of $800 per acre on th~e land. The company considered the price set too high and declined to accept it. General Merritt, 2 in command of the Departm~ent of the Missouri, thereupon recommended that the company be permitted to occupy so much, of the lands on the
1 2

For full text of the act see Appendix E. Annual Report, 1888.

-67-

reservation adjoining its plant as may be deemed. necessary for settling reservoirs. He suggested such an arrangemen~t be permitted indefinitely and without expense for rent to the water company. The General made this recommendation on the ground that the company is a benefit to the post as well as to the city of Leavenworth, and because the giving of land which is necessary for a public purpose free of
rent

to

the government

is

better for

the interests

of

all than to sell, at any price, land which may in the course of time be devoted to purposes hurtful to the reservation. The General did not wish to be understood that the purchasers had ulterior designs, but as only part of the purchase was to be used as a reservoir, and as the lands and water works may pass into other hands,
he believed

it

only fair

to the

government

interests

that there should be some safeguard against the lands being used for any other than legitimate purposes. The War Department accepted the recommendation of General M~erritt and obtained the passage of an act, app~rovedi Mlarch 2, 1889, in which the lease was authorized. (See appendix F.)
Purchaase of L~and

The Army appropriation act for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, carries an item of forty-one thousand dollars ($41,000.) to permit the purchase of three hundred and twenty acres of land adjoining the northwest boundary of the reserve. The required extension of the post target range, and the great range of the present army rifle, led to complaints from adjoining farmers on account of stray bullets falling in their direction. Under these circumstances it was deemed advisable, rather than risk the danger of destroying life, to purchase these lands and include them within the Fort Leavenworth reservation.

--68--

At the time of writing this paragraph the purchase of the land has not been concluded, though negotiations are pending.

[APPENDIX "LE."]I An act to authorize the sale of a tract of land in the military reservation at Fort Leavenwor-th, in the state of Kansas. B3e it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 0]' the Uni~ted States of America, in Congress assembled, that the Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth Water Compan~y, of Leavenworth, Kansas, a body corporate, organized and~existing under the laws of the state of Kansas, shall have the right to purchase from the United States, that parcel and tract of land in the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, state of Kansas, bounded and described as follows: Beginning at a point on the north line of Metropolitan avenue in the extension of said west line, five hundred feet; thence north in the extension of said west line, five hundred feet; thence east parallel to the north line of Metropolitan avenue, eight hundred and twenty-five feet, more or less, to railroad right of way; thence on the west line of the said right of way, five hundred and three feet, more or less, to the north line of Metropolitan avenue; thence west on the north line of Metropolitan avenue, eight hundred and fifty feet, more or less, to the place of beginning; containing nine and three-fourths acres, more or less, reserving to the United States or assigns, the coal or royalty for coal underlaying the same. SEcTIoN 2. That the Secretary of War is hereby directed to appoint a commission of three competent army officers, which shall, without unnecessary delay, examine and report the value of the tract; of land hereinbefore described, and report to the Secretary of War. On receipt of said report, the Secretary of War shall forward a certified copy thereof to the Secretary of the Interior and the Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth Water Company: Provided,that the report of the board of army offcers on the subject of the value of the land in question, shall not be operative until the same is approved by the Secretary of War. SECTION 3. That whenever the Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth W~ater Company aforesaid, being thus notified of the valuation of said lands, shall pay to the Secretary of War, in lawful money, the amount of said appraisal, and shall notify the Secretary of the Interior of such payment, it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to cause to

--70-be issued to the Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth 'Water Company, a patent to said lands, and on such deposit being made and notice to the Secretary of Interior being given, the said company may enter upon, possess, use, and occupy the said lands.
Approved; Ju~ne 6, 1888.

[APPENIDIX "CF."]I Aa act to authorizle the Secretary of War to lease a certain tract of land to the Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth Water tCompany. Be it enacted by the Seaate and House of Representatives of the United States of Am~ericaL in Congress assemnbled, that the Secretary of War be, and is hereby authorized and directed to lease to the Leavenworth City and Fort Leavenworth Water C'ompany, the following described tract of land in the milita~ry reservation at Fort Leavenworth, in the state of Kansas. Beginning at the northwest corner of the twenty acre tract of land formerly in the said military reservation, granted to the Leavenworth Coal Company, by an act; of Congress approved July 20, 1868; runni rg north in extension of the west line of said twenty acre tract, five hundred feet; thence east parallel to the north line of the said twenty acre tract, eight hundred and twenty feet, more or less, to the railroad right of way; thence southerly on the west line of said right of way, five hundred and three feet, more or less, to the north line of said twenty acre tract; thence west on the said north line to the place of beginning, containing nine and three-fourths acres, more or less, reserving to the United States or assigns, the coal or royalty for the coal, un::erlying said lands, for the purpose of constructing and maintaining thereon a reservoir and such other works as may be necessary to enable said company to supply the troops at Fort Leavenworth, and its patrons with pure water: Provid~ed, that the company shall have the free and uninterrupted use of said tract of land for the purpose above named, under the direction and control of the Secretary of War, so long as it is so used, and that when they cease to occupy and use it for such purpose, the lease shall be null and void. SECTION 2. That the act of Congress entitled "'An act to authoriz~e the sale of a tract of land in the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, in the state of Kansas,"' approved the sixth day of June, anno Domini, eighteen hundred and eighty eight, be, and the same is hereby, repealed. SECTION 3. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. A~pproved March, 2, 1889.

DI)IVISIONIP Educational

XZ

and Rgeligious

P~ost Pu~blic School (District No. 81.)

The educational facilities for the chil~dren of the post prior to 1901 were quite limited. The writer, believing the time had arrived when something should be done to secure better school facilities, resolved to meet the situation. Under an act of the legislature of the State of Kansas, approved March 29, 1901, the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation was organized as-a separate school district o~f the County of Leavenworth, conforming in management and support to the general public school system of the state, the school to be maintained only by and with the consent of the United States. On September 15, 1902, Mlr. W. N. T~odd, chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means of the Board of Education of the city of Leavenworth, submitted and secured the adoption of the following resolution:
"6That Regulation No. 7 be amended by adding the following: Provided, That no tuition shall be charged residents of Fort Leavenworth and Soldiers' Home, in the graded schools. It is the sense of this Board that no tuition be collected from High School pupils, and that pupils of the Fort and Soldiers' Home be considered as resident pupils".

Until the schools of the city of Leavenworth were opened to the post children in compliance with the above resolution, all non-resident children attending them were required to pay a tuition fee. It was contended that Fort Leavenworth, for all real

-74-

purposes, is a part and parcel of the city. WVhile the residents of the post were exempt from taxation, they were brought into close business relations with the city, and inasmuch as there was no public school at the post, the doors of the city schools should be thrown open to them. In a -paper read -before the Commercial Club of the city, in December, 1901, on "Fort Leavenworth: Its Relations -to the Business Interests of the City", the writer was of the opinion that: "'Ifyou desire to retain the friendship of thnese people; if you desire to maintain the closest relations with them, both socially and commercially, you should ever be ready .to show them by your actions, and not by honeyed words alone, that you desire their good will."' The fight for free schools in the city for the children of the post became only successful when the members of the board opposed to the proposition_ were refused a re-election and( men chosen who favored it.'1 Among the latter class was the gentleman named who submitted the resolution to the board. Pending the settlement of this question the writer concluded a public school for the post, independent of the city, was desirable and obtained the legislation above referred to.
1 Western Life:-Iln opening the doors of our public schools to the children of Fort Leavenworth and the Soldiers' Home, on the same footing with the actual resident children of the city, the board of education has done a commendable thing. It is our duty to cultivate the most friendly relations with the people of the Fort and Home and every action of this characterwill be viewed in the spirit in which it is taken. The vote on the proposition was almost unanimous and the people will approve its action. To Mlr. Henry Shindler much of the credit is due for finally securing favorable results. He has been endeavoring to obtain this privilege for the past two years. It has required a complete change in the personnel of the board. N~ot another man in this community is so well qualified to discuss every phase of Fort Leavenworth affairs as Mr. Shindler and the presentation of the facts to the present board, made up of broad minded men, has been done in a manner that carried conviction with it.

-75-

Up to the time of this enactment the reservation had been divided by the county Superintendent of Public Instruction for school taxing purposes, adding the divisions to adjoining school dis-tricts, thus giving these districts the benefit of the school taxes paid by the corpo~rations operating on the reservation while the residents of the post were made supplicants for school benefits. Under these circumstances it was believed that if the legislature would provide a law creating an exclusive district out of the reservation, and give the necessary machinery for the management of such school it would meet local requir~ements. The writer prepared a bill for submission to the leg~islature. It was within ten days of its closing session, but the measure was enacted into law before adjournment. For this legislative effort the credit is due to Senator Louis H[. W~ulfekuhier of Leavenworth county. The law which is appended discloses the character of the machinery provided. Under the law the maximum levy that can be made upon the taxable property on the reservation is two mills, This sum, if requisred, will create a school fund of nearly three thousand dollars per annum. T-he post public school is also given its share of the State school fund which amounts to about fifty cents per annum per capita of children of school age living on the reservation. The general school laws of the state authorize free text books where the ~taxpayers so decide and an effort is being made to secure their consent. The Fort Leavenworth school law is as fPollows:
Legislature of the state of Kanzsas: Be it enzacted by thLe SECTION 1. That the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation, by and with the consent of the War ~Department of the United States, be and the same is hereby set apart, established and created a school district, to be designated and known as the "Fort ~Leavenworth school district."

SEc. 2. That the board of county commissioners of the county of Leavenworth, Kansas, be and is hereby authorized and empowered to establish ~maintain and conduct a common school upon the said Fort Lavenworth military reservation, the same as other district schools under the general school laws of the state; provided that the duties and powers of officers of school districts under the general school laws shall, for the purpose of this act, devolve upon and be exercised by the said board of county commissioners, which said board is hereby empowered and authorized to llevy a tax each year upon the franchises and property of railroad companies, bridge companies and other corporationson. said reservation, as may be deemed necessary, to establish, maintain and con duct said district school not to exceed in an-y one year the maximum rate authorized by law to be levied by the trustees of other school districts within said county and state, and Providedfur-ther, That no part of the taxes so levied or collected shall at any time be used in the erection of a school building or buildings upon the said military reservation, and such moneys shall only be used and expended in establishing, maintaining and conducting a common school or schools upon such reservation,;in such building or buildings thereon as may be provided by the War Department or the Department of Justice, for the use of which may be permitted or authorized by the commanding officer in charge at Fort Leavenworthilor by the warden at the Federal Prison at said Fort Leavenworth. Suc. 3. That for the purpose of listing, assessing and valuing the franchises and property of railroad companies, bridge companies and other corporations on said reservation, and in order that the taxes for school purposes may be levied and collected thereon, it is hereby made the duty of revenue officers of the state or the county of Leavenworth, as the case may be, according to the class or character of the franchise or property to be taxed for the purpose of this act, to do and perform whatever acts or things are or may be necessary to be done or performed, to all intents and purposes the same as such officer or officers are or may be required by law to do or perform under the geneial school laws of the state, and to the same extent as if such franchises and properties were not situated upon the Fort Leavenworth Military Reservation; Provided, That the franchises and property of the railroad companies, bridge companies and other corporations so taxed under the provisions of this act shall not be liable for school taxes in any other school district; and, Providedfurther, That

-77the county treasurer or the county of Leavenworth shall be ex officio treasurer of the said Fort Leavenworth district school. Sxc. 4. A school census shall be taken, as reqluired by law, of all children of school age situated, living or residing upon said military reservation, and for the purpose of this act such school census shall be taken by the superintendent of schools in and for the said county of Leavenworth, a copy of which shall be kept on file in his office, and he shall file a copy thereof with the state superintendent of public instruction, as reqluired by law, under the general school laws: and any and all moneys apportioned by the state to the county of Leavenworth or the district schools therein shall be so apportioned that said Fort Leavenworth district school shall have and receive its just proportion thereof, which amount shall be paid into the hands of the county treasurer of Leavenworth county for the use and benefit of said school district. SEc. 5. All acts and parts of acts in confict with this act are hereby repealed.
SEc. 6.

