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Thermodynamics(UES004) Thermodynamics (UES004)

Rakesh Kr.Gupta
AssistantProfessor DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

Syllabus: Browse course scheme of BE(mechanical) in MED at web, thapar .edu Basic Concepts: Concept of Continuum, Macroscopic approach, Thermodynamics system & properties, Various processes, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Ideal gas, Vander Waals equation of state, Compressibility chart, Process: Flow and non flow process, Cycle concept of work and heat, Specific heats, Zeroth law, Energy and its form, Pure substance, Thermodynamic diagrams, Triple point, Steam tables and their use. First Law of Thermodynamics: Concept of internal energy & enthalpy, Energy equation as applied to a close and open system, PMMI, Transient flow processes. Second Law of Thermodynamics & its Corollaries: Kelvin Plank and Clausius statements, Reversible and Irreversible processes, Carnot cycle, Clausius theorem and concept of entropy, Principle of increase of entropy, PMM2, Thermodynamic temperature scale, Second law analysis of control volume, Availability, Irreversibility, Availability function for open and closed system & second law efficiency.

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Thermodynamic Cycles: Rankine cycle, Vapour compression refrigeration cycle, Air standard cycles: Otto, Diesel, Dual and Brayton cycles. NonReacting Gas Mixtures: Properties of mixtures of gases and vapours, Adaibatic saturation, Properties of air. Thermodynamic Relations: Maxwell & Tds equations. Books B k Sonntag, R.E., Borgnakke, C. and Van Wylen, G.J., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, John Wiley (2007) 6th ed. Nag, P.K., Engineering Thermodynamics, Tata McGraw Hill (2008) 3rd ed. Rao, Y.V.C., Thermodynamics, Universities Press (2004). Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M., Thermodynamics: An Engineeing Approach, Tata McGraw Hill (2008). Ratha Krishana , E., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Prentice Hall of India (2005) 2nd ed. Rogers, G. and Mayhew, Y., Engineering Thermodynamics, Pearson Education (2007) 4th ed.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Contacthours Evaluationscheme
S.No. Description

LTP=310

Marks

1 2 3

MidSemesterTest(MST) EndSemester Examination(ESE) Internals a)Tutorial 15marks b)2no.ofQuizzes 10marks Total

30 45 25

100

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Chapter#1

BasicsofThermodynamics

WhatisThermodynamics?
Consider ammonia production from nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressure and temperature, N2+3H2 2NH3 Think? Istheproposedreactionfeasible? (Feasibilityofaprocess) Does the reaction go to completion, or does it proceed only to a certain extent? What factors (pressures, temperature, and ratio of reactants etc.) govern the extent of reaction? (Equilibriumprocesses)

How much energy is required to compress and raise the temperature of the reactants to the desired level? How much energy is required to carry out the synthesis reaction? How much cooling is required to condense the ammonia and to separate it from the unreacted material? (Energy and its transformation)

Thermodynamics is study of feasibility of a processes, equilibrium processes and energy and its transformations.

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Macroscopicapproachofstudy
Considermeasurementof(P,V,T)ofagasfilledincylinder Space averaged properties of the gas at particular instant Spaceaveragedpropertiesofthegasatparticularinstant. Stateisspecifiedbyonlyafewofitsmeasurableparameters. Usedinclassicalthermodynamics Independentofthenatureofmatterunderconsideration.

Microscopicapproachofstudy
Again consider same gas in cylinder Consisting of large number of particles with independent velocity State of each particle is defined with position coordinates (xi, yi, zi) and momentum components (pxi, pyi, pzi). Large number of cordinates are required to specify the state. Time averaged properties statistical mechanics is useful properties, Used in statistical thermodynamics Depends upon the nature of particles dealt with

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SystemandSurroundings
Consider expansion of a gas enclosed in a balloon (system & surrounding?) A thermodynamic system is the material or a region in space chosen under consideration. Surrounding: Combination of matter and space outside the system Defined by the analyst depending upon the particular problem Clear identification of material of our attention and system boundary

Change in shape and/or size of boundary when system undergoes a change System boundary be either real or imaginary System be very simple, or very complex (a complete plant) Closed system: A fixed mass system for study, no mass crossing boundary, control mass study Open system: A fixed volume in space for study, mass may cross system boundary, control volume study

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Movableorrigidsystemboundary Diathermal oradiabaticboundary Isolated system: Rigid and adiabatic wall, cannot exchange energy either in form of heat or work

Property
ConsideramixtureofN2,H2 andNH3 inareactoratagiven temperatureandpressure(properties?) Property(thermodynamicsystem)isacharacteristicofsystem whichisassociatedwithenergyanditstransformation. andcanbedefinitelyquantifiable. Propertiesofasystem:P,T,V,netc. Independentoftheprocessorthepathfollowedinreachinga particularstate(pointfunction)

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Change in property depends only on the initial and final states. Extensive properties: Volume (V), Internal energy (H), Internal energy (U) etc. ( ) gy ( ) gy ( ) Intensive properties: specific volume(V/m), molar volume (V/n) etc.

ConceptofContinuum
Gas atoms are widely spaced. Convenient to disregard the atomic nature and view it as a continuous, homogenous matter, (a continuum) Valid as long as the size of system is large relative to the space between the molecules (in most engineering applications) Otherwise (if mean free path of molecules approaches order of magnitude of the dimension of vessel), e.g. highly rarified gases in high vacuum technology, in rocket flights at high altitudes and in electron tubes.

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Energy
Microscopicmodesofenergy Kineticenergy Potential energy Potentialenergy Microscopicmodesofenergy Internalenergy (kineticenergyassociatedwiththetranslationalmotionofthe molecule,rotationalenergyofmoleculesabouttheircenterof molecule rotational energy of molecules about their center of massaxisandvibrationalenergyofmoleculesetc.) So,Energy=KE+PE+IE

ThermalEquilibrium
Stateoftemperatureuniformityatadjacentplaces

MechanicalEquilibrium
Ab Absenceofpressuregradientwithinthesystem f di t ithi th t

ChemicalEquilibrium
Equalityofchemicalpotential (notendencyforanychemicalchange)

Thermalequilibrium?

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Process
Changeofoneequilibriumstatetootherequilibriumstate Seriesofstatesispathofprocess

Examples:isothermalprocess,isobaricprocess,isochoric (isometric)process Cycle? Flowandnonflowprocesses?

Quasi equilibriumprocess(quasistaticprocess):

When a system remains infinitely close to an equilibrium state at all times in a process. Non quasiequilibrium process (a dashed line) QEP, easy to analyze and deliver maximum work

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Steadyflowprocesses
Steadyorunsteady? (Nochangewithtime)

SFP:Aprocessduringwhichafluidflowsthroughacontrol volumesteadily. Massandtotalenergyofcontrolvolumeareconstant. Examples:turbine,pump,boilerandheatexchangeretc.

Work
Energy interaction is of two types (Work or Heat) Energy transfer associated with force acting through a distance Or energy interaction that is not caused by temperature difference Sign convention for work (and heat) Amount of reversible work = W = PdV = area under PV curve Path dependent Work done by a gas during free expansion = 0

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Fewimportantfindingaboutheatandwork
Consideravesselwithwater,heatedbyanimmersionheater connectedtoastoragebattery. Ifwaterassystem,energytransfertowaterisheatinteraction If(waterandimmersionheater)assystem,energytransferto systemisthroughworktransfer. Identificationofinteraction,onlywhilesystemisinteracting. Heatandworkarenotpropertyofthesystem

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