International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 373-379 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.1861 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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DURABILITY OF STANDARD CONCRETE INCORPORATING SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS USING RAPID CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY TEST
M. Vijaya Sekhar Reddy1*, Dr.I.V. Ramana Reddy2, N.Krishna Murthy3 *HOD and Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering , Srikalahasteeswara Institute of Technology, Srikalahasti, and Research Scholar at Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, Email Id: skitce.hod@gmail.com 2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, Email Id: svshaar4@yahoo.co.in 3 Assistant Engineer, YVU, Kadapa and Research Scholar at Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, Email Id: krishpurna@yahoo.in ABSTRACT Concrete has today very demanding performance requirements. The concrete durability crisis which started to attract public attention forced the engineers to think about the performance of concrete proper mix design and careful construction using the best available materials and technologies are necessary to achieve quality concrete structures. The February 2007 report issued by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has started in no uncertain terms that global warming is no longer an issue that has to be debated. According to the report, global warming is here, and drastic actions are needed for the long term sustainability of our environment. It is in this context that this paper discusses the role of supplementing cementing materials as partial replacement for cement in concrete in reducing green house gas emissions. In the last decade the use of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCM) has become an integral part of high strength and high performance concrete mix design. The addition of SCM to concrete reduces the heat of hydration and extends the service life in structures by improving both long term durability and strength. One of the important changes is the introduction of micro technology for concrete with ultrafine and various other micro sized and fine cementitious materials. It is now possible to achieve excellent particle packing and thereby comply with the demands for performance in concrete both in fresh and in the hardened state. Some of the commonly used SCMs are Flyash, Silica fume, Blast furnace slag & Metakaoline. This paper presents the results of the durability characteristic properties of M40 grade of concrete with Super Plasticizer. The durability was evaluated using Rapid Chloride Permeability Test. KEYWORDS: Standard Concrete, Supplementary Cementing Superplasticizer, Durability, Rapid Chloride Permeability Test.
373
1

Materials

(SCMs),

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

INTRODUCTION Durability of concrete plays an important role in the service life of RCC structures. It can be enhanced by improving impermeability, resistance to chloride ion diffusion and abrasion resistance. One of the ways to achieving this is by adding super plasticizers and supplementary cementing materials. Many researchers have demonstrated the beneficial effects of using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and flyash as Cement Replacement Materials and obtained a reduction in the rate of penetration of chloride ions concrete reducing the potential of chloride induced corrosion [1]. Smith Kevin et al., have established a testing regime to optimize the strengths and durability characteristics of a wide range of high-performance concrete mixes. One of the prime methods of optimizing the mixtures was to implement supplemental cementitious materials, at their most advantageous levels. Fly ash, Slag cement, and Micro silica all proved to be highly effective in creating more durable concrete design mixtures. These materials have also shown success in substantially lowering chloride ingress, thus extending the initiation phase of corrosion [2]. Swamy, (1996), defines that a high performance concrete element is that which is designed to give optimized performance characteristics for a given set of load, usage and exposure conditions, consistent with requirement of cost, service life and durability [3]. One of the main reasons for deterioration of concrete in the past is that too much emphasis is placed on concrete compressive strength rather than on the performance criteria. The deterioration of reinforced concrete structures usually involves the transport of aggressive substances from the surrounding environment followed by physical and chemical actions in its internal structure. The transport of aggressive gases and/or liquids into concrete depends on its permeation characteristics. As the permeation of concrete decreases its durability performance, in terms of physio-chemical degradation, increases. Therefore, permeation of concrete is one of the most critical parameters in the determination of concrete durability in aggressive environments [4]. High performance concrete (HPC) is that which is designed to give optimized performance characteristics for the given set of materials, usage and exposure conditions, consistent with requirement of cost, service life and durability. The Ordinary Portland Cement is one of the main ingredients used for the production of concrete and has no alternative in the construction industry. Unfortunately, production OPC involves emission of large amounts of Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into the atmosphere, a major contributor for Green House Effect and Global Warming. Hence it is inevitable either to search for another material or partly replace it by SCM which should lead to global sustainable development and lowest possible environmental impact. Another advantage of using SCMs is increase in durability of concrete which consequently results increase in resource use efficiency of ingredients of concrete which are depleting at very fast rate. Long term performance of structure has become vital to the economies of all nations [5]. Durability of concrete is the ability of concrete to remain fully functional over an extended period under prevailing service conditions for the purpose for which it has been
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