That this act shall takze effect and be in force

from and after its publication in the official state paper. Published i~n official state paper March 29, 190 Olr~' For the general school laws of the state as affecting the Fort Leavenwort~h District School see Compilation by Henry Shindler, 1906.

Relligiouas
St. Ignatius'' Chapel

This catholic church edifice was erected under a license granted June 27, 1889 and in terms is as follows:
"The Right Rev. Louis M. Fink as Roman Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Leavenworth and successors, Bishops of said diocese, are hereby granted a license, revocable at will by the Secretary of War, to ereci-,iupd construct or cause to be constructed, for the use of -the Roman Catholic Church at Fort Leavenworth, Kna,,~rn a tract or lo~t of land two hundred feet sqyuare being part~ of the United States military reservation at Fort Leavenwvorth, Kansas, and situated in, and being the southeast corner of the vacant lot which lies just to the south of the post hospital in said reservation, and being bounded on the east by McClellan Avenue, and on the south by Pope Avenue, a church edifice, 45 by 95 feet in dimensions

-78--

for the purpose of divine worship, according to the rites of said church, and a school house 25 by 50 feet in dimensions, and no other building or bui~ldings whatsoever (the former license granted by the Secretary of War, January 24, 1888, to the said Louis M. Fink, being hereby revoked) upon the following provisions and conditions: 1. That the Un~ited States shall not under any circumstances be required or expected to buy any structure or building erected upon said tract of land under the authority of this license. 2. That any sum which may have to be expended after revocation of this license, in putting any premises or property, hereby authorixed or used, in a good condition for use by the United States as it is at this date shall be repaid by said licensee or licensees."'

The corner stone was laid August 17?, 1889 and dedicated December 22, 1889. Bishop Fink of the Catholic Diocese was the functionary on this occasion. The above license is in lieu of a license granted in 1870 in response to the following appeal:
LEAVENWORTII, KANSAS, December 10, 1870. To His Excellency, Thze Secretary of"War, Wa~shinzgton, D. C. Sir : I beg leave to expose to your excellency that there is a considerable number of Riom~an Catholics at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to whom I: consider it my duty to give the facilities which all Christian denominations give to their members~. Thus far it has not been possible to obtain a place or chapel exclusively dedicated to Catholic worship, which is a great inconvenience, not only to the clergymen who appoint days to officiate at the fort, but also to the members of the church. To obviate all difficulties, I take the liberty to ask that a piece of ground at or near the fort be set apart, and that the Ibuildin~gs erected thereon be for the exclusive use of Roman Catholic worship Hoping that my petition will be favorably considered, I remain, of your excellency, the humble, obedient servant, JOHN B. MIEG:E, (Signed) Bishop of Kansas.

-79-

The proposition had the strong support of General Jo'hn Pope and consent was given by the War Department. (See "Union Hall" in this division arnd "Pubalic Worship at Fort Leavenworth" by Henry Shindler, 1906.)
Tkhe P~ost Clhapel

The present Post Chapel was erected in 1878 under the supervision of the late Colonel Asa P. Blunt, commandant of the United States Military Prison, with the labor of prisoners. The corner stone was laid M~ay 5, 1878, by Bishop Vail of Kansas, in the presence of many distinguished army people. The first services were held therein N~ovember 28 of that year by Post Chaplain the Rev. John Woart.

A Y. M. C. A. ]Buildinzg.
License granted by the Secretary of War October 23, 1905, to erect a, building under the act of Congress approved May 3, 1902.
(Dedicated October 23, 1907.)

An agitation in favor of the erection of a building at Fort Leavenworth suitable for the purposes of the Army Young Mden's Christian Association was undertaken by Chaplain John S. Randolph, 6th UT. InS. fantry, during his tour of duty at the post between 1902 and 1905. Before being able to make a success of his work his regiment was ordered to the Philippines. H-is successor, Chaplain John TS. Axton, 18th Infantry, upon assuming his duties at the post in the early part of February, 1905, realizing the necessity for a building of thre kind referred to, set to work along his own lines, and by the latter part of March had the assurance from the International Comnmittee of the Y. M~. C. ~A., that Mliss H~elen? Miller Gould would agree to furnish the means with which to erect a building and furnish the same at a cost not to exceed $50,000. Chaplain Axton's efforts had the official

-80-

endorsement of General J. F. Bell, commandant of the service schools and of Colonel Chas. B. Hall, 18th Infantry. Upon the assurance that the money would be furnished authority to erect the building on the reservation was obtained. October 23, 1907, the edifice, a most beautiful structure without, and handsomely furnished within, was dedicated with ceremonies due the donor and befitting the purpose for which erected, and were attended by Mliss Gould. Addresses were delivered by Governor E. W. Hoch of Kansas, Brigadier General Chas. B. Hall, Rev. Chas. M. Sheldon, author of '"In His Steps," and William B. Millar, International Secretary of the Army and Navy Department of the Y. M. C. A. Additional ceremonies were conducted in the evening exclusively for the enlisted men. M~iss Gould was the guest of honor, and received from the thousand and more men present a welcome she will always rem~ember. To Chaplain Axton belongs the fullest credit for the success achieved in this work. He zealously assisted in planning and then watching the work of construction, and remained at the post long enough to realize to the fullest extent a long cherished hope and a meeting of every expectation when the great work was undertaken. Since the banners of the Young Mens' Christian Association have always been d~edicated to virtue and not to creed, and its methods of work have been along sane and practical lines, Miss Gould's gift has been a very great contribution to the moral and religious welfare and the contentment of the enlisted men of the garrison.
1Pope Hall

This amusement hall was dedicated in the fall of 1894' and named in honor of Captain James W. Pope,
1

This distinction fell t~o the 20th Infantry.

-81-

Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. Army, commandant of the U. S. M~ilitary prison from January 1, 1888, until June 30, 1895. The building was erected according to plans prepaired by this officer with the labor of prisoners. Its entire cost was within the sum of $5,000 which the war department allotted for the purpose. Mlost of the raw material was ackquired from the quarries and timber on the reservation.
U~nion HQall

This building was constructed in 1871 for a Catholic church for which authority was granted by the War Department. Later, as the ground was desired for other purposes, the War Department paid $11,000 for the property, including a school burilding since removed, and authorized the construction of another church on a new site,- situated at the south-west corner of Pope and McClellan Avenues. Upon the arrival at this post in 1894 of the 20th Infantry, permission was given by its commanding officer to permit two "'garrisons" of the Regular Army and Navy Union to hold its meetings there and from that time the name of Union Hall was
given

it

and under

which it is

now known.

[APPENDIX "G"] An act, for the authorizat~ion of the erection of buildings by the International Committee of. Young Men's Christian Association on military reservations of the United States. Be it enacted by the Senate and Hlouse of Rerpresenztaxtives of the United States of America in, Congress assembled, That authority is hereby given to the Secretary of War, in his discretion, to grant permission by revocable license to the In ternational Committee of Young Men's Christian Association of North America to erect and maintain, on the military reservations within the United States or its island possessions, such buildings, as their work for the promotion of the social, physical welfare of the garrison may require, under such regulations as the Secretary of War may impose. Approved May 3, 1902.

[APPENDIX "LH".] The Altar Guld Army C:haplains have ever found more or less diffticulty in securing ample funds with which to supply the paraphernalia for an appropriate observation of church ceremonies, and to make the Chapel auditorium attractive to worshipers. The women of Fort Leavenworth, appreciating these needs, organized an "Altar G~uild"~ a year ago. Its first report by the president Mrs. Lucille R. Arnold, the wife of Captain Samuel B. Arnold, 1st U. S. Cavalry, has just been made public by Chaplain Henry Swift, 13th Infantry. It makes a splendid showing and is deemed of sufficient interest, for future reference to give it place in these pages. It will be an inspiration for the good women who in due course must take the places of those now here. FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS, June 5, 1909.

To the Post Chaplain and Members of the GarrisonL: As President of the Altar Guild I wish to submit the following report of the Guild for the past year, prefaced by a few remarks in regard to the events whichi led to its organization which seem necessary in order to explain its work. In- the absence of a regular Post Chaplain-in February, 1908--the Chapel came under the voluntary charge of Chaplain H. Percy Silver, the Episcopal Chaplain on duty at the Military Prison. Through his efforts, the Chapel was put in thorough order; the Chapel itself, carpet, and all tablets and brasses thoroughly cleaned; the Font removed to its proper posi tion at the entrance of the Chapel, where a proper setting was made for it; an Altar arranged; numerous gifts and rmemorials were donated to beautify the Chapel, and the interest of a number of ithle women aroused in thatt part of church worki which is distincit~ly their pro~vince.: The -Chape~l. bie~ing entr~ely without hangings and ffn~iens(, this, the 'f1rstt~o~ xyundert~aken.iYi 1M:rs.~jsD 8

-- 84a--

Rhodes, who, with some assistance from a few of the women of the Post, made a co-mplete se~t of white and green hangings, with book markers for each and some linens, and for several months she, and the Misses Halll, did all the necessary work about the Altar. As the property of the Chapel increased, it seemed advisable to have some regular organization to see that; this prop erty was properly cared for, and to continue the work already started. To this end a meeting was called of those women most interested, at which Chaplain Silver presidied, and the details of such an organization were arranged. At a subsequent meeting, on June 29, 1908, the G~uild was organized under the name of the Altar Guild of the Post Chapel, and certain regulations .adopted, the object of the Guild, as stated therein, being:-"lto care for the Altar and all things pert~aining thereto; to provide flowers for the Altar, and to hold as custodians all gifts and memorials, and to be responsible for their proper use and care." It is intended that the G~uild shall be self -perpetuating-doing the work of the chapel at all, times according to the wishes of the chaplain in charge. Members m~ay be of any denomination . The original Guild consisted of nine members: Mrs. Charles D. Rhodes Mrs. M~arie L. Snyder M~rs. George E. Stockle Mrs. E. R. Gibson Miss H~appersett Mrs. LeRoy El~tinge Mrs. S. B. Arnold Mrs. J. C.) Raym~ond Mrs. 0. L;. Spaulding of whom Mrs. Arnoldl was elected president and Mrs. Eltiuge secretary and treasurer. During the summer the work of the Guild was limited, owing to the absence of most of the mnembers, but those remaining attended to all services, and the 1st:of September the regular work was begun, Chaplain Silver formally turning over to the care of the Guild the following gifts and memorials:
PRESENTED BY

Brass Cross ,.......3d Squadron, 13th Cavalry. Brass Book Rhest......3d Squadron, 13th Cavalry. taif~a Prayer Book.....3d Squadron, 13th Cavalry. B~i~asVases ........ 13t~h Infantry. Brass-Altar Rail ...... Staff' Class-Class of 1908. Br~asq Pra~ryey Pesk .. ..,. Facult~y and Line Class of 1908. ]Brasq j .. . .. Mrs. Charles M1\cK. Saltzinan. %redbkrc6 Tficlae -'~ :. iM~rs; S. B.'Arnold,

IE~ont Cover.F........ort

Leavenworth Branch of Womans' Auxiliary, Easter, 1908.

