CHAPTER 8 : PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 1. Understand and use the concept of binomial distribution.

1.1 List all possible values of a discrete random variable.

(a) If X represents the number of pupils scoring 12A in a group of 5 pupils, list all the possible values of X.

(b) If Y represents the number of times of getting the number 1 when tossing a fair dice three times, list all the possible values of Y. (d) 3 marbles are chosen from a bag containing 5 red marbles and 4 black marbles. If X represents the number of black marbles chosen, list all the possible values of X.

(c) A pupil takes English examination 8 times. If Z represents the number of times he passes the examination, list all the possible values of Z.

(a)

1.2 Determine the probability of an event in a binomial distribution. P ( X = r ) = nC r p r q n r , p + q = 1 Given p = 0.7 , q = (b) Given p = 0.2 ,

n=5, Find P(X = 3).

r =3

n = 10 , Find P(X = 2).

q= r =2

(c) Given p = 0.45 , q = n=7, r =3 Find P( X = 3).

[0.3087]

(d) Given p = 0.12 , q = n = 10 , r =2 Find P(X = 2).

[ 0.3020]

[0.2918]

[ 0.2330]

(e) The probability that Bernard will be late for a meeting is 0.6. Find the probability that Bernard will be late for 3 out of five meetings.

(f)

The probability that Minmin scoring 1A for English in the monthly test is 0.4. Find the probability that Minmin will be scoring 1A for English twice out of 6 monthly tests.

[ 0.3456]

[ 0.3110]

8. Probability Distributions

(g )

The probability that Chandra wins in a singing competition is 0.65. Find the probability that Chandra will win 4 out of 6 singing competitions.

(h) The probability that Ahmad wears batik shirt for a meeting is 0.55. Find the probability that Ahmad will wear batik shirt for 2 out of five meetings.

[ 0.3280] 1.3 Plot binomial distribution graphs.

[ 0.2757]

(a) Siva has to play 4 games. The probability that Siva will win a game is 0.55. If the binomial random variable X represents the number of games that Siva won, find the probability that Siva wins 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 games . Plot a binomial distribution graph.

A dice is tossed 4 times. The probability of getting the number 2 is

9 . 20

If the binomial random

variable X represents the number of times of getting the number 2, find the probability of getting 0,1,2,3,or 4 times of number 2 Plot a binomial distribution graph.

8. Probability Distributions

1.4 Determine mean, variance and standard deviation of a binomial distribution. = np ; 2 = npq ; = npq ; p + q = 1

(a)

Given n =200, p = , Find the value of i) q, iii) 2 ii) iv)

1 6

(b)

Given n =100, p = , Find the value of i) q, iii) 2 ii) iv)

1 3

(c)

Johnny attempted 60 questions with 4 options to choose from. There is only one correct answer for each question. Johnny guessed all the answers . Find (a) the mean number of questions that he will get it right. (b) the variance and the standard deviation of the number of correct answers obtained.

(d) Given that a class consists of 30 students, 70% of them pass in a mathematics test. Find (a) the mean number of students pass the test. (b) the variance and the standard deviation of the number of students pass the test

[15, 11.25 ,3.354]

[21, 6.3, 2.510]

(e)

A fair dice is rolled 15 times continuously. The probability of obtaining the number 2 is
1 . 6

(f)

Find

(a) the mean number of times that number 2 appears (b) the variance and the standard deviation of number 2 is obtained.

Given that 30 bombs were released by a jet fighter, the probability that a bomb will hit its target is 0.65. Find (a) the mean number bombs hit its target. (b) the variance and the standard deviation of the number of bombs hit its target

[2.5, 2.083,1.443]

[19.5,6.825,2.612]

8. Probability Distributions

n r nr 1.5 Solve problems involving binomial distributions. P( X = r ) = Cr p q , p + q = 1

(a)

In SMK Simpang Lima, the probability of a pupil being latein Form 3D is 8%. Calculate the probability that in a group of 10 students from Form 3D, the number of pupils being late is (i) exactly two (ii) less than two

(b) Given that 12 bombs were released by a jet fighter, the probability that a bomb will hit its target is 0.65. calculate the probability that (a) exactly 10 bombs hit the target (b) all the bombs hit the target

[ 0.1088, 0.005688] [ 0.1478, 0.8121]

(c)

In Kuantan, the probability that a teenager owns a mobile phone is

4 . 5

A group of 10 teenagers are selected at random from Kuantan. Find the probability (i) that exactly 7 of the selected teenagers own a mobile phone. (ii) at least 8 of the selected teenagers own a mobile phone.

