A POSSIBLE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR PROPULSIVE FORCE GENERATION BY BOTH CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL MEANS

C. C. Briggs Center for Academic Computing, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802
Saturday, December 25, 1999

Abstract. A possible theoretical basis is given for propulsive force generation by both conventional and unconventional means. PACS Numbers: 04.50.+h

This paper presents a possible theoretical basis for propulsive force generation by both conventional and unconventional means. The theoretical basis for conventional means of propulsive force generation (e.g., rocket engines) is containedpartly because of allowances having been made for possible variations of various mathematical quantities able to encompass various potentially controllable physical quantities (e.g., exhaust velocity) having non-zero functional dependences on spacetime or other coordinates or parametersin equations of motion1-4 derivable from 4-dimensional energy-momentum conservation equations, which are themselves derivable in general relativity from the covariant divergence of a 4-dimensional energy-momentum (or matter) tensor, which, by Einsteins equations, is parallel to the 4-dimensional Einstein curvature tensor, which satisfies a 2nd contraction of Bianchis identities for the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor, various terms in the equations being interpretable as thrust.
1 2 3

The generalized energy-momentum conservation equations derived from the covariant divergence of an n-dimensional energy-momentum tensor are similar to the aforementioned 4-dimensional conservation equations and also contain terms interpretable as thrust. Extra, correction terms appear in the equations as a result of (1) the use of geometries of a higher dimensionality than the usual four (e.g., five5), (2) the use of less restrictive geometries than the usual Riemannian (e.g., geometries employing non-torsion-free6 or non-metrical7 connections), and (3) the accommodation of extra functional dependences (e.g., dependences on a 5th dimension8 supplementary to space and time). Those extra terms may (1) indicate new means of generating propulsive forces as well as (2) serve to explain a variety of other, evidently still hypothetical unconventional means of generating propulsive forces directly (e.g., electromagnetically or otherwise, but without using propellants9-37 ) or indirectly (e.g., by altering inertial masses electromagnetically38-44).

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AIAA-92-3780; Drag Reduction, and Possibly Impulsion, by Perturbing Fluid and Vacuum Fields, in Proceedings of the 31st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 10-12, 1995/San Diego, CA, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1995), paper no. AIAA-95-2368. Bennett, G. L., and R. H. Frisbee, Summary of the NASA/JPL Workshop on Advanced Quantum/Relativity Theory Propulsion, in AIP Conference Proceedings of the Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-97), January 26-30, 1997, Albuquerque, NM [STAIF-97: Looking Forward: Opening the Space Frontier], American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY (1997), p. 1515. Bennett, G. L., R. L. Forward, and R. H. Frisbee, Summary of the NASA/JPL Workshop on Advanced Quantum/Relativity Theory Propulsion, in Proceedings of the 31st

Saturday, December 25, 1999

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Expressions for 5-dimensional connection coefficients and corresponding curvature tensors accommodating arbitrary functional dependences on the 5th dimension (using holonomic coordinates for a non-torsion-free, metrical linear connection) are given in Appendix A (see below). Covariant generalizations of the usual geodesic and geodesic deviation (or tidal force) equations represent two kinds of force equations, viz., (1) equations defining a ponderomotive force density vector F(1)a derivable from the conservation equations, i.e., F(1)a b Tab, (1)

b Tab = b Tab + bac Tcb + bbc Tac,

where

(3)

abc

is the connection coefficient and a is the Pfaffian derivative. Gab = Rab 1 gab R = k Tab, 2 (4)

The usual 4-dimensional Einstein gravitational field equations are given by

where G is the Einstein curvature tensor, R is the Ricci curvature tensor, R is the Riemann curvature scalar, and k is a constant, which may be taken to be given by k = 8 2G,
c

ab

ab

(5)

from which generalized geodesic equations for trajectories can be derived, and (2) equations defining a tidal force density vector F(2)a derivable from the geodesic-deviation equations for trajectories, i.e., F(2)a ub b uc c va,
a

where G is Newtons gravitational constant and c is the speed of light in vacuum. The contravariant Einstein curvature tensor Gab satisfies the identity

