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Design philosophy, allowable stress design, design examples, limit stress design, comparison
F Design A F = Design A =
F A Design is the applied force is the cross-sectional area is the design strength
Shear force
=
=
S Ay Design It
M Design Z
2
[ ]
Bending moment
Design of a tie
Data Design strength of mild steel y,ASD = 165 N/mm2 Consider
F Design A
F = 100 kN
Design
A required
F A
F Design = 100 x 103 165
= 606 mm2
Use a 25 x 25 mm square rod with the following cross-sectional area: A = 625 mm2 Arequired = 606 mm2
3
+ 2P
-P 1.0 m
2P L AB B LAC
1.0 m
Data 1.0 m P = 10 kN Design strength of mild steel Design = 165 N/mm2 or 0.6 x 275 N/mm2 Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3 Unit cost = $20 /kg Assume no instability.
4
+ 2 2P
E -2P 2.0 m
Member AB Tension members BC CE AD Compression members BD CD ED
2P
D
+ 2P
P A
-P 4.0 m
Length (m) 2.8 2.0 2.8 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.0 10.8 7.6
(N/mm2)
No reduction in the design strength for square hollow section in compression. Scheme I II III S275 steel Solid bar Joist Square hollow section Design strength (N/mm2) Tension 183 183 183 Compression 100 100 183
7
10
11
12
13
18.4
293
30
8790
II
19.4
18.4
357
15
5355
III
13.3
18.4
245
18
4410
* **
Minimum amount of materials (weight/tonnage) does NOT always means most economical design. The unit cost also includes cost of fabrication / welding / erection.
14
268
30
8040
II
307
15
4605
III * **
203
18
3654
Minimum amount of materials (weight/tonnage) does NOT always means most economical design. The unit cost also includes cost of fabrication / welding / erection.
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Scheme III is always preferred based on the above assumption and data according to design strength unit cost (material / fabrication / welding / erection) availability of materials Although there is saving of about 20% in using two section sizes, only one section size may be used in practice due to small quantity. The normal unit of purchase is one ton.
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Structural design
As demonstrated in the above example Design of a truss, the following data are very important: section properties of members, such as cross-sectional area design strength of materials under different types of internal forces - t tension - c compression (buckling ?) shear - s - b bending - tor torsion partial safety factor for materials under different types of internal forces unit cost of material / fabrication / welding / erection / time
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Design strength ft = Section properties of the members, A Linear elastic range LOAD Applied stress F/A RESISTANCE Design strength ft = fy/
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- M on materials/resistance
Steel M = 1.0 or 1.05 (tension) = 1.1 (local buckling) = 1.2 (connection) M = 1.5 (compression)
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Concrete
=F = 1.0 ~ 1.6 = f x F (increased) = fy from tests or codes (y or max) = 1.0 ~ 1.5 RESISTANCE Section capacity Member resistance ftA = fyA / M
f F
ULS - strength (yielding, buckling, rupture) - stability against overturning & sway - fracture due to fatigue - brittle fracture
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Long term behaviour (not extreme situation) tends to happen during the life time of the structure.
deflection / deformation (most common) vibration, fatigue, corrosion & durability
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pc =
F py A
Shear force
S[ A y ] pv It
Bending moment
pb =
M py z
Interaction
P M + py A z
F M + 1 P Mc
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f on each loading type and load combination M on each material, failure mode and other
construction effects such as connection. Design for failure Some materials may be yielded in service. Deflection check in serviceability limit state with different set of partial safety factor (usually equal to 1.0)
All the members of a structure operate within the linear elastic range. Deflection check
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