(d) 72 % of the pupils in Form 5D pass their aptitude test. If 4 pupils are selected at random from the class. Calculate the probability that (i) at least half of the selected pupils pass their aptitude test (ii) at most 1 of the selected pupils pass heir aptitude test,

[ 0.2013, 0.6778]

[ 0.9306, 0.0694]

(e)

In a shooting competition, the chance for John to hit the target on any one shot is 95%. John fires 8 shots. Find the probability that (i) at least 7 shots hit the target (ii) at most 3 of the shots hit the target.

(f)

A fair dice is tossed 10 times continuously. The probability of obtaining the number 2 is
1 . Find 6

the probability of getting (i) number 2 not more than 3 tosses (ii) number 2 in 4 or more tosses

[0.9428, 0.0000154]

[ 0.9303,0.0697]

8. Probability Distributions

(g)

In an examination, 70% of the students passed. If a sample of 8 students is randomly selected, find the probability that 6 students from the sample passed the examination.

(h) Senior citizens make up 20% of the

population of a settlement. If 7 people are randomly selected from the settlement, find the probability that at least two of them are senior citizens.

(i)

[0.2965] The result of a study shows that 20% of the pupils in a city cycle to school. If 8 pupils from the city are chosen at random, calculate the probability that (i) exactly 2 of them cycle to school (ii) less than 3 of them cycle to school

(j)

[0.4233] The probability that each shot fired by Ramli hits a target is 1/3 (i) If Ramli fires 10 shots, find the probability that exactly 2 shots hit the target. (ii) If Ramli fires n shots, the probability that all the n shots hit the target is 1/243. Find the value of n.

(k)

[0.2936, 0.79691] It is known that 18 out of 30 students in a class like to read during their free time. 9 students are selected at random from the class. Find the probability that all the selected students like to read during their free time. (ii) at least 7 of the selected students like to read during their free time.

[0.1951, 5]

(l)

In an IT literacy research in a village, it is found that every one out of three homes has computers. If 10 homes are randomly selected, find the probability that (i) not a single home has computers (ii) at least two homes have computers.

[ 0.01008, 0.2318]

[0.01734, 0.8960]

8. Probability Distributions

2. Understand and use the concept of normal distribution.

2.1 2.2

Describe continuous random variables using set notations. Find probability of z-values for standard normal distribution.

1 (a)

Given that Z is the standard normal distribution variable, find the values for the following: P(Z>0.2) (b) P(Z>1.2)

[ 0.4207 ]

[ 0.1151 ]

(c)

P( Z < -0.6 )

(d) P ( Z < -1.5)

[ 0.2743]

[ 0.0668]

(e)

P( Z > -1.511)

(f)

P( Z > -0.203)

[0.9346]

[0.5805]

(g)

P( Z < 1.327)

(h) P( Z < 0.549 )

[0.9077]

[0.7085]

(i)

P ( 0.2 < Z < 1.2)

(j)

P( 0.548< Z < 1.327 )

[0.3056]

[0.1996]

(k)

P( -1.5 < Z < -0.6)

(l)

P ( -1.013 < Z < -0.203 )

[ 0.2075]

[0.2640]

(m) P ( 0 Z 1.511 )

(n) P ( 0.203 Z 1.327 )

[ 0.4346]

[ 0.4882]

8. Probability Distributions

(o)

P ( Z 1.334 )

(p) P ( Z 0.625 )

(q)

[0.1824] P ( Z 1.112 )

(r)

[ 0.5320] P ( Z 0.336 )

[ 0.7338]

[ 0.2630]

2
(a)

Find the z-score for each of the following:

P( Z > z ) =0.4207 (b) P(Z > z) =0.1151

(c)

[0.2] P( Z < z ) =0.2743

(d)

[1.2] P( Z < z ) =0.0668

(e)

[-0.6] P( Z > z ) = 0.5805

(f)

[-1.5] P( Z > z ) = 0.9346

(g)

[-0.203 ] P( Z < z ) = 0.9332

(h)

[-1.511] P( Z< z ) = 0.8757

(i)

[1.5] P( -1.2 Z z ) 0.2369, z <0

(j)

[1.154] P( z Z 0.5 ) =0.6152, z < 0

[-0.38]

[-1.431]

8. Probability Distributions

2.3 Convert random variable of normal distributions, X, to standardised variable, Z. (1) (a) For each normal distribution below, convert the random variable X to standardized variable Z. Then, find the probability of the event given the mean and the standard deviation. (b) X 12 X 43.26 10 50 3 10
Z= X Z= X

Probabilit y of event P(Z>z) [ 0.667, 0.2523] (c)

Z=

Probabilit y of event P( Z<z) [-0.674, 0.2501] (d) 68 70 10

Z=

X
X

X
X

43 50 8

Probabilit y of event P(Z>z) [ -0.2 , 0.5793] 2.4

Probabilit y of event P( Z >z) [ -0.875, 0.6184]

Represent probability of an event using set notation.

2.5 Determine probability of an event. 2.6 Solve problems involving normal distributions. (a) X is random variable of a normal (b) distribution with mean and standard deviation 6. Find (i) the value of , if the z-value is 1.5 when X= 42 (ii) P( X<47)

X is random variable of a normal distribution with mean 4.8 and standard deviation 1.2 . Find (i) the value of X if the z score =1.5 (ii) P (X 3.2)

[33, 0.9902]

[6.6, 0.9977]

8. Probability Distributions

(c)

X is random variable of a normal distribution with mean 6.7 and standard deviation 1.5. Find (i) the z-score given X=4.6 (ii) P ( X 4.6)

(d)

X is random variable of a normal distribution with mean and variance 2.25. Find (i) the value of if the z score =2 when X = 8.5 (ii) P (X < 7)

[5.5, 0.8413] (e) [-1.4, 0.9192] X is random variable of a normal distribution with mean 108 and standard deviation 10. Find (i) the Z score if X=100 (ii) P ( 100 X 108) (f) X is random variable of a normal distribution with mean 24 and standard deviation 2.5. Find (i) P( X >26 ) (ii) value of k if P( X < k) = 0.1151

(g)

[-0.8, 0.2881] X is random variable of a normal distribution with = 10 and standard deviation 3. . Find the value of k if P( X < k) = 0.975

(h)

[ 0.2119, 27] X is a continuous random variable such that X~N( ,25) . Given that P (X < 9)= 0.7257. Find the value of .

(i)

[15.88] A random variable X has a normal distribution with mean 50 and variance, 2 . Given that P (X > 51) = 0.288, find the value of

(j)

[6] X is random variable of a normal distribution with mean 38.5 and variance 10.24 . Find the value of a given P (X > a) = 0.268

[1.795]

[44.84]

8. Probability Distributions

(k)

Diagram below shows a standard normal distribution graph.

(l)

F(z)

The diameters of the marbles produced by a factory are normally distributed with a mean of 9mm and a standard deviation of 0.1 mm. Diagram below shows the normal distribution graph for the diameter of the marbles, X mm

=9

If P(0< z < k)=0.3128, find P(z > k)

It is given that the area of the shaded region is o.4522. Find the value of h

X mm

(m)

[0.1872] Diagram below shows a standardized normal distribution graph.

[9.012] (n)

f (z) 0.3643

z k O The probability represented by the area

of the shaded region is 0.3643 (i) Find the value of k. (ii) X is a continuous random variable which is normally distributed with a mean of and a standard deviation of 8. Find the value of if X = 70 when the zscore is k.