(2)

b Gab = Qbac Gcb + (1 Qbcd Sbdc) Racdb + Q[bbd Ra]d 2

2 Sbac Rcb + gab d ([c Qb]cd + Scbe Qecd) + + 2 Sbac ([d Qc]db + Sdce Qedb),

(6)

where the scalar represents mass density, the vector ua the tangent vector of the trajectory (a generalized velocity vector), and the vector v the deviation vector of the trajectory. Generalized geodesic equations (which, in typical versions of 5-dimensional general relativity, automatically include the Lorentz or Lorentz-Heaviside electromagnetic ponderomotive force equations) can be derived from the generalized energy-momentum (and, in five or more dimensions, electric charge-current, etc.) conservation equations as expressed in terms ofand usually by the vanishing ofthe covariant divergence b T a b of the energy-momentum tensor Tab, where

where Qabc is the non-metricity tensor and Sabc the torsion tensor, as shown in Appendix B (see below). Thus, using Eqs. (1), (3), (4), and (6), F(1)a is given by F(1)a = b Tab = b Tab + bac Tcb + bbc Tac = 1 b Gab k (7)

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AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 10-12, 1995/San Diego, CA, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1995), paper no. AIAA-95-2599. Froning, H. D., Jr., Experiments to Explore Space Coupling by Specially Conditioned Electromagnetic Fields, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (1999), NASA Technical Reports document ID no. 19990023228, in NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings, p. 207. Froning, H. D., Jr., and T. W. Barrett, Inertia Reductionand Possibly Impulsionby Conditioning Electromagnetic Fields, in Proceedings of the 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 6-9, 1997/Seattle, WA, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1997), paper no. AIAA-97-3170. Graneau, P., Electromagnetic jet-propulsion in the direction of current flow, Nature, 295 (1989) 311. Brandenburg, J. E., and J. F. Kline, Application of the Gravity-Electro-Magnetism Unification Theory to the Problem of Controlled Gravity: Theory and Experiment, in Proceedings of the 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 13-15, 1998/Cleveland, OH, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1998), paper no. AIAA-98-3137. Froning, H. D., Jr., T. Barrett, and G. Hathaway, Preliminary Experiments Involving: Specially Conditioned EM Radiation, Matter, and Spacetime Metric, in Proceedings of the 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 13-15, 1998/Cleveland, OH, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1998), paper no. AIAA-98-3138. Ringermacher, H. I., and B. N. Cassenti, An Experiment to Verify a Relativistic Field Theory Based on an Electrodynamic Connection, in Proceedings of the 34t h AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 13-15, 1998/Cleveland, OH, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1998), paper no. AIAA-98-3136. Petkov, V., On the Possibility of a Propulsion Drive Creation Through a Local Manipulation of Spacetime Geometry, in Proceedings of the 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 13-15, 1998/Cleveland, OH, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1998), paper no. AIAA-98-3142; Propulsion Through Electromagnetic Self-Sustained Acceleration, ibid., paper no. AIAA-99-2144; Acceleration-Dependent Electromagnetic Self-Interaction Effects as a Basis for Inertia and Gravitation, Los Alamos preprint no. physics/9909019. Davis, E. W., Wormhole Induction Propulsion (WHIP), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (1999), NASA Technical Reports document ID no. 19990023222, in NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings, p. 157. Eagleton, R. D., M. N. Kaplan, and N. W. Kantor, Force Field Propulsion, in