Bible ............ Sunday School, Easter, 1908. Altar Hangings, Prayer Books and Hyrmnals. To which have since been added: Prayer Book .. ... Sunday Sch-ool. Candlestick s ....... S unday Scho ol, Easter, 1909. Font Ewer .. ..... Fort Leavenworthh Branch of WMomrans' Auxiliary, Easter, 1909. In October, Chaplain Henry Swift took: charge of the chapel, since which time all \ork has been done by his authorit~y and wyith his approval, while the Gulild also continued to assist Chaplain Silver as much as possible with his work at the prison as long as he remained in the post. Regular monthly meetings have been held, at which the Secretary and Treasurer's reports have been read, subjects of interest to church people have been discussed and all arrangements for work have been made. During the past, year this work has consisted of the care of the altar, sacred vessels, linens and memorials, the furnishing of flowers and candles for the altar, the attendance of some member at all services, the entire care and cleaning of the chancel, a general supervision of the cleaning of the chapel and the refurnishing of the vestry room. For convenience in the vestry room the Guild furnished: A washstand, for which Mrs. Pond donated a toilet set; a table; proper utensils for cleaning the sacred vessels; all cleaning implements and materials, and designed a book case with closets at each end for vestments and cleaning materials, and a chest with compartments for all linens, hangings and moveable brasses when not in use. These latter the quartermaster kindly had made. At the suggestion of the G~uild, which met with most cordial response, most of the flowers for the altar have been given as memorials by members of the post, they choosing their own dates. W~hen not so donated the G-uild has furnished them, so that the altar has never been without them on Sundays and feast days. Until March, the services at the prison and post chapels were at such hours that the flowers could be used at both places. .Since then this has been impossible and flowers have been sent to the Prison chapel only on those Sundays when

-- 86-Chaplain Swift has had a celebration of the Holy Communion there . All flowers used on the altar are sent to the sick, usually to the Prison hospital. The following needlework has been completed for the Post Chapel: Purple hangings and book-markers Red hangings and book-markers Complete set of linens, consisting ofFair linen cloth Credence cover Linen veil Three purificators Burse Pall Corporal Two vestry credence cloths Chalice veil All made by hand and embroidered. For Chaplain Swift: One surplice and one stole. For Chaplain Silver: One cassock, one stole, one set of alter linen like the above without the credence cloths, and two sets of book markers. The mending and care of all vestments. The G~uild wishes to ta~ke this opportunity of acknowledging with thankrs, the bag for carrying the linens, made and donated by Miss Mary Stockle, and the special Easter donations which enabled them to get the materials for the red hangings and a few necessary articles for the vestry room. Vacancies have been created by the resignations of Mrs. Rhodes and Mrs. Raymond, owing to their departure from the post, and of Mrs. Snyder and IMiss Happerset~t. These have been filled by Mrs. R. J. Burt, Miss Mary Fuller, Mrs. F. L. MILunson, and Mrs. Charles Gerhardt, while there are at present two associate members, Mrs. G. P. Pond and Mrs. A. W. Bjornstad, there being allowed three associate members, from which vacancies in the regular Guild are filled. Enclosed please find Treasurer's Report of receipts and expenditures. LUCILLE R. ARNOLD, Preside~t.

Tkhe Post Hospital

The present hospital was erected under an original appropriation of $60,000, though twice that sum has been expended in enlargments alone to provide the capacity needed for a garrison of 3000 men. The present Surgeon General (Geo. H. Torney) while serving at the post in 1899, initi~ated the movement for the construction of a 100 bed hospital, calling for $100,000 to meet the cost. He readily enlisted the citizens of Leavenworth and with the support from Congressman Chas. Curtis of the first Kansas district, backed with the additional endorsement of Surgeon General Steinberg and the approval of the Secretary of War, Hon. Russell A. Alger, the House Committee agreed to the appropriation. It had already formulated its military expenditure bill, but readily consented to increase the item for "repairs and construction of hospitals" to $250,000. The location was omitted to avoid opposition in the Helouse, but with the distinct understanding that if the measure became law the $100,000 should be used for the hospital. Upon the adjournment of Congress it was found the money was not available, on the ground that the authority to construct new hospitals was limited to $25,000 unless Congress specially designated the post where such construction should take place. This caused delay and proved -disastrous to the appropriation. It became necessary to secure the passage of a joint resolution to enable the department to avail itself of the money. The House refused to agree to

--88--

the resolution unless the sum was cut down to $60,000. Congressman Curtis protested ag~ainst this reduction,

but it was either that

sum or nothing.

Rather than

meet with failure entirely, he acted with his usual discretion--and accepted the amount offered. The reduction was due to a recommendation of the Surgeon General suggesting that only $60,000 be made available, a sum he deemed sufficient. Since the completion of the hospital a right and left wing have been added at a cost of $50,000, and an addition to the kitchen and dining hall at a cost of $40, 000. Notwithstanding these additions the capacity of the hospital is still inadequate to meet the constantly increasing demand for room, and at this time anothor addition is being made to the hospital to cost $20,000, aside from a separate building for an isolation ward to cost $15,000.

Post Steam Laundry

The Post Steam Laundry at Fort Leavenworth was opened for business September 1, 1905.

The idea of establishing a post steam laundry was first suggested by Colonel John Van R. Hoff, Medic a Corps, who was post surg~eon, in an official communication dated January 15, 1903, recommending the establishment of a laundry in order to reduce to a minimum the liability of contracting infectious diseases. In addition to this, he stated that such laundry would be a great convenience to the big command and should materially reduce the cost of laundry work for officers and enlisted men of the garrison. In an endorsement on this p~aper, the Quartermaster General recommended that a revocable license be granted by the Secretary of War to any parties who might care to undertake the establishment of a laundry in

the post.

As

the post authorities deemed it inadvis-

-89--

able to have the laundry operated by private persons, no action was taken on this recommendation. General J. Franklin Bell, U. S. Army, assumed command of the post and Army Service Schools July 1, 1903, and he at once took up the proposition of establishing a laundry where his predecessor left off. Captain E. E. Booth, 7th Cavalry, having had some previous experience in conducting a steam laundry, was directed by General Bell to submit plans and specifications in detail for a laundry of sufficient capacity to do the work for the enlisted men and officers, their families, and civilian employes of the post, providing sufficient capacity to meet probable future increases in the size of the garrison. There were no funds with which to buy the machinery and install the plant, so various schemes were considered for raising the necessary funds for this The question of the Post Exchange inpurpose. stalling and operating the laundry was discussed, but after a great deal of consideration it was finally decided that it would probably be better not to have The cost the laundry a part of the Post Exchange. of the laundry would be so great that it would be exceedingly difficult for outgoing organizations to dispose of their interests to incoming organizations.
In

addition to this, it was

deemed inadvisable to have

the laundry operated with a view to paying dividends, which would be the case if it were a part of the Post Exchange. It was thought that the laundry should do the washing for the entire garrison at as near cost as practicable. Permission was obtained from the Quartermaster General to use the building NJo. 53, Scott Avenue, for This building had been used for laundry purposes. years as the post commissary and considerable alterations were necessary. The building was finally vacated and prepared for the laundry in the summer of 1905.

--90-

No means having been devised for raising the funds with which to start the plant, General Bell directed Captain Booth to proceed to Chicago and endeavor to arrange with some laundry machinery house to install the plant, accepting payment therefor in monthly installments. Such anm arrangement was made with the Nelson & Kreuter Laundry Mdachinery Co. The plant was installed and commenced operations September 1, 1905. The original cost of the laundry was approximately $12,000.00. Between that time and July, 1909, machinery costing approxaimately $7,000.00 was added. This additional machinery was necessary to handle the increased business. During the summer of 1909, a building was constructed near the laundry building, in which was installed a modern steam and dry cleaning plant. The cost for laundry work for the enlisted men and officers is about fifty per cent of that formerly charged by commercial laundries. With these charges the plant has paid off about $15,000.00 of its in~debtedness in four years.

The Fort Leaven~worth

Mcess

The Fort Leavenworth Mless or "club"~was 'established in March, 1877. Its membership is composed of commissioned officers of the "'armed forces of the United States."' The first presiden~t of the mess was General Alexander MVcDowell McCook, and its first secretary Lieutenant J. V. S. Paddock, 5th Cavalry. The building occupied by the club was built for officers' quarters about the time of its organization. In the absence of a suitable place for the club the~ War Department authorized the newly constructed building be used for the purpose.

-91-

On account, of the large number of transi~ent officers at the post it became necessary to provide additional accommodations, and later was extended by the construction of an annex to the west. To permit the building to be lighted by electricity, the War Department granted a license to the mess for the erection of poles and hanging wires thereon 'to carry the current from the United States penitentiary to the club house. The grant was made February 15, 1898, and lighting continued by electricity from the prison until the United States began to light all the public building with electricity. This occurred in 1904. Following is a list of officers who served as secretaries of the mess, succeeding Lieutenant Paddock: Lieutenant A. L. Wagner, 6th Infantry; Lieutenant Sebree Smith, 2d Artillery; Lieutenant Frank Taylor, 14th Infantry; Lieutenant H. A. Reed, 2d Artillery; Lieutenant W. N. Hughes, 1_3th Infantry; Lieutenant C. J. F. Clarke, 12th Infantry; Lieutenant C. W. Penrose, 12th Infantry; Lieutenant W. P. Burnham, 20th Infantry; Lieutenant A. L. Mills, 1st Cavalry; Lieutenant G. C. Barnhardt, 6th Cavalry; IMajor D. E. McCarthy, Quartermaster; Captain W. L. Simpson, 6th Infantry; Captain W. A. Cavanaugh, 6th Infantry; Captain E. R. Stuart, Corps of Engineers; Captain H. C. Schumm, Art~illery Corps; Captain F. H. Lawton, Commissary of Subsistence; Captain Peter Murray, 18th Infantry; Captain A. E. Clark, 18th Infantry; Captain J. R. Lindsay, 13th Infantry.