Diagram shows a standard normal distribution graph. The probability represented by the area of the shaded region is 0.3485. (i)Find the value of k (ii) X is a continuous random variable which is normally distributed with a mean of 79 and a standard deviation of 3. Find the value of X when the z-score is k

[ 1.1, 61.2]

[ 1.03, 82.09]

8. Probability Distributions

10

(o)

Marks obtained by a group of students in an examination are normally distributed with a mean of 48 marks and standard deviation of 10 marks. (i) If a student is selected at random, calculate the probability that the students mark is more than 60 (ii)If 30% of the students fail in the examination, estimate the minimum mark required to pass the examination.

(p)

A group of workers are given medical check up. The blood pressure of a worker has a normal distribution with a mean of 130 mmHg and a standard deviation of 16mmHg. Blood pressure that is more than 150 mmHg is classify as high blood pressure (i) a worker is chosen at random from the group. Find the probability that the worker has a blood pressure between 114mm Hg and 150mmHg (ii) It is found that 132 workers have high blood pressure. Find the total number of workers in the group.

(q)

[0.1151,42.76] The mass of a packet of cookies has a normal distribution with mass of 248 g and a standard deviation of 16 g. Find (i) The probability that a packet of cookies is chosen at random has mass between 240 g and 250 g. (ii) the value of x if 20% of the packet of cookies chosen at random have a mass greater than x g

(r)

[ 0.7357, 1249] In a training session with a group of Form 5 boys, it is discovered that the rate of heart beats has a normal distribution with a mean of 80 beats per minute and a standard deviation of 10 beats per minutes. (i) If one form 5 boy is randomly selected, find the probability that his rate of heart beats is between 75 to 85 beats per minutes. (ii) Given that 20% of the Form 5 boys have rate of heart bets less than k beats per minute, find the value of k.

[0.2412, 261.47]
8. Probability Distributions

[0.383, 71.58]

11

(s)

The life span of a type of battery produced by a factory is normally distributed with mean 325 hours and standard deviation of 25 hours. Find (i) the probability that a unit of battery chosen at random, has a life span between 280 hours and 350 hours, (ii) the percentage of battery that has a life span of more than 320 hours.

(t)

The mass of papayas produced by an orchard is normally distributed with a mean and variance 0.64 g (i) Given that 10.5% of the papayas produced exceed 3.5 kg. Find the value of (ii) The papayas that have masses less than 1.0 kg and more than 4.0 kg are rejected from packaging. Calculate the percentage of acceptable papayas.

(u)

[0.8054, 57.93%] The mass of water melons produced from an orchard follows a normal distribution with a mean of 3.2kg and a standard deviation of 0.5 kg. find (i) the probability that a water-melon chosen randomly from the orchard have a mass of not more than 4.0 kg (ii) the value of m if 60% of the water melons from the orchard have a mass more than m kg

(v)

[ 2.4976, 93.92%] The mass of mango fruits from a farm is normally distributed with a mean of 820 g and standard deviation of 100 g. (i)Find the probability that a mango fruit chosen randomly has a minimum mass of 700 g. (ii)Find the expected number of mango fruits from a basket containing 200 fruits that have a mass of less than 700 g.

[ 0.9452,3.0735,] (a)Government servants make up 15% of

[ 0.8849, 23 ] (a) A football team is having a practice

8. Probability Distributions

12

the population of a village. (i) If 8 people are selected randomly from the village, find the probability that at least two of them are government servants. (ii) If the variance of government servants is 91.8, what is the population of the village? [5 marks] (b) The height of the workers in a factory is normally distributed with a mean of 162.5 cm and a variance of 90.25 cm2. 180 of the workers are between 151.3 cm and 169.7 cm tall. Find the total number of workers in the factory. [ 5marks]

[0.3428, 720,268]

session on scoring goals from penalty kicks. Each player takes 10 penalty . The probability that a player scores a goal from a penalty kick is p. After the practice session, it is found that the mean number of goals for a player is 3.6 (i) Find the value of p. (ii) If a player is chosen at random, find the probability that he scores at least one goal. [5 marks] (b) The heights of students are normally distributed with a mean of 162 cm, and a standard deviation of 12 cm (i) If a student is chosen at random, calculate the probability that his height is less than 154 cm. (ii)Given that 15% of the students are taller than h cm, find the value of h [5 marks] [0.36, 0.9885, 0.2523,174.4]