National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (1999), NASA Technical Reports document ID no. 19990023232, in NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings, p. 235. Forward, R. L., Antigravity, Proc. of the IRE, 49 (1961) 1442; Guidelines to Antigravity, Amer. J. Physics, 31 (1963) 166; see also General Relativity for the Experimentalist, Proc. of the IRE, 49 (1961) 892. Fenioux, A., Spatial motion without material propulsion, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (1980), NASA Technical Reports report no. NASA-TM-75933, document ID no. 19800017885 N (80N26384). Matthews, R., Inertia: Does Empty Space Put Up the Resistance? Science, 263 (1994) 613. Puthoff, H. E., Can the Vacuum Be Engineered for Spaceflight Applications? Overview of Theory and Experiments, Journal of Scientific Exploration, 12 (1998) 295. Haisch, B., A. Rueda, and H. E. Puthoff, Inertia as a zero-point-field Lorentz force, Phys. Rev. A, 49 (1994) 678; Beyond E = m c2; A first glimpse of a postmodern physics, in which mass, inertia and gravity arise from underlying electromagnetic processes, The Sciences, 34 (1994) 26; Physics of the Zero-Point Field: Implications for Inertia, Gravitation and Mass, Speculations in Science and Technology, 20 (1997) 99; Advances in the Proposed Electromagnetic Zero-Point Field Theory of Inertia, in Proceedings of the 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 13-15, 1998/Cleveland, OH, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, DC (1998), paper no. AIAA-98-3143. Haisch, B., and A. Rueda, A Quantum Broom Sweeps Clean, Mercury, 25 (1996) 12; The Zero-Point Field and the NASA Challenge to Create the Space Drive, in Proceedings of the NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop, NASA Lewis Research Center, Aug. 12-14, 1997; Inertia as reaction of the vacuum to accelerated motion, Physics Letters, 240A (1998) 115; An Electromagnetic Basis for Inertia and Gravitation: What Are the Implications for 21st Century Physics and Technology? in El-Genk, M. S. (ed.), Space Technology and Applications International Forum-1998, DOE CNF-980103, CP420 (1998), p. 1443; The Zero-Point Field and Inertia, in Hunter, G., S. Jeffers, and J.-P. Vigier (eds.), Causality and Locality in Modern Physics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (1998), p. 171; Progress in Establishing a Connection Between the Electromagnetic Zero-Point Field and Inertia, in AIP Conference Proceedings of the Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-99), January 31-February 4, 1999, Albuquerque, NM, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY (1999), Los Alamos preprint no. gr-qc/9906069; Toward an Interstellar Mission: Zeroing In on the Zero-Point-Field Inertia Resonance, in AIP Conference Proceedings of the Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2000), Conference on Enabling Technology and Required Scientific Developments for Interstellar Missions, January 30-February 3, 2000, Albuquerque, NM, Los Alamos preprint no. physics/9909043. Forward, R. L., Mass Modification Experiment Definition Study (An Air Force Report), Journal of Scientific Exploration, 10 (1996) 325. Agop, M., C. G. Buzea, and B. Ciobanu, On Gravitational Shielding in Electromagnetic Fields, Los Alamos preprint no. physics/9911011. De Aquino, F., The Gravitational Spacecraft, Electric Spacecraft Journal, 27 (1998) 6, Los Alamos preprint no. physics/9904018; The Correlation Between Gravitation and Electromagnetism, Inertia, and Unification, Los Alamos preprint no. physics/9905003; Gravitation, Electromagnetism and Superparticles in the Initial Universe, Los Alamos preprint no. gr-qc/9905050; Gravitation and Electromagnetism; Correlation and Grand Unification, Los Alamos preprint no. gr-qc/9910036.