The Post Office

(Established May, 1828)

For one year subseqluent to the establishment of the post the mail was, furnished from the office at

-92-

Liberty, Mlo. For some months deliveries were made once a week by mounted carrier, and then changed to a tni-weekly service by "hack", the commercial interests of the frontier town finding this a necessity. This office continued to do business without
interruption

until

July 31, 1868, when

it

was

dis-

continued and not again reopened until April, 1869. It was not until Octobser 19, 1_841, that the name of the office was changed from "Cantonment" to "Fort", although the War Department authorized the change in 1830. The following named persons served as postmasters :
Philip G. Rand, May 29, 1828 T~homas S. Bryan-t, October 16, 1828 R. P. Beauchamp, Augfust 5, 1829 Alexander G. Morgan, July 8, 1831 Joseph V. Hamilton, April 3, 1838 Albert Wilson, December 5, 1839 Hiram Rich, October 19, 1841 Andrew G. Ege, March 12, 1862 Edward Fenlon, May 19, 1862 Elizabeth Graham, March 20, 1865 Edward Fenlon, August 8, 1865 Mayer B. Haas, May 14, 1866 Michael L. Dunn, August 10, 1866 David L. Payne, March 19, 1867 Michael L. Dunn, July 20, 1867 Clara L. Nicholas, April 15, 1869 Laura Goodfellow, March 21, 1892 Guy A. Swallow, March 1, 1909, to date

The actual date upon which the post office was discontinued is August 6, 1868, and until April, 1869, the mail matter of the post was served by the Leavenworth city office.

The Statuae of General U. S. Granta The right to erect a statue to General Grant at Fort Leavenworth was authorized in a license issued

-93-

by the Secretary of War to the Grant Monument Committee, February 6, 1886. T'he statue was unveiled September 14, 1889. The suggestion to erect such a statue was made by the writer to the late Dr. Morrison M~unford, editor and publisher of the Kansas City Times, a few days following the death of General Gbrant in 1885. The timeliness and feasibility of the project and particularly the location so appealed to the editor, that on the morning followinlg its submission The Times contained a strong appeal to the public to assist in carrying the suggestion into effect. Referring to the location the Times said:
"No place could be so fitting for a monument as Fort Leavenworth. N~ext to WVest Point it is the most conspicuous army post or I-)eadqiuarters in the country. The eligible grounds and the beautiful site would be a fitting place for the monument of the greatest g~eneral."~

While en route from Fort Reno, in camp at the Cantonment on the North Canadian, the news flashed over the wvire of General Grant's death at Mount M~cGregor, N. Y. Before reaching home the writer evolved a plan for the erection of a statue to General Grant at Fort Leavenworth and the ways through

which to

secure

the

means to carry

it

through suc-

cessfully. The writer was, on his return from a journalistic mission to the Indian territory, the guest of General Nelson A. M~iles, who had just assumed command of the Department of the M~issouri, and the plan was

submitted to him for an opinion.

He regarded

an excellent one and urg~ed that it be taken up at once. Within two weeks a meeting was held at General Miles's headquarters composed of the governors of sevekral states, distinguished officers of the army and

it

as

-94-

other public officials. It was proposed to raise a fund of $25,000 and the Grant Monument Committee was formed with General Miles as chairman. Subscriptions to the fund came in rapidly but soon fell off and within a few weeks ceased entirely, the sum of $4, 370.43 having in the' meantime been collected. Early in 1886 General Miles was ordered to Arizona. Other officers who became identified with the movement were transferred to widely separated stations, and interest in the monument appeared to fall away entirely. The funds were placed on deposit in the First National Bank of Leavenworth, and within the succeeding period befor~e the final erection of the statue, were augmented from interes~t on the principle by $464.43, making the total amount available $4,834.86. It was the good fortune of those interested in the erection of this monument to have Captain WN. R. Hodges, a member of the firm of Hodges & McCarthy, monument builders, St. Louis, M~o., visit the post in the summer of 1888 to attend the second annual banquet of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, Commandery of Kansas, that gentleman being the Recorder of the M/issouri Commandery. It was duringthis visit that Colonel James P. Mlartin, Adjutant General of the Department of the M~issouri, and Recorder ofE the Kansas Commandery, took up the statue proposition with Captain Hodges. Colonel Martin believed that if a statue fitting to the General could be secured for the money in hand Captain Hodges would do so. After considering the subject Captain Hodges informed the members of the Mlonument

Committee that if the young American artist,

Loredo Taft, just returned from Paris, could be enlisted he would give the donors to the monument fund a statue worthy of the General and the country. Mr. Taft readily gave his consent.

-95-

In due time Mr. Taft furnished the committee with a photograph of the prepared model and this, with some suggested modification, was accepted. The photograph is in possession of the writer together with M~r. Taft's note on the reverse written in pencil. The statue was completed in the summer of 1889 `and its unveiling took place in September of that year. It was at first proposed to place the statue in a triangle at the head of Grant APvenue and for this purpose three portals were designed, one for each of the three sides, but General Merritt caused the point to be changed by placing the statue directly in the center of Grant Avenue so as to give a free view towards the south along its entire length. With the triangle eliminated, the portals were set around the circle or base of the statue. The unveiling ceremonies were of a most imposing character. Ten thousand people attended them. The following lines, heading the story of these ceremonies in the Kansas City Times on the following day may give the reader an idea of their extent:
Unveiled.-The Memory of G~rant H~onored.--A Noted Statue of the Gtreat Leadaer Dedicated. -Representatives of the Whole Missouri Valley P~resent.-Northerners and Men of the South Alike Show Rtespect.--The Gtathering at Fort Leavenworth Wo0rthy the Occasion--General Merritt Removes the Draperies Among Silence.-All More than Pleased with the Magnificent Creation.--Senator Ingalls Delivers the First Formal Address.-General Blair Pays Tribute to the Renowned Dead.--The Hon. Geo. R. Peck Closes with a G~lowing EulogiUm1.-ACll the Ceremonies Such as Well Befitted the Occasion.-K~ansasCity's Mayor and Council Welcomed by Leavenworth's Offcials.--The Parade in the City.--History of the Monument.--The Sculptors.

Under date of September 17, 1889, the writer received a note from Captain Hodges from which the following extract is taken.
"LIdesire to thank you most cordially for the generous manner in which you have dealt with our firm and myself, in

-96-

your superb account of the G~rant Monument. I am especially pleased that you called attention to the insignificent sum for which the work was done and that I fully redeemed every pledge made. Mr. Taft did a noble work and I am glad that you give him so full recognition. Your paper deserves the gratitude of the people for the impetus given to the movement wh~ich resulted in the erection of the statue, without which it would never have been accomplished, and a most important factor in achieving success was your own intelligent and enthusiastic efforts." The 1Financial Statelment

$4, 370.43 Total amount contributed, $464.43 from First National Bank Interest $4, 834. 86 Total. received, $38. 50 Expended for cement,
-

Postage,

-$47.75

$4,791.61 Paid Hodges & MIcCarthy: In order that the above sta-tement relating to the cost of the statue may not be deemed unbelievable, the writer sent the entire story of the statue to Captain Hodges that he may verify what has been said concerning his connection pith the matter. The following is an extract from that rep~ly:
"I do not recall the date, but my recollection is thatitwas two or three years after the death of General Grant;, I was at Fort Leavenworth and my friend, Colonel James P. Martin, told me of the money raised for a memorial and of the amount on hand, and asked what could be doent with it. I promised to look into the matter and let him know later. I knew that Lorado Taft, a young sculptor of promise, had returned from Paris. I presented the subject to him, saying that with the funds on hand, all of us would have to work for the love we bore to the great general, but that the reputation he would gain would compensate him. He agreed to furnish the model, have the statue cast in bronz;e for the actual cash outlay. I explained to Colonel Martin that I could erect a statue upon a granite pedestal, etc. ,for the su~m raised, plus accrued interest, and the contract was awarded to my firm and the statue erected and everyone was satisfied with the result. It was as you say, the first statue, and I believe the first memorial erected to G~eneral Gtrant."'

-97-

The greater share of the contributions came from the officers, soldiers and quartermaster employes of the United States Army in the west.

U.T S. TLeavenlworth Arsenal

During the M/exican War an Ordnance Depot was established at the post and discontinued in 1849. ' In 1855 the clhief of ordnance urged the esteablishment of a small arsenal at this point and. the abandonment of the depot at Liberty, M~o. 2 He regarded that point as entirely out of position and useless for the service. The removal westward of the country's military operations made this change an absolute necessity. He had for some years entertrained this opinion and this view was confirmed in the fitting out of the Harney Sioux expedition. To him, Fort Lteavenworth presented the only feasable point to meet the then existing situation. In the meantime he directed an officer of his corps to make the preliminary inspection an~d examination. In 1858 the Secretary of War authorized the establishment of a small ordnance depot. This, the chief of ordnance reported in October, 1859, was being enlarged by the erection of a permanent storehouse and magazine, and from them grew the Arsenal, which was -first recognized as such in 1860. The grounds set aside for the Arsenal comprised about 138 acres, southeast of the post and adjacent thereto. The present limit~ations of the "college section" are those of the arsenal grounds, with One Mi~le creek as the southern boundary. From 1861 to
'A large room of the old post headquarters building standing at the northwest corner of Kfearney and McClellan avenues was used for a storeroom, and the mags2ziiie stood near the center of Sumner place. Captain Wi7n3. Shoemaker, F. ordnance storekeeper, was in charge in 1848, and 1849. This same officer for many yrears was in charge of thle Arsenal at Fort Union, New Mexico. 'See appendix "'I."'

-98-

1873 this arsenal was operated as a small "arsenal of construction," many ordnance stores being fabricated and purchased. The buildings were of the most substantial character. The residence now occupied by the commandant of the service schools was that of the commandant of the arsenal; Sherman and Sheridan halls were the two storehouses. The building for so many years occupied as the quartermaster's office was the barrack for the ordnance detachment of~thirty five men. At the intersection of Scott and Pope avenues, was a massive iron gate, the main entrance to the grounds, and to the left stood a small two story guard house built of brick and stone. From the date of its establishment to its final abandonment, a total of eighty thousand four hundred and ninety-seven dollars and forty cents ($80,497.40) was especially appropriated for the arsenal to carry on permanent improvements, and the development and fitting up the grounds cost a total of two hundred and twenty-one thousand, one hundred and three dollars and seventy cents ($221,103.70). The amount, in addition to the first named sum, was expended from the appropriations for "repair and improvements at arsenals."' In these approp~riations is included twelve thousand, nine hundred and fifty dollars ($12,950.00) for the magazine now standing near the south limit of the college section, and fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000.00) appropriated by congress for the construction of a road from the arsenal to the city of Leavenworth. This improvement was made in the early seventies and is the present Grant avenue. In view of a recommendatioan made tlo the Secretary of War by a board of army officers that the arsenal be discontinued and the buildings turned over to the Quartermaster Department, on February 2,

--99-

1874,1 an order for such discontinuance was issued

and all stores transferred to the Rock Island Arsenal. This was finally accomplished M~ay 27, 1_874. 2 Below is a list of the officers of the Ordnance Department who have commanded the arsenal during its existence:
January 20, 1860. Lient. S. C. Symmes, June 2, 1859, t~o Lieut. J. W. Sill, January 20, to July 19, 1860. Capt. P. V. Hagner, July 19, 1860, to April 22, 1861. Capt. J. L. Reno, April 22, 1861, to December 6, 1861. Capt. and Mlaj. J. McNutt;, Dec. 7, 1861, to Oct. 1, 1869. Capt. D. H. Buel, October 1, 1869, to July 22, 1870. Capt. A. M/ordecai, August 12, 1870, to May 27, 1874.