designed. The durability of concrete is classily related to its permeability. The permeability dictates the rate at which aggressive agents can penetrate to attack the concrete and the steel reinforcement. Corrosion related damage to the concrete structure is a major problem associated with high cost of repairs; sometimes replacement of structure. HPC is the key to achieve impermeable, durable and improved protection of embedded steel [6]. MATERIALS USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY Cement Ordinary Portland cement Zuari-53 grade conforming to IS: 12269-1987 [6] were used in concrete. The physical properties of the cement are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Physical Properties of Zuari-53 Grade Cement Sl. No. Properties 1 Specific gravity 2 Normal consistency 3 Initial setting time 60 min 4 Final setting time 320 min 29.4 44.8 56.5 5 Compressive strength (Mpa) 3 days Values 3.15 32% 7 days 28days

Aggregates A crushed granite rock with a maximum size of 20mm and 12mm with specific gravity of 2.60 was used as a coarse aggregate. Natural sand from Swarnamukhi River in Srikalahasthi with specific gravity of 2.60 was used as fine aggregate conforming to zone- II of IS 383-1970 [7]. The individual aggregates were blended to get the desired combined grading. Water Potable water was used for mixing and curing of concrete cubes. SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS Flyash Fly ash was obtained directly from the M/s Ennore Thermal Power Station, Tamilnadu, India. The physicochemical analysis of sample was presented in Table 2. Table 2 . Physicochemical properties of Flyash sample. Specific Specific Moisture Wet Turbidity Gravity Surface area Content density (NTU) (m2/g) (%) (gram/cc) 2.20 Flyash 1.24 0.20 1.75 459 Na2O3 0.68

Sample

pH

7.3 MgO 2.39

Chemical Composition, Elements (weight %) SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2O TiO2 56.77 31.83 2.82 0.78 1.96 2.77

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Silica Fume The silica fume used in the experimentation was obtained from Elkem Laboratory, Navi Mumbai. The chemical composition of Silica Fume is shown in Table 3. Table 3. Chemical composition of Silica Fume. Iron Calcium Alkalies as Silica Alumina Chemical Oxide Oxide (Na2O+K2O) Composition (SiO2) (Al2O3) (Fe2O3) (CaO) Percentage 89.00 0.50 2.50 1.20 0.50

Magnesiu m Oxide (MgO) 0.60

Metakaoline The Metakaoline was obtained from M/s. 20 Microns Limited, Baroda, India. The chemical composition of Metakaoline is shown in Table 4. Table 4. Chemical composition of Metakaoline Chemical Composition Mass Percentage (%) SiO2 52 to 54 Al2O3 42 to 44 Fe2O3 < 1 to 1.4 TiO2 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K2O LOI

<3

0.1

< 0.1

<0.1

< 0.05 <0.4

<1

Super Plasticizer VARAPLAST SP123 is a chloride free, Superplasticising admixture based on selected synthetic polymers. It is supplied as a brown solution which is instantly dispersible in water and also it can provide very high level of water reduction and hence major increase in strength can be obtained coupled with good retention of workability to aid placement. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In the present work, proportions for high performance concrete mix design of M40 were carried out according to IS: 10262-2009 [8] recommendations. The mix proportions are presented in Table 6 and Table 7. Table 6. Mix Proportion for M40 Concrete. Coarse aggregate Secondary Fine Super(20mm 20% & Water Cementing Cement aggregate plasticizer Materials 12.5mm 80%) Composition 270 in Kg/ Ratio in % 1 862 3.193 1097 4.062 140 0.518 115 0.425 7.7 0.0285

The standards cylindrical disc specimens of size 100 mm diameter and 50 mm thick after 90 days water curing were used in this test. As per ASTMC 1202-1997 [9]. The test results of M40 mix of Binary system of concrete were compared with and without SCMs.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