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3
(9)
a b c a d

= 1 b Gab + 1 bac Gcb + 1 bbc Gac k k k =

1 k 2 Qb Gc + Sbd ) + 1 Q[bbd Ra]d k Sbac R cb + k + 1 gab d ([c Qb]cd + Scbe Qecd) + 2 Sbac ([d Qc]db + Sdce Qedb). k k
ac b c

F(2)a = ub b uc c va = u v u (Rbcd 2 b Scd ) + 2 u u Sbd c v

b c d a

1 1 ( Qc k 2 b d

Racdb

= ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda 4 Sbea Scde) + 2 ub vc Sbda c ud. Finally, calculations of 5-dimensional conservation and geodesic deviation equations appear in Appendix D and formulas for the 5-dimensional force vectors F(1)a and F(2)a in Appendix E (see below), the underlying idea being that the extra, correction terms appearing therein that are interpretable as thrust determine the structures of electromagnetic or other field configurations (e.g., crossed solenoidal electric and poloidal magnetic) that mayif the configurations are accessible to controlindicate new but practicable means of propulsive force generation.

Generalizations of the usual geodesic deviation equations are given (cf. Hayden45) by ub b uc c va = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + 2 ub uc Sbda c vd = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda 4 Sbea Scde) + + 2 ub vc Sbda c ud as shown in Appendix C (see below). Thus, using Eqs. (2) and (8), the tidal force density vector F(2)a is given by
There have been some attempts to represent Kaluzas theory formally so as to avoid the introduction of the fifth dimension of the physical continuum. The theory presented here differs from Kaluzas in one essential point; we ascribe physical reality to the fifth dimension whereas in Kaluzas theory this fifth dimension was introduced only in order to obtain new components of the metric tensor representing the electromagnetic field. Einstein, A., and P. Bergmann, On a Generalization of Kaluzas Theory of Electricity, Annals of Mathematics, 39 (1938) 683. This theory [i.e., 5-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory] is surely one of the most remarkable ideas ever advanced for unification of electromagnetism and gravitation. Witten, E., Search for a Realistic Kaluza-Klein Theory, Nuclear Physics, B186 (1981) 412.

(8)

APPENDIX A. SOME 5-DIMENSIONAL CONNECTION COEFFICIENTS AND CURVATURE TENSORS

(5)

g55 = , = gab, =A ,
a

(13) (14) (15) (16) (17)

and
(5) ab

(5) a5

g g

(5) 5a (5) 55

= A a, = ,

Expressions are given below for the Christoffel symbols and connection coefficients of a 5-dimensional differentiable manifold (representing the physical continuum comprising space, time, and the 5th dimension) having a non-torsion-free, metrical linear connection accommodating arbitrary functional dependences on the 5th dimension, which expressions are followed by formulas for calculating the corresponding 5-dimensional Riemann-Christoffel, Ricci, and Einstein curvature tensors and Riemann curvature scalar. For alternatives, higher-dimensional differentiable manifolds and associated metric tensors of the Kaluza-Klein type incorporating more general46-56 (e.g., non-Abelian) gauge fields could be used instead. Greek indices (representing 5-dimensional holonomic coordinates) range from 1 to 5 (1 to 3 corresponding to space, 4 to time, and 5 to the 5t h dimension), whereas Latin indices (representing 4-dimensional holonomic coordinates) range from 1 to 4 (1 to 3 corresponding to space and 4 to time).
5-DIMENSIONAL CO- AND CONTRAVARIANT METRIC TENSORS

respectively, where gab and g are the spacetime co- and contravariant metric tensors, respectively, is a constant, A a is the spacetime electromagnetic vector potential, is a scalar, and the scalar is defined by

ab

= 2 + 1 ,
where the scalar is defined by

(18)

= A a A a.
5-DIMENSIONAL CHRISTOFFEL SYMBOLS OF THE 1st KIND

(19)

The idea that the electric field quantities are distorted Christoffel symbols has already been haunting me too, often persistently. Einstein, A., April 21, 1919, from a letter to T. Kaluza [tr. by author].

The 5-dimensional Christoffel symbols of the 1st kind [,] as defined by [,] = 1 ( (5)g + (5)g (5)g)
2

(20)

are given by [ab,c] = 1 2 (c ) Aa Ab + 1 2 (b ) Aa Ac + 1 2 (a ) Ab Ac + 2 2 2 + (4)[ab,c] + 1 2 Ac Uab + 1 2 Ab Fac + 1 2 Aa Fbc , 2 2 2 1 5 gab + 1 (b ) Aa + 1 (a ) Ab + 1 Uab 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ( 5 ) A a A b ( 5 A b ) A a ( 5 A a ) A b , 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 g (b ) Aa + 2 (a ) Ab + 2 Fab + 2 5 ab 2 + 1 2 ( 5 ) A a A b + 1 2 ( 5 A b ) A a + 1 2 ( 5 A a ) A b , 2 2 2 (21)

The eight parts of the 5-dimensional co- and contravariant metric tensors (5) g and (5)g, respectively, are given by
(5)

[ab,5] =

(22)

gab = gab + 2 Aa Ab , ga5 = Aa , g5a = Aa ,

(10) (11) (12) [a5,b] =

(5) (5)

(23)