Following the abandonment of the Arsenal, the necessity for a near supply station for ordnance stores to posts in the West became so apparent that the War Department established an ordn~ance depot

at the

post

in

1878,

from

which to supply the

troops

serving in the Department of the Missouri. A small detachment was sent here to care for the property. This depot was discontined in 1891.4 This change was due to the transfer of the headquarters of the Department of the Maissouri to St. Louis and it being impracticable to assign an officer of the Ordnance Department to command the depot, where, theretofore, the chief ordnance officer of the department performed this duty.
Generazl Orders No. 8, 1874. Under the head "The U. S. Military Prison" the cause for this transfer will be found. 3 See General Orders No. 81, 1878. 4 See General Orders No. 23, for the year.
1 See 2

-1~00-

TIhe N~ational Cemnetery

(Established under the Act of Congress approved February 22, 1867.)

The National Cemetery at this post contains an area of sixteen acres. Prior to the approval of the act creating national cemeteries this cemetery was the burial ground for the post. When Fort Leavenworth was established in 1827, a burial ground was selected upon the site which now forms the grounds for the quarters of the commandant, arm~y service schools. In 1858 Congress authorized the construction of buildings for an arsenal and the grounds comprising the college section were chosen. The nlorth line of the arsenal grounds extended to what is now the south line of Pope Avenue. This selection necessitateed thne abandonment of the old burial ground and the disinterment and transfer of the dead to the present cemetery. In 1867 the post burial ground was declared a national cemetery, and a superintendent placed in charge of the grounds. Notwithstanding t~hat only those who were in the army or had been honorably disharged therefrom were entitled to a resting place within a national cemetery, the post continued to bury its dead there without reference to such service. In 1883 the Quartermaster General of the Army called attention to the provisions of the law relating to the class of persons authorized to be buried in such cemeteries. Inasmuch as these grounds had always been a post cemetery, such limitations were deemed a hardship upon the post residents, and the department, upon having its attention called thereto, authorized an extension of the stone enclosure to the south and set aside a part of the additional ground thus enclosed as a post burial plot. This not only overcame the

-101-

peculiar situation as applied to the cemetery here, but the new plot proved to be the prettiest spot within the enclosure. The following persons hxave served as superintendents :
HEugh M. Fogg, Noble Warwick, William Dillon, MMax REitter. V. A. Meyuez, to date.

There are now buried in the cemetery 2283 known dead, andl 1507 unknown dead; total 3790. THlhe A~rm-y Service Schools

For history o~f the schools see "History of the Army Service Schools, " by H~enry Shindler, 1908.

[APPENDIX "CI"] The L~iberty Mo., Ahrsenal By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, ten acres of land were purchased June 30, 1837, of Joel Turuham and wife of Liberty, Clay county, Mo., for an arsenal. The records show that the total sum of $36,416. 34 had been expended upon it during its existence. Its first commandant was Lieutenant A. B. Dyer, Ordnance Department, who was so assigned August 17, 1838, and continued un~til September 1, 1841. This officer later became Chief of Ordnance and is the father of Colonel A. B. Dyer, Fourth Artillery. It does not appear that Liberty Arsenal was commanded by any office~r other than Lieutenant Dyer.1 HIe was succeeded by Daniel Ragan, an ordnance storekeeper, from 1843 till 1845, and Luther Leonard, ordnance storekeeper, from 1846 till 1852, and though the last named may have remained in charge after that date, the records fail to show any other. The Arsenal was at no time assumed to be of importance. As early as 1860 the Chief of Ordnance urged that the property be sold, it having been rendered entirely useless since the establishment of the arsenal at Fort Leavenworth. It was, however, not until the act of Congress approved July 25, 1868, that authority was obtained for its sale. The property, lands as well as buildings, were purchased by Amos S. Kimball, Brooklyn, N. Y., June 15, 1869. Paxt~on, in his' "Annals of Platte County", says that on November 27, 1855," Liberty Arsenal was surprised and taken by sixty pro-slavery men, who took a large supply of arms and ammunition, carried two wagon loads to Platte City and hid them under the newly built Baptist church." Again, says the same authority, that on April 20, 1861 ,"LHenry L. Routt and 200 men captured Liberty Arsenal. The arms were taken and distribut~ed in northwest Missouri." Cujlom's Biographical Register of West Point graduates gives Lieutenant Chas. F. Ruff, 1st Dragoons, as having served at the arsenal in 1840. This was, of~course, during Lieutenant Dyer's command and his assignment there may have been for purposes of instruction.
1

102

DIV7ISIBON XII ThB~e U. S. Military 3Prison3 and U. S. Pernitentiary

Established under act of Congress approved March 3, 1873, a nd amendatory act approved May 21, 1874. Abandoned by the War Department June 30, 1895; re-established February, 1906.

Prior to the establishment of a place for the confineinent of persons convicted of a violation of militar~y laws not involving any moral turpitude, military prisoners were cast into prisons with the basest characters and punished with those stained by every crime known to the law. This was regarded as an injury to the prisoner, whose offense may have been affected with but slight obliquity. To avoid this unnecessary contamination, it was suggested by Mlajor Thomas F. Barr, Judge Advocate, Department of the East, in 1871, that this condition be prevented and a separate prison provided. The Secretary of War heartily supported the proposition and at once convened a board of officers of rank and experience in the administration of the Army in June, 1871, to consider the subject. The board was ordered to Quebec and Mbontreal, Canada, to look at the miliary prisons at those places and the way they were managed. This board consisted of Colonel Jefferson C. Davis, Mlajor J. M. Brannan, Major Thomas F. Barr and Lieutenant Asa Bird Gardner. The boarda was impressed with the British system of punishing military offenders and recommended a like system, or one, in part patterned after the
103

- 104-

British plan. The report received the concurrence of the Secretary of War and was by him laid before Congress with the recommendation for the enactment of such legislation as would carry out the object of the report. To this Congress responded with the act approved 1March 3, 1873, and designated the arsenal at Rock Island as the place. The object of its location at that point was with a view of finally having the use of the prisoners in the manufacture of ordnance supplies. The selection of Rock Island brought out a strong protest from its commandant, Captain D. W7. Flagler. In this protest the officer stated that "the introduction of a prison into the arsenal is completely antagonistic to the plans of the government for the place," and "'the introduction of a prison is deliberately introducing an element of danger. The prisoners must be looked upon as disaffected persons, probably enemies, and somre of them, as shown by experience, are insane in their enmity, and the most dangerous of incendiaries.'' This protest was endorsed by the chief of ordnance, who said that "it is not believed that prisoners could be made use of to advantage, except as laborers on the roads and grounds, and scattered, as they would necessarily be, over an island of 1,000 acres. ***The competition between convict and ordinary labor, when brought into contact, always leads to ill feeling and irritation." While Congress passed -the act for its establishment and selected the site, no funds were appropriated. In view of the very forceful protest by the Ordnance Department, the War Department convened a board of officers to examine the locality at Rock Island and report its views as to the expediency of maintaining a prison in the arsenal grounds, and its probable influence upon the interests of the arsenal.

-105-

This b oard consi ste d of Lieute nant- Colonel A. V. K~autz, 15th Infantry, Mlajor Thomas ]F. Barr, Judge Advocate, and M~ajor George P. Ahndrews, 5thn Artillery. Later Colonel K~autz was relieved from the board and Colonel Nelson A. M~iles, 5th Infantrry, substituted. The board visited Rock Island tArsenal and in its
report

submitted that it fully concurred in the views advisability of"

of its commanding officer, and while not called upon

to offer any suggestion as to he t

selecting any other site than? the one chosen, the board, in view of the fact thnat the armory at Rock Island promises tco answer for furnishment with material for all the western portion of the country, recommended that the arsenal grounds ofE Fort Leavenworth, K~ansas, would be a far more eligible and convenient location for the prison, while the buildings, now of but little practical use to the government, could be readily converted to prison uses. The board went on to say that the cost of supporting the prisoners would be fully as small at Fort Leavenworth as at Rock Island, and it believed that, even should it not be considered proper to appropriate the arsenal grounds for the purpose, some other portion of the government reservation should be taken. The action of this board and of the one appointed at a later date, October 4, 1873, of which Colonel Miles was also president, was submittted to Congress by the Secre-tary of War with the further recommendation that the act be amended so that the selection of Fort Leavenworth be made, instead of Rock Island. In this Congress concurred by passing the act alpproved Mlay 21, 1874. The last board consisted, in addition to Colonel Miles, of Lieutenant-Colonel W. H. French, Second Artillery; Major Thomas F. Barr, Judge Advocate; Rev. E. C. Wines, of New York, Secretary of the

-106-

National Prison Association and G. R. Brockway, of Detroit, Mlich. After selecting Fort Leavenworth, it was decided by the War Department that the buildings best suited for prison purposes were those occupied by the Q~uartermaster's depot on the north side and to transfer the depot to the buildings in the arsenal grounds. This was done just as soon as Congress made the necessary appropriation which followed in June, 1874, supplying $25,000 for the remodeling of the buildings and such construction as would be necessary to fit the grounds for a prison. Some years later, Captain James W.V ]Pope, who commanded the prison from 1888 to the time of its abandonment, told a National Prison Congress that "with the usual false economy in governmental matters, it was prescribed that buildingfs already erected should be modified for the purpose of the prisoni, from which the prison will always suffer owing ~to the insecurity, inadaptability and unsightliness of those buildings." A temporary administrationwas provided for the prison in 1874, consisting o~f Captain Edmund Rice, 5thn Infantry, as commandant, Lieutenant Quinton Campbell, as provost marshal, and Lieutenant James W. Pope, Fifth Infantry, adjutant. The following year Major James M~~. Robertson, 3d Artillery, was appointed commandant, and was succeeded a year later by Captain Asa Blunt, Assistant Quartermaster, who retained the post until January 1, 1888, when he was succeeded by Captain J. W. Pope, Assistant Quartermaster. A commission appointed by the Secretary of War visited the institution annually to inquiry into management and ascertain conditions with a view of report to the Secretary. The prison grew in im~portance, new buildings were erected, and an immense stone wall was constructed about the prison. For

-107-

many years the prisoners were engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes for the army, in addition to many other needed articles of equipment. This was finally abandoned owing to opposition from labor organizations. In his annual report for 1894 the then Secretary of War, Daniel Lamont, urged the abolishment of the prison and transfer of the property to the Department of Justice for the establishment of a civil prison as provided for in act of 1891, but made no appropriation for its erection. The transfer was strongly opposed in Congress, the people of Leavenworth not caring to have established an institution on the reservation under "'political" control, but without effect. The argument used in favor of the establishment of a purely military prison was now turned against its However, the prophesy made further continuance. by those who favored its retention that such action would prove a serious matter for the army was correct, and not many years elapsed before this proved to be the case. On July 1, 1895, the Department of Justice took control and a federal prison was established. The undesirability of the old buildings for prison purposes led to the agitation 3for a, new prison on a site to be This Congress concurred in (see apselected. pendix "K") and made the necessary appropriation in 1897. Work was at once commenced and by February, 1906, the new institution was far enough advanced to permit the transfer of all federal prisoners thereto, when the old prison again reverted to the War Department and its immediate rehabilitation under the law of 1874 as a purely Military prison. Lieutenant Colonel George S. Young, 21st Infantry, was detailed as its commandant. He was relieved in June, 1908, by Major Thomas H. Slavens, Quartermaster.