2.7 Past year questions

(a) SPM 2008 P2 Q11 The masses of mangoes from an orchard has a normal distribution with a mean of 300 g and a standard deviation of 80 g. (a) Find the probability that a mango chosen randomly from this orchard has a mass of more than 168 g [3marks] (b) A random sample of 500 mangoes is chosen. (i) calculate the number of mangoes from this sample that have a mass of more than 168 g (ii) Given that 435 mangoes from this sample have a mass of more than m g, find the value of m [7marks] (b) SPM 2007 P2 Q11 (a) In a survey carried out in a school, it is found that 2 out of 5 students have handphones. If 8 students from that school are chosen at random, calculate the probability that (i) exactly 2 students have handphones (ii) more than 2 students have handphones [5marks] (b) A group of workers are given medical check up. The blood pressure of a worker has a normal distribution with a mean of 130 mmHg and a standard deviation of 16mmHg. Blood pressure that is more than 150 mmHg is classify as high blood pressure (i) a worker is chosen at random from the group. Find the probability that the worker has a blood pressure between 114mm Hg and 150mmHg (ii) It is found that 132 workers have high blood pressure. Find the total number of workers in the group. [5marks] [0.6846, 0.7357, 0.1056,1250] SPM 2005 P2 Q11

[0.95053,475/476, 209.84] (c) SPM 2006 P2 Q 11 (d)

8. Probability Distributions

13

An orchard produces lemons. Only lemons with diameter, x greater than k cm are graded and marketed. Table below show the grades of the lemons based on their diameters. Grade A B C
Diameter, x(cm)
X>7 7>x>5 5>x>k

It is given that the diameter of the lemons has a normal distribution with a mean of 5.8 cm and a standard deviation of 1.5 cm (a) If one lemon is picked at random, calculate the probability that it is of grade A [2marks] (b) In a basket of 500 lemons, estimate the number of grade B lemons. [4marks] (c) If 85.7% of the lemons is marketed, find the value of k. [4marks] [ 0.2119, 0.4912, 4.1965] SPM 2004 P2 Q11 (a) A club organizes a practice session for trainees on scoring goals from penalty kicks.. each trainee takes 8 penalty kicks. The probability that a trainee scores a goal from a penalty kick is p. After the session, it is found that the mean number of goals for a trainee is 4.8 (i) Find the value of p. (ii) If a trainee is chosen at random, find the probability that he scores at least one goal. [5 marks] (b) A survey on body-mass is done on a group of students. The mass of a student has a normal distribution with a mean of 50kg and a standard deviation of 15 kg (i) If a student is chosen at random, calculate the probability that his mass is less than 41kg (ii) Given that 12% of the students have a mass of more than m kg, find the value of m. [5 marks] [0.6, 0.9993,0.2743,67.63]

(a) The result of a study shows that 20% of the pupils in a city cycle to school. If 8 pupils from the city are chosen at random, calculate the probability that (i) exactly 2 of them cycle to school (ii) less than 3 of them cycle to school [4marks] (b) The mass of water melons produced from an orchard follows a normal distribution with a mean of 3.2kg and a standard deviation of 0.5 kg. find (i) the probability that a water-melon chosen randomly from the orchard have a mass of not more than 4.0 kg (ii) the value of m if 60% of the water melons from the orchard have a mass more than m kg [6marks]

(e)

(f)

[ 0.2936, 0.79691, 0.9452,3.0735,] SPM 2003 P2 Q 10 (a) Senior citizens make up 20% of the population of a settlement. (i) If 7 people are randomly selected from the settlement, find the probability that at least two of them are senior citizens (ii) If the variance of the senior citizens in 128, what is the population of the settlement. [5 marks] (b) The mass of the workers in a factory is normally distributed with a mean of 67.86 kg and a variance of 42.25 kg2. 200 of the workers in the factory weigh between 50 kg and 70kg. Find the total number of worker in the factory. [5 marks]

[0.2, 0.4232, 800, 0.6259]

8. Probability Distributions

14