45 46

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

Hayden, H. A., Infinitesimal Deformations of Sub-Spaces in a General Metrical Space, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2), 37 (1934) 416. DeWitt, B. S., Dynamical Theory of Groups and Fields, in DeWitt, C. M., and B. S. DeWitt (eds.), Relativity, Groups and Topology, Lectures Delivered at Les Houches During the 1963 Session of the Summer School of Theoretical Physics, University of Grenoble, Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, Inc., New York, NY (1964), p. 585, secs. 13 and 16; see also Dynamical Theory of Groups and Fields, Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, Inc., New York, NY (1965), pp. 110 and 138-139. Kerner, R., Generalizations of the Kaluza-Klein theory for an arbitrary non-abelian [sic] gauge group, Annales de lInstitut Henri Poincar, Sect. A (N.S.), 9 (1968) 143. Trautmann, A., Fibre Bundles Associated with Space-Time, Rep. Math. Phys., 1 (1970) 29. Cho, Y. M., and P. G. O. Freund, Non-Abelian gauge fields as Nambu-Goldstone fields, Phys. Rev. D, 12 (1975) 1711. Chang, L. N., K. I. Macrae, and F. Mansouri, Geometrical approach to local gauge and supergauge invariance: Local gauge theories and supersymmetric strings, Phys. Rev. D, 13 (1976) 235. Luciani, J. F., Space-Time Geometry and Symmetry Breaking, Nucl. Phys., B135 (1978) 111. Witten, E., Search for a Realistic Kaluza-Klein Theory, Nucl. Phys., B186 (1981) 412. Salam, A., and J. Strathdee, On Kaluza-Klein Theory, Annals of Physics (N.Y.), 141 (1982) 316. Weinberg, S., Charges from Extra Dimensions, Phys. Lett., 125B (1983) 265. Overduin, J. M., and P. S. Wesson, Kaluza-Klein gravity, Phys. Rep., 283 (1997) 303. Vasili , M., Higher-dimensional geometric sigma models, Phys. Rev. D, 60 (1999) 025003. c

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[a5,5] = 1 a , 2 [5a,b] = 1 5 gab 1 (b ) Aa + 1 (a ) Ab + 1 Fab + 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 + 2 ( 5 ) A a A b + 2 ( 5 A b ) A a + 1 2 ( 5 A a ) 2 [5a,5] = 1 a , 2 [55,a] = 1 a + (5 ) Aa + (5 Aa) , 2 [55,5] = 1 5 , 2 where the quantities
(4)

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(24) (25) Ab , (26) (27) (28)

{5ab} = (5)gac [b5,c] + (5)ga5 [b5,5] = A [b5,5] + g

a ac

(37)

[b5,c]

= 1 2 (5 ) Ab Aa + 1 (5 gbc) gac 1 (c ) Ab gac + 2 2 2 + 1 2 (5 Ab) Aa 1 Fab + 1 2 (5 Ac) Ab gac , 2 2 2 {5a5} = (5)gab [55,b] + (5)ga5 [55,5] = A [55,5] + g
a ab

(38)

[55,b]

[ab,c] (a gbc + b gac c gab)

1 2

= 1 (5 ) Aa 1 (b ) gab + (5 Ab) gab , 2 2 (29) {55a} = (5)gb5 [a5,b] + (5)g55 [a5,5] = Ab [a5,b] + (2 + 1) [a5,5] = 1 (5 gab) Ab + 1 2 (b ) Aa Ab 1 3 (5 ) Aa + 2 2 2 + 1 (a ) 1 1 3 (5 Ab) Aa Ab 1 3 (5 Aa) 2 2 2 1 2 A b F ab , 2 {555} = (5)ga5 [55,a] + (5)g55 [55,5] (40) ) [55,5 ] = A [55,a] + ( +
a 2 1

(39)

represent the spacetime parts of the 5-dimensional generalization of the usual 4-dimensional spacetime Christoffel symbols of the 2nd kind, and the symmetric 2nd-order spacetime tensor Uab and the anti-symmetric 2nd-order spacetime tensor Fab are defined by Uab a Ab + b Aa = 2 (a Ab) and Fab a Ab b Aa = 2 [a Ab], respectively.
5-DIMENSIONAL CHRISTOFFEL SYMBOLS OF THE 2 KIND
nd

(30)