-108-

The need for an enlargement and the erection of buildings with modern convenience of a prison led Congress to appropriate at its session of 1907-8 $100,000 with which to commence this work, and such construction is now under way. The Sun~dry Civil appropriation bill for 1909-10 carries an additional appropriation of $250,000 for this purpose. Congress vested the government and control of the prison, in the Secretary of War and the Board of Commissioners of the U. S. Soldiers Home, consisting of the Surgeon General, the Commissary General, the Adjutant General, the Quartermaster General, the Chief of Engineers, the Judge-Advocate General, and the Governor of the Home.

[APPENDIX "K."] An act to establish a site for the erection of a penitentiary on the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and for other purposes. Be it enzacted~by the Senate and House of Represenztatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Attorney General is hereby authorized and directed to select on the military reservaticn at Leavenworth, Kansas, within limits hereinafter described, a site for the erection of a peni-tentiary and other buildings, wall, and workshops for the employment of United States prisoners, with such improvements as he may direct in connection with the completion of the several buildings; said penitentiary to be of a capacity to accomodate at least one thousand two hundred convicts, and to be situated on said ground and within the following boundary line: Beginning at a point at the northwestern intersection of Grant and Logan Avenues thence north 70 degrees, west more or less, forty-five hundred feet more or less to a stone in the field north of the government farm barn, thence due west fifteen hundred feet more or less to the north side of Logan Avenue: thence along said avenue and its prolongation to the western boundary of the military reservation, thence south along said line to the southwest corner of said reservation, thence east along the south line of the said reservation to the pikre leading north from the city of Leavenworth to the post of Fort L~eavenworth; thence north along said pike to the beginning; and that these grounds thus described sha~llbe, and hereby are, set apart from the contiguous military reservation for United States Penitentiary purposes, and assigned to and pla'ced under the care and control of the Attorney General, as a United States Penitentiary reservation: Provided ,that when the United States Penitentiary shall be occupied and applied to the purposes contemplated by this act, the buildings and grounds within the said military reservation at Fort Leavenworth that were tranasferred from the department of War to the department~of Justice, in accordance with the provisions of the a~ct of Congress approved March 2, 1895, shall be restored to the control of the said department of War: and Provided, Further, that this prison reservation shall be open to military tactical purposes, when such purposes do not interfere with the discipline of said prison . Act approved, June 10, 1896. 109

D)Ih V I~ISI ON

X.IHII

General H~enry ]Leavenworth

General Henry Leavenworth was born in New Haven, Conn., in 1783. While still a lad he removed to Vermont and then to Delhi, Delaware County, N. Y. There he grew to manhood, and acquired such education as the condition of the country immediately following the close of the Revolution afforded. He adopted the law as his profession, and upon admission to its practice formed a law partnership with General Erastus Root of Delhi. At the outbreak of the second war with England, he was selected to command the company of infantry raised in Delaware County in. the winter of 1812-13. The company was assigned to the Ninth Infantry, which was attached to G~eneral Winfield Scott's brigade. Captain Leavenworth rose rapidly, and as a major, commanded his regiment in the invasion of Canada from the Niagara frontier. At the close of the war he obtained leave of absence to permit him to serve in the Legislature of his adopted state, to which he had been elected. In 1818 he was promoted lieutenant colonel of the 5th Infantry. From Detroit, Mich., where his new regiment was stationed, he conducted the organizationto the Falls of St. Anthony, Miun., and there, on the banks of the Mississippi river, selected the site on which he established Fort Snelling. Before the permanent buildings were com~pleted, Colonel Leavenworth was transferred (Oct. 21, 1821) to the 6th Infantry, and placed in command of the troops at Fort Atkinson, in Nebraska, situated on the banks of the Missouri river. In 1823 he was placed in ~command of an expedition against the Arickaree Indians, seven hundred miles up the river. For this service he! was specially commended by the Department Commander, the Secretary of W~ar, and the President in his annual message to congress. In 1825 Lieutenant-Colonel Leavenworth was promoted to the colonelcy of the 3d Infantry. He was assigned to its command at Green Bay Barracks, Wis., and the following year marched with a detachment of his regiment to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and set up a school for the practice of Infantry, the site for the same having been selected during the previous year by G~eneral Atkinson and General G~ains. H~e at once

addressed himiself to the task. The school was not destined to live long. Scarcely7 settled at his new post, Colonel Leavenworth received orders in IMarch, 1827, to take four companies of infantry to ascend the M~cissouri river, and, upon reaching a point within ten miles of the month of the Platte river, to establish a cantonment;. H-e explored the country and was soon convinced that the land on the east, or Miissouri side of the river, would be flooded during high water, and that it was not; adivantageous for a permanent post. Without waiting for new orders he crossed over to the Kansas side and picked the site for a cantonment where Fort Leavenworth is now located. The first camp on the site was pitched M~ay 8, Colonel 1827, and was named "Cantonmnent Leavenworth". Leavenworth sent a clear and beautiful description of the land and advantages of the new cantonment to Washington, and it was approved by a formal order of the W ar Department September 19, 1827. During the next two years many of the soldiers were taken sick and died of malarial fever, mainly for lack of proper medicines to treat thle disease, and Cantonment Leavenworth was looked upon as an unhealthy place. The garrison was ordered withdrawn to Jefferson Barracks, and Leavenworth was assi5 ,ned to command the latter post. The cant~onment was taken possession of the second time in 1829 by a battalion of the 6th Infantry commanded by Brevet Major Bennett; Riley, 6th Infantry. 1 In 1834 Colonel Leavenworth was assigned to command. the entire southwestern frontier in which year he took charge of an expedition against hostile Pawnee and Commanche Indians. Out of this enterprise was secured, without a single collision, a permanent treaty of peace. The campaign was a long one, but it was conducted with such skill that he was promoted to brigadier general as a reward. While engaged on this duty he contracted a fever from which he died July 21, 1834, in a hospital wagon near a place called Cross Timbers, Indian Territory, but the news of his promotion did not reach his command until four days after his death. In his annual. Report for 1834 the Secretary of War, refering to General Leavenworth's death, said: "Impelled by his anxiety to forward the views of the he exposed himself, while yet weak, to the G~overnment, hardships of a boarder campaign, and sunk under the malady
1 Fort niley, Kansas, is named in honor of this officer who performed distinguished service in the war with Mexico.

-113which these induced. His high personal character, and his exemplary official conduct since, are too well known to you to require from me anything more than this brief allusion to his worth." The President in his Message to Congress, 1834, said: "CIt is to be regretted that the prevalence of sickness in that quarter has deprived the country of a number of valuable lives and particularily that of General Hienry Leavenworth, an officer well known and esteemed for his gallant services in the late war, and for his subsequent good conduct, has fallen a victim to his zeal and exertion in the discharge of his duty. " In a sketch of General Leavenworth, from the pen of General George B. Davis, Judge Advocate General, U. S. Army, published in the U. S. Cavalry Journal, this tribute is paid the dist~inguished offcer of whom he says: "G~eneral Leavenworth seems to have exercised a profound influence upon the development of the standards of duty and discipline in the army of the United States during its formative period, between the reduction of .1821 and the occupation of the valley of the lower Missouri, which was completed in 1845. HEe was onre of the first, as he was certainly one of the most active and intelligent of the small number of regimental commanders upon whom developed the duty of adopting European methods of drill, discipline and administration to the peculiar needs of our own military service. How well this task was performed was seen a little more than ten years later in the splendid behavior of the regular regiments in the war with Mexico. He was a man of broad and varied culture, keenly alive to the needs of the time, and fully impressed with a sense of the importance of the part the army was to play with the development of the great empire beyond the Mississippi, which had but recently been acquired, and the very boundaries of which, to say nothing of its vast resources and possibilities, were then practically unknown. That the settlement of the valley of the upper courses of the Mississippi and Mtissouri rivers, comprising the states of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska and the Dakota~s, was effected peacefully and without serious friction is due largely to his foresight in preventing hostile collision, and to the rare ta~ct and skill in dealing with the tribes whose territories were being encroached upon by the advancing settlements. And it was while engaged upon the execution of a similar scheme of pacification, with reference to tribes occupying the plain region of the trans-M~issouri--a duty of the highest Importance, which had been in-trusted to him as the best fitted, by character and capacity, for its adequate performance-that death put a termination to his useful and productive labors." James Hildreth, who publishedi "Dra~goon Campaigns"~ in 1833, and who knew General Leavenworth intimately, says: "LHe is a plain looking old gentleman, tall yet graceful, though stooping under the weight of perhaps fifty years,

affable and unassuming in the society of his brother officers, mild and compassionate toward those under his command, combining most happily the dignity of the commander with the moderation and humanity of the Christian, and the modest and urbane deportment of the scholar and the gentleman; all love him, for all have access to him, and none that know him can help but love him." G~eneral Leavenworth's body remained at Cross Timbers for several months when it was taken across the plains and finally sent to Delhi, N. Y. The arrival of the remains in New York City, May, 1835, was made the occasion of a great military and civic ceremony. From "Impressions of America during the year 1833, 1834! and 1835," by Tyrone Powers, Esq., the following account of these imposing ceremonies is taken: "'Onthe 19th we had a grand military ceremony and procession to receive and escort to the Battery, the remains of General Lealvenworth, a brave andl very popular officer who died in consequence of the fatigue and privations incurred on the late prarie expedition against the tribes of the Missouri. "His remains were brought hither by way of the lakes on the route to the place of sepulchre. "The volunteer corps were all turned out on this occasion, each remarkable for the neatness of its dress and the completeness of appointment. "'The persons who appeared least to enjoy the eclat of this military f~te were the officers of the regular U. S. Army. They were readily distinguished by their upright, soldier-like air, together with a certain cold and very proud expression, as though they discovered no fun in the thing and moreover were insensible to the honor of the companionship they were admitted to. "LDuring the. course of the procession a salute was fired from the Battery by the mounted artillery corps; the bands played and the bells of the dlifferent churches on the line of march tolled for the dead." General Leavenworth was dearly beloved by the officers and soldiers of his command. They raised money for a fine marble monument twelve feet high, representing a broken column, which m~arked his grave at Delhi. The inscription on the four sides of the die is as follows: 1. "In memory of Henry Leavenworth, of the United States infantry, andh brigadier general in the army." 2. "Bo3rn at New Haven, Conn., December 10, 1783. Died in the service of his country, near the falls of the Washita, July 21, 1834." 3. "For his civic virtues, his fellow-citizens of Delaware county honored him with a seat in the legislature of New York. The fields of Chippewa, Niagara and Arickaree established his fame as a soldier."'