RAPID CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY TEST The rapid chloride permeability test for different concrete mixtures was carried out as per ASTM C1202 [9]. Standard cylindrical disc specimens of size 100mm diameter and 50mm thick after 90days water curing were used. This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to penetration of chloride ions. The apparatus consists of variable D.C. power supply which feeds constant stabilized voltage to the cells. The cells are made up of polymethyl methacrylate. The concrete specimens are kept in between the cells. The cells are connected to main instrument through 3 pin plug and socket for voltage feeding. The charge of current flowing through the specimen is measured by using an accurate digital current meter. The cells have grooved recess on one face and closed at other end. The specimen can be fit into the open faces of the cells. One of the cells is filled with sodium chloride (NaCl) solution 2.4M concentration and the other is filled with 0.3M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH-0.3M) solution. The cylindrical disc specimen are coated with quick setting epoxy on their curved faces and mounted in the open spaces of the two cells. After checking the leak proofness, a 60V potential difference is applied between the electrodes. The electrochemical cell in the assembly results in migration of the chloride ions from sodium hydroxide solution through the pores of the concrete specimen. The current passed was noted at every 30 minutes over a period of 6 hours and the total electric charge passed through the specimen is calculated using the expression. The Table 8 shows the rating of chloride permeability according to ASTM C1202-1997[9]. The following formula, based on the trapezoidal rule can be used to calculate the average current flowing through one cell. Total Charge Passed in Coulombs (Qc) Q = 900(I0+2I30+2I60+2I90+2I120++2I300+2I330+I360) Where, Q = current flowing through one cell (coulombs) I0 = Current reading in amperes immediately after voltage is applied, and It = Current reading in amperes at t minutes after voltage is applied Table 8. Rating of chloride permeability Charge passing in coulombs Greater than 4000 2001 to 4000 1001 to 2000 100 to 1000 Less than 100 Chloride permeability rating High Moderate low Very low Negligible

The object of the test was to evaluate the durability performance of M40 mix and compared with conventional concrete. The Rapid Chloride Permeability test result of M40 is represented in Table 9 and corresponding graphical picture is shown in Figure 1 respectively.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Table 9: Rapid Chloride Permeability Test Results of M40 Mix RCPT ( TOTAL CHARGE PASSED THROUGH IN COLUMB'S @90 DAYS ) 1850 1275 1245 1290

Sl. No

GRADE

Percentage Replacement of SCMs CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE 20% FLYASH 10% SILICA FUME 10% METAKAOLIN

1 2 3 4 M40

RCPT ( TOTAL CHARGE PASSED THROUGH IN COLUMB'S @90 DAYS )

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 ONLY CEMENT WITH 20% FLYASH WITH 10% SILICA FUME WITH 10% METAKAOLIN RCPT ( TOTAL CHARGE PASSED THROUGH IN COLUMB'S @90 DAYS

Fig 9. Rapid Chloride Permeability test results of M40 mix CONCLUSIONS 1. In M40 grade of concrete as the water-cement ratios of 0.518 is insufficient to provide the good workability, hence super plasticizer is necessary for M40 mix. 2. Rapid Chloride Permeability test results reveals that the total charge passed in Coulombs is low for M40 grade of concrete with replacement of 10% Silica Fume. But the total charge passed in Coulombs for conventional concrete is slightly higher than the concrete replaced with SCMs. 3. The addition of SCMs causes pozzolanic reaction and thus resulting in improvement of pore structure of concrete leading to lower permeability, causing higher resistance to chloride ion penetration at the higher percentage replacement compared to conventional concrete.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

REFERENCES [1] Bhaskar .S, Ravindra Gettu, Bharatkumar. B.H and Neelamegam. M, (2012) Strength, bond and durability related properties of concretes with mineral admixtures, Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 86(2), pp. 9-16,. [2] Smith Kevin.M, Schokker Andrea. J, and Tikalsky Paul. J,( 2004) Performance of supplementary cementitious materials in concrete resistivity and corrosion monitoring evaluations, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.101(5), pp.385-390. [3] Swamy.R.N (1996) High Performance Durability Through Design. International Workshop on High Performance Concrete, ACI-SP, Vol.159 (14), pp. 209-230,. [4] Vaishali Ghorpade and Sudarsana Rao. H, (2011) Chloride Ion Permeability Studies of Metakaoline based, High Performance Concrete, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Vol.3 (2), pp.1617-1623,. [5] Khadiraranaikar. R.B, Chandrabansi .G.B. and Md. Asif Maruf,(2012) Durability of High Performance Concrete Congaing Rice Husk Ash using Rapid Chloride Penetration Test, In Proceedings of International conference on Sustainability Challenges and advances in concrete technology (SCACT), Organized by Dept of Civil Engg , PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India,. [6] IS: 12269-1987, Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1989. [7] IS: 383-1970: specifications for coarse and fine aggregates for natural sources of concrete, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi. [8] IS: 10262-2009: Concrete Mix Proportioning-guidelines, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [9] Standard test method for electrical indication of concretes ability to resist chloride ion penetration, ASTMC 1202-97, Annual book of ASTM standards, vol.04.02,pp.639-644.

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