(31)

= 1 (a ) Aa 1 2 (5 ) + 1 (5 ) 1 2 (5 Aa) Aa , 2 2 2 where
(4)

The eight parts of the 5-dimensional Christoffel symbols of the 2nd kind {} as defined by {} = (5)g [,] are given by {abc} = (5)gbd [ac,d] + (5)gb5 [ac,5] = Ab [ac,5] + gbd [ac,d] = 1 (5 gac) Ab + 1 3(5 ) Aa Ac Ab + (4){abc} 2 2 1 2 (d ) Aa Ac gbd + 1 3 (5 Ac) Aa Ab + 2 2 + 1 3 ( 5 A a ) A c A b + 1 2 A c F a b 1 2 A a F b c , 2 2 2 {ab5} = (5)gbc [a5,c] + (5)gb5 [a5,5] = Ab [a5,5] + gbc [a5,c] = 1 2 (5 ) Aa Ab + 1 (5 gac) gbc 1 (c ) Aa gbc + 2 2 2 + 1 2 (5 Aa) Ab + 1 Fab + 1 2 (5 Ac) Aa gbc , 2 2 2 {a5b} = (5)gc5 [ab,c] + (5)g55 [ab,5] = A [ab,c] + ( +
c 2 1

{abc} gbd (4)[ac,d] = 1 gbd (a gcd + c gad d gac). 2

5-DIMENSIONAL TORSION TENSOR

(41)

(32)

The eight parts of the 5-dimensional torsion tensor S are given by S abc = (4)S abc, S ab = (1) S (1)ab,
5

(33)

(42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49)

S a5b = (2) S (2)ab, S a5 = (3) S (3)a,

5

S 5ab = (2) S (2)ab, (34) S 5a = (3) S (3)a,

5

S 55a = 0, S 55 = 0,
5

(35) ) [ab,5]
1 2
3 c

where (1), (2), and (3) are constants, (4)S abc is the spacetime part of the torsion tensor, S(1)ab = S(1)ba and S(2)ab = gbc S(2)ac are 2nd-order spacetime tensors, and S(3)a is a spacetime vector.
5-DIMENSIONAL CONNECTION COEFFICIENTS

= ( 5 A b ) A a ( 5 A a ) A b + ( c ) A a A b A
2 2

1 2

1 2

Ac (4){acb} + 1 Uab 1 2 (5 gab) 1 4 (5 ) Aa Ab 2 2 2 1 (5 gab) 1 + 1 (b ) Aa 1 + 1 (a ) Ab 1 2 2 2 1 2 ( 5 ) A a A b 1 1 4 ( 5 A b ) A a 2 2 1 4 ( 5 A a ) A b 1 3 A b A c F a c 1 3 A a A c F b c , 2 2 2 {a 5} =

5 (5) b5

The eight parts of the 5-dimensional connection coefficients as defined (using holonomic coordinates for a non-torsion-free, metrical linear connection) by57

= {} + S S + S = {} + S S + S (50)
are given by

[a5,b] +
b

(5) 55

abc = 1 (5 gac) Ab + 1 3(5 ) Aa Ac Ab 1 2 (d ) Aa Ac gbd + 2 2 2

(36) + (4){abc} + 1 3 (5 Ac) Aa Ab + 1 3 (5 Aa) Ac Ab +
2 2

(51)

[a5,5]
1

= A [a5,b] + ( +
2

) [a5,5]
1 2

= 1 (5 gab) Ab + 1 2 (b ) Aa Ab 1 3 (5 ) Aa + 2 2 2 +
57

+ 1 2 Ac Fab 1 2 Aa Fbc + (4)Sacb (4)Sabc + (4)Sbca

2 2

1 ( ) 1 1 2 a 2 1 2 A b F ab , 2

( 5 A b ) A a A ( 5 A a )
3 b 3

Ac Ad
2

(4)

Sa

bd

+ 2 Aa Ad (4)Sbcd (1) Ac S(1)ab +

+ (1) Aa S(1)bc + 3 (2) Ac Ad Ab S(2)ad +

Schouten, J. A., Ricci-Calculus, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1954), p. 132; cf. p. 170.