4. "CAs a testimonial to his public and private worth, his giment has erected this monument."' re Movemen~t to Tkrans~fer the Remains to National Cemetery at Fort L~eavenworth On December 1, 1901, the following appeared in the Evening Chronicle -Tribune of Leavenworth: The transfer of the body of the late G~eneral Henry Leavenworth from its resting place in the cemetery at Delhi, N. Y., to the National cemetery at Fort Leavenworth, K~an., is a proposition Henry Shindler has undertaken and its success is virtually assured. With this object in view he has obtained permission of the only living descendants--three grand children--and their authority is now on file in the department of War at Washington. The idea of transferring the body to the Fort Leavenworth national cemetery grew out of a newspaper paragraph which appeared. some four years ago to the effect that the grave at Delhi, N. Y., which contained General Leavenworth's body was almost forgotten and no relatives lived near there to care for it. It struck Mr. Shindler that the transfer of the body to Fort Leavenworth would not only be appropriate, because G-eneral Leavenworth selected the site where Fort Leavenworth now stands, but the grave would be kept green as long as the republic stands. Mr. Shindler promptly set to work to ascertain the names and whereabouts of living descendents to secure their authority for the removal. After a long and persistent effort their location was established and the proposition, when placed before them, not only received their unanimous approval but authority for its immediate accomplishment. Armed with this permit M~r. Shindler enlisted Leavenworth's Commercial Club in the undertaking over a year ago and upon his suggestion Senator Baker was reqyuested to present the matter to t~he Secretary of War with a view to having the disinterment, shipment to, and reinterment at Fort Leavenworth, ordered. The senator endeavored to induce Secretary Root to comply with the club's request; but without avail. Last summer when the secretary visited Fort Leavenworth, Mr. Shindler, in the presence of a CHRoNIcLE-TRIBUNE reporter, again broached the subject to him, but th~e secretary could not see his way clear. He said that he would like to oblige the citiz~ens of Leavenworth but that it was out of the

-116-

question for the reason that there was no appropriation available for removing the body from the New York cemetery to this place. "The department", he stated, "will gladly give the permit for the interment of the body in the National cemetery here, but this is as far as the department can go. When the department declined to grant Senator Baker's request for the transfer of the body, the session of Congress was then too near its close to permit the i-nitiation of proceedings looking to a special appropriation and nothing, beyond broaching the subject to the Secretary of War, has since then been done. Mr. Shindler has now determined to bring the matter to a successful issue and he has gone to work with t~he vim and spirit so characteristic of him in anything he undertakes. That the plan plroposed will meet with unanimous public approval need not be discussed here. That is a certainty. It will at once commend itself, not only to every man, woman and child in Leavenworth county, but every officer and soldier in the Army will feel that the people of this community will acquit themselves nobly by nndertaking to carry out such a proposition and thus pay proper tribute and respect to one whom the people of the entire W~est owe a lasting debt for his valiant services. It is Mr. Shindler's further idea that after the body is brought here and laid away for its final and eternal rest, a public subscription be started throughout the county and city through which to obtain sufficient means for the erection of a monument worthy of the dead soldier. He believes in having the body brought here as soon as practicable, so that funds may be raised in season and the monument erected in time to permit the unveiling on next Memorial Day, May 30, 1902. "'It is not any too soon to begin now", said Mr. Shindler today. "Let us make the ceremony of unveiling of a character more imposing, if possible, than were witnessed during the unveiling of the Grant statue at Fort Leavenworth in 18389. Let these ceremonies be truly worthy of General Leavenworth and th~e United States Army at the same time. Let us invite a distinguished soldier, General Nelson A. Miles, i~f possible, to come here and deliver the oration upon the occasion. Let us invite the only living descendants of G~eneral Leavenworth, three in number, to be the guests of the city for the occasion. It would bring to Leavenworth an army of people, the like of which was never witnessed in this

city. The day will be a national holiday. Everybody will have an opportunity to attend, and there is not a man, woman or child in Kansas, within easy reach of this place, who would not willingly come to Leavenworth on that day and assist in its proper observance.' Let us have a parade at the Fort of young and old soldiers that will be the largest of its kind ever seen in Kansas. Wle have both here and we. can get many to join from other points. The above is a general outline of Mr. Shindler's proposition. He is already making arrangements for the shipment of the body. " The following communication is self-explanatory: FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS,

Febru~ary 18, 1902. Hon. John P. Baucserman, President, C'ommerciarl Club, Leavenworth, Kansas.
DEAR SIR :

For the information of yourself and club, I beg to submit the following: Inl the early part of 1900 the club was informed that the grand children of the late General Henry Leavenworth gave their consent to the transfer of his remains from Inelhi, N. Y., to the National Cemetery at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Jackson, Bond, and Shindler, was appointed to correspond with United States Senator Lucien Baker, with a view of having the transportation of the remains authorized by the War Department. In this effort the committee was nlot successful, there being no appropriation available from which the department could authorize such expense. No further steps were taken until last December, when the subject was again taken up, and, Jam pleased to announce, after a great deal of correspondence, satisfactorily arranged. That is, all objections interposed by the people of Delhi have been withdrawn, and the A dams Express Company has kindly consented to transport the remains, at its own expense, from Delhi to this point. That the ceremony of reinterment be as imposing as the distinguished services rendered by Gteneral Leavenworth demland, it is suggested that the date of reinterment be set for Memorial Day, May 30, 1902, that being the most appropriate for the purpose.

The club will undoubtedly appreciate that the day can be made the most eventful in the city's history. To attain this end it is your duty to provide for the appointment of a comrmittee, not to exceed five in number, to be known as the "the committee on arrangements" and of which the commanding officer of Fort Leavenworth, should be ex-offlcio chairman. It will be the duty of this committee to take full charge of every detail of the arrangements, not only in connection with the transfer of the remains, but also for a proper ceremony, both civil and military. It is not necessary at this time to enter into a discussion of any minor details. These can be left to the committee and will be reported to the club fromt time to time. That there may be no delay in the matter of raising funds with which to erect a monument suitable to the services and memory of the distinguished officer and a credit to the people of the entire county, it is deemed not in~appropriate to suggest now that the club direct the appointment of a committee of sleven persons, to be known as the "LGeneral Leavenworth Monument Committee," to which shall be delegated the duty of devising ways for the creation of a suitable fund, and, for suggesting plans for the monument. In fact, this committee shall have full charge of every matter affecting the monument, from the raising of funds to the preparation of plans, its erection and unveiling. I beg further to suggest that Major R. W. McClaughrey, Warden United States Penitentiary, and 1Major Daniel E. McCarthy, Quartermaster, United States A~rmy, be placed on the G~eneral Leavenworth Mon-ument Committee. Believing that the Commercial Club will meet the occasion as it deserves, and prove in this instance, an instrument worthy the people of Leavenworth and hoping that it will secure the active support of every man, woman and child of the entire county in the noble and patriotic work undertaken, I remain, Yours very truly, HENRY SHINDLER. Insisting Upon Removing General L~aewot' Rem~aints (From a Delhi, N. Y. Exchange) A few weeks ago it having come to our knowledge that a, movemnent was on foot to remove the remains of the late General Henry Leavenworth from our beautiful cemetery, where

they rest in accordance with his dying reqluest, and are given all the care and honor which the citizens and particularly the G. A. R. Post can bestow or could be expected by the most exacting, we entered a positive protest, especially as false and misleading reports were published in the west in reference to the shameful condition of the surroundings of his burial place here, etc. The proposition now comes from those who are the head of the movement at Fort Leavenworth, as will readily be seen from the following extracts from a letter to the C~ommander of England Post in this village:
HEADQUARTERS

ARMY AN~D NSAVY

LEAVENWORTH,

UNION
KAN5A5

JTanu~ary 12, 1902. Y. Commander, G~. A. R. Post, Delhi, NW.

DEAR SIn:
*t *C * *

Let me assure you that I fully appreciate the sentiments which move you and others of the good people of Delhi in the proposed transfer. I feared this very condition to happen and am not disappointed. I hope, however, to be able to show you and your good friends that the people of Delhi could do no greater honor to this distinguished soldier than permit the transfer of his remains to the scenes of his earlier life and where he established a military post, the most beautiful posession of the government. The National Cemetery of the post is within a stone's throw of the great parade. Thousands of people visit the place each year and annually our people remember thle soldier dead on the day set aside by the government. H~is grave will always be pointed to as the soldier whose great foresight and sound judgment located the post, the greatest in the country, named in his honor, as is t'he beautiful city and county. As time marches on his career will only shine the brighter. The monument our people will erect will be worthy of their efforts to have the remains brought here. His grave would prove a shrine for every o~fficer and soldier as that containing the remains of an officer who established the first army school at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., in 1826, and a year later Fort Leavenworth, since, the center of military education in the United States. This post is to have three thousand soldiers stationed within its limits. Buildings for their accommodation are now being erected and not less than five hundred officers will be given instruction here at one time. At Delhi, as generations pass away it is only natural that the memories of the great deeds of this officer and soldier will become more dim. So I say, that as the generations of your good town pass away his record will shine less brightly, while if buried here, among his earlier scenes, his record will

-120gain luster as time marches on. As long as the Great Re public stands his grave will be kept green. I hope you and your soldier friends, and other good folk of the town will look at this matter from a sensible standpoin-t and place no objection in the way of the transfer. You will surely honor the great soldier by permitting it. I appreciate his last words on the subject of a final resting place but new conditions have shown the change would be a great honor. I have written this day to relatives- next of kin-g9randchildren-and hope that the matter may be adjusted in the most friendly spirit and the people of Leavenworth allowed to pay due homage to the remains of the great soldier of the REe public. I feel satisfied that you will view the plan in a sensible, soldierly light, and convince your friends that the people of Leavenworth should be permitted to have their wish. I have given the matter of his wife's remains, as well as daughters', a thought and believe it will be advisable to transfer all three. I think it should certainly be done. We are ready to proceed when the matter has been amicably adjusted and trust you will aid us in that direction. The secretary of war has promised the necessary military functions to do honor to the General upon re-interment. Yours very truly, HENRY SHINDLER, Past Nat. Commander R. A. & N. U. In a recent letter from Colonel Cormack, who has always been conspicuous and untiring in caring for Leavenworth plot and monument, he expresses his readiness to yield to the claims of the Fort Leavenworth people as follows: "LI,in common with other Delhi c~itizens, greatly desire that his remains might remain with us, and I have no doubt the general sentiment would run in this direction, but this is only sentiment., and if the people of Leavenworth desire to honor his remains, and themselves, I do not feel disposed to stand in their way in a work, which all must admire so far as they are concern'ed."' From the above it would appear that there is but one thing for the people of Delhi to do in this matter, and that is to yield a cheerful acquiescence to the inevitable, as there are evidently influences at work which will ultimately result in the removal of the remains of General Leavenworth and the members of his family buried here (much as we may regret such action) which it would be utterly foolish for us to resist-in fact it might assume the proportions of the U. S. Government against Delhi. What we have a right to contend for and object to is that the remains have been given the best possible care here and not neglected in the disgraceful manner which has been charged by overzealous Wtestern papers, some of

-121which have asserted that "the removal of the body will be opposed by force, if necessary." It has been suggested that a committee of three should be appointed from this community (selected from both England Post and the ranks of private citizenship) who shall conduct In the negotiations with the authorities at Leavenworth. event, it seems that the Leavenworth Monument should any remain here, even if the bones of the General must be remo ved. A. Great Success (From Western Life.) Memorial Day of 1902 will long be remembered by those who witnessed the exercises in connection with the re-interment of the remains of the late General Henry Leavenworth. It was the grandest day in the history of the city.' More than ten thousand strangers entered her gates and more than twice that number beheld the most imposing military spectacle ever seen in the west. The presence of distinguished military men including such soldiers as General John C. Bates, of civic officials including such as Governor Dockery of Missouri with a brilliant military staff, and of the church including such as Bishop Millspaugh of the Kansas Episcopal diocese, who came to assist in paying a tribute to the soldier dead, added to the greatness of the day. Besides Mrs. William Dunn of Chicago, a granddaughter, and Mrs. Ingersoll of Tacoma, Washington, a great granddaughter, there were many other relatives present. The splendid display of the military was, of course, a chief attraction in the parade. Much of its success was due to the royal assistance rendered by the commanding officer'1 of the post and his subordinates. Every one seemed to vie with each other to make the Day one worthy of remembrance, and they succeeded. There have been many big demonstrations in Leavenworth, but none of them? ever came up to last Friday's parade. There was not a hitch anywhere. There wasn't even cause for criticism. Everything was arranged with such nicety, so thoroughly planned, that only praise was bestowed upon those responsible for the results. The person to whom this credit is largely due is Mr. To him alone belongs the credit for Henry Shindler. the transfer of the remains of General Leavenworth securing and to his tact and diplomacy can the fruits be ascribed. Re1 Major J. A. Augur, 4th Cavalry

-122ferring to Mr. Shindler's efforts the Delhi Republican in its recent issue said that "'Mr. rShindler's tact and courtesy in effecting the transfer of the remains without the least friction froni the conflicting interests, is to be~highly commended." From the moment he announced last winter that the transfer would be effected and re-interment made in the National cemetery with imposing ceremonies, Mr. Shindler never wavered. He waa confident of success. It was this confidence that gave him courage, and with an executive ability so thoroughly disclosed in the management of the entire affair, gave Leavenworth a splendid example of what can be accomplished when the elements required to win are present and put to good use. The chairman of the committe, Mr. W. H. Bond, gave Mr. Sbindler the widest latitude and felt content that the arrangements would be well looked after. Western Life is pleased to give Mr. Shindler the fullest; credit. He is being congratulated on every hand and feels grateful to his friends for the many kind expressions uttered. The relations of General Leavenworth have sent him the following card of thanks: The members of the Leavenworth family, guests of the city of Leavenworth, not only desire to express their thanks for the royal entertainment extended them, but wish to express their appreciation of the efforts of Mr. S~hindler, Secretary of the Citizens' Committee, and all others who assisted him, for the honors shown to tbe name and fame and memory of our illustrious relative. M~tRs. J. KERSHAW, C. Mns. A. iM. INGERSOLL, MRS. WILLIAM DUNNP, Granlddaughters. MISS A. C. LEAVENWORTH, MRS. MARY LE AVEN WORTH -SMY THE, Mns. ELIZABETH LEAVENWORTH-FARN SWORTH, HIRAM LEAVENWORTH FERRIS, ANNAP MARTIN, FRANCES OON. C

[APPENDIX

"'J"]

List of Officers who have Comm~nanded the Post of Port Leavenlworth, form its Estaablishm~ent to Date 1827 to 1829--Colonel Henry Leavenworth, 3d Infantry. 1829--Captain Bennett Riley, 6th Infantry. 1830--Major William Davenport, 6th Infantry. 1832--Captain Bennett Riley, 6th Infantry. 1833--Captain Win. N. Wickliff, 6th Infantry. 1834--Captain Bennett Riley, 6th Infantry. 1834 to 1836--Colonel Henry Dodge, 1st Dragoons. 1836 to 1841-CUolonel Stephen W. Kearney, 1st Dragoons. 1842-1lieut. Colonel R. B. Mason, 1st Dragoons. 1843--Colonel Stephen W. Kearny, 1st Dragoons. 1844 and 1845--Major Clifton Wharton, 1st Dragoons. 1846l and 1847--Lieut. Colonel Clifton Wharton, 1st Dragoons. 1848--Captain W. S. Ketchum, 6th Infantry. 1849--M~ay 2--Lieut. Colonel E. V. Sumner, 1st Dragoons. 1850--June 30--Captain Chas. S. Lovell, 6th Infantry. August 2--Li~eut. Colonel Joseph Pl~ympton, 7th Infantry. Sept. 6--Major Benjamin L. Beale, 1st Draggons. Oct. 8--Lieut. Colonel 3E. V. Sumner, 1st Dragoons. 1851-March 12--Major B. L. Beale, 1st Dragoons. March 29 to 1853-Colonel T. T. Fauntleroy, 1st Dragoons. 1854--Capt. F. B. Hunt, 4th Artillery.' 1855-Lieut. Col. Phil. St. George Cooke, 2d Cavalry. 1856--Colonel E. V. Sumner, 1st Dragoons. July 12--Captain Thomas J. W~ood, 1st Cavalry. July 28--Lieut. Colonel Joseph E. Johnston, 1st Cavalry.
in 1S29. 1 Captain Franklin E. Hunt, was graduated from west Point and upon tlie departure of He was stationed at; this post from 1850 to 15i5 He was appointed paymaster commanded the garrison. Colonel F'auntleroy aide-deand served in this section during the civil war serving as volunteer with headqluarters at Fort Leavenworth camp on the staff of General Curtis Fort Leavenworth against an attempt of and also assisted in the defense of served as pay Gteneral Price in 1S64. He has the distinction of ha~vingthe war untilhi master of the Department of the Missouri from the close of city of Leaven1S79. He became an actual resident of the retirement in him to beworth. He died in 1S81. His long residence in the city enabled amassed a great come largely identified with the city's local interest and the building at the north-west corner of deatlof property among which was known as the "'Hunt3." block. H~is onl~y Fifth and S~hawnee streets, still H to reside in Leavenworth. living son is McCowan Hunt who continues Fort Leavenworth Bridge Co. is the agent and local representative of the

123

-1-241856G-Aug. 21--Captain S. D. Sturgis, 1st Cavalry. Sept. 21--Captain Thomas Hendrickson, 6th Infantry, Oct. 13--Colonel E. V. Sumner. 1857-O0ct. 12--GeneralW. S. Ha~rney. Oct. 27--Colonel Francis S. Belton. 1858--Jan. 31--General W. S. Harney. May 15--Major Thomas WT. Sherman, 3d Artillery. May 16--Lieut Colonel John Munroe, 4th Artillery. 1859--June 15-C~olonel T. Dimmick. Nov. 14-Captain Horace Brooks, 2d Artillery. Dec. 19-Lieut. Colonel John Bankhead Magruder. 1860--Sept. 3--Captain W. F. Barry, 2d Artillery. Oct. 2--Captain Horace Brooks, 2dlArtillery. Oct. 27--Colonel John Bankhead Maagruder. Oct. 31--Captain 1-borace Brooks, 2d Artillery. 1861--Feb. 3--Captain William Steel, 2d Dragoons. April 30--Dixon 5. Miles, 2d Infantry. May 23--Captain Alfred Sully, 2d Infantry. May 31-Major Delos B Sackett, 1st Cavalry. June 12-Mntajor S. D. St~urgis, 1st Cavalry. June 21l-MSa~jor William E. Prince, 3d Infantry.' 1862--June 11--Lient. Colonel J. T. Burnis, 8th Kansas Cay. 1863--Dec. 24--Colonel C. R. Jennison, 15th Kansas Cay. 1864--July 7--Colonel J. A. G~oodwin, 138th 111. Vol. Inf. Sept. 27-Lieut. Colonel W. R. Davis, 16th Kansas Cay. 1865--April 27--Lieut. Colonel Heinrichs, 16th Kansas Cay. June 27--Colonel A. P. Carahar, 2d U. S. Vol. Cavalry. Sept. 14--Lieut. Col. Rufus E. Fleming, 6t~h W. Va. Cay. Sept. 23--Major Win. Clinton, 13th Infantry. Nov. 20--Colonel Issac V. D. Reeve, 13th Infantry. 1866 to 1867--Colonel Win. Hoffman, 3d Infantry. 1868---April 9-Major Alfred Gibbs, 7th Cavalry. Sept. 10--Major Henry S. Huntington. Oct. 7--Captain H. C. Hasbrouck, 4th. Artillery. 1869--March 26--Captain W. M. G-raham, 4th Art. April 22-Captain Simlon Snyder, 5th Infantry. June 13--Lieut. Colonel W. H. Lidell, 10th Infantry. Oct. 22 to April 2 1871--Colonel S. D. Sturgis, 7th Cavalry. 1871--April 2--Captain Dangferfield' Parker, 3d Infantry. April 7-to July 12, 1876--Colonel Nelson A. Miles, 5th Inf. 1876--July 12--Captain W. Lyman, 5th Infantry. July 22-C~aptain A. C. Wildnick, 2d Artillery. Dec. 20 to Feb. 5, 1878-Col. Jefferson C. Davis, 23d Inf.
1 On bein~g relieved Major Prince issued order which he says "The troops he has had the jhonor to command an so0 long in period he wish~es for a victory upon the battle field and an affectionate atdieu."

ADDE NDA Above last line read: "L1907--Colonel Thomas F. Davis, 18th Infantry."

-- 25-1 1878-Feb. 5i-Lieut. Colonel R. I. Dodge, 23d Infantry. May 19--Col. Je~fferson C. Davis, 23d Infantry. Jan. 27-Captain G~eo. M. Randall, 23d Infantry. Feb. 20--Colonel C. H. Smith, 19th Infantry. 1881 to June 1885-Colonel E. S. Otis, 20th Infantry. 1885 to April 1886--Colonel Thomas H. Ruger, 18th Infantry. 1886 to June 1890~-Colonel A. McDowell IMcCook, 6th Inf. 1890 to Sept. 1894-Colonel E. F. Townsend, 12;th Infantry. 1894 to April 1898--Colonel H. S. Hawkins, 20th Infantry. 1898 --Major J. A. Augur, 4th Cavalry. 1899--Major J. J. O'Connell, 1st Infantry. 19i0--Lieut. Colonel J. M. Lee, 6t~h Infantry. 1902-Colonel Chas.W. Miner, 6th Infantry. 1903--Brig. G~eneral J. Frankliin Bell. J. W. Duncan, 6th Infantry. 1904--Colonel 1905-Colonel Chas. B. Hall, 18th Infantry. 1906-Lient. Colonel Win. Paulding, 18th Infantry. 1907 to date--Colonel R. H. R. Loughborough, 13th Infantry.