Z-31

Saturday, December 25, 1999

5
Rabcd = 2 ([a b]dc + [ad|e| b]ec + [ad|5| b]5c), Rabc = 2 ([a b] c + [a
5 5 5 |d|

+ 3 (2) Aa Ad Ab S(2)cd + 2 (3) Ac Ab S(3)a + + (3) A a A S(3)c,

2 b

(60) (61) (62) (63)

b] c + [a
d

5 |5|

b] c),
5

ab5 = 1 2 (5 ) Aa Ab + 1 (5 gac) gbc 1 (c ) Aa gbc + 2 2 2

+ ( 5 A a ) A +
2 b

(52)

Rab5c = 2 ([a b]c5 + [ac|d| b]d5 + [ac|5| b]55), Rab5 = 2 ([a b]

5 5 5

1 2

1 2

Fa + 1 2
b

( 5 A c ) A a g
2 bc

+ [a

5 |c|

b] 5 + [a
c

5 |5|

b] 5)
5

Ac (4)Sabc (1) S(1)ab + 2 (2) Ac Ab S(2)ac + + 2 (2) Aa Ac S(2)bc + (3) Ab S(3)a + (3) Aa S(3)b,

= 2 ([a b]55 + [a5|c| b]c5), Ra5bc = 2 ([a 5]cb + [ac|d| 5]db + [ac|5| 5]5b), (53) Ra5b5 = 2 ([a 5]5b + [a5|c| 5]cb + [a5|5| 5]5b), Ra55 = 2 ([a 5]
b b 5

(64) (65) (66) (67)

a 5 b = 1 2 ( 5 A b ) A a 1 2 ( 5 A a ) A b + 1 3 ( c ) A a A b A c 2 2 2
Ac
1 2 1 2
(4) c

{a b} + Uab (5 gab) (5 ) Aa Ab
2 4 1

1 2

1 2

1 2

+ [a

b |c|

5] 5 + [a
c

b |5|

5] 5),
5

1 (5 gab) 1 + (b ) Aa 1 + 1 (a ) Ab 1 2 2 ( 5 ) A a A b
2

Ra555 = 2 ([a 5]55 + [a5|b| 5]b5 + [a5|5| 5]55) = 2 ([a 5]

5 5

( 5 A b ) A a
4

1 2

+ [a

5 |b|

5] 5),
b

4 ( 5 A a ) A b 1 3 A b A c F a c 1 3 A a A c F b c + 2 2 + Ac
(4)

R5abc = 2 ([5 a]cb + [5c|d| a]db + [5c|5| a]5b), R5ab = 2 ([5 a]

5 5 b

(68) (69) (70) (71)

Sa

c b

+ Ac

(4)

Sb

c a

+ Ab Ac Ad
3

(4)

Sa

cd

+ [5

5 |c|

a] b + [5
c

5 |5|

a] b),
5

+ 3 Aa Ac Ad (4)Sbcd + (1) S(1)ab + 2 (1) Ab Ac S(1)ac + + (1) Aa Ac S(1)b (2) Ab Ac S(2)a

2 c 2 c

R5a5b = 2 ([5 a]b5 + [5b|c| a]c5 + [5b|5| a]55), R5a5 = 2 ([5 a]

5 5 5

+ [5

5 |b|

a]

b 5

+ [5

5 |5|

a] 5)
5

4 (2) Ab Ac S(2)ac 2 (2) Aa Ac S(2)bc 4 (2) Aa Ac S(2)bc (3) Ab S(3)a 3 (3) Ab S(3)a (3) Aa S(3)b 3 (3) Aa S(3)b,
1 2

= 2 ([5 a]55 + [55|b| a]b5), R55ab = 2 ([5 5]ba + [5b|c| 5]ca + [5b|5| 5]5a) = 0, (54)
a

(72)

5 5

(5 gab) A + 1 2 (b ) Aa Ab 1 3 (5 ) Aa + 2 2 1 1 1 3 b ( ) 2 (5 Ab) Aa A + 2 Ab Ac (4)Sabc 2 a 1 3 (5 Aa) 1 2 Ab Fab + (1) Ab S(1)ab 2 2

b 2 a

R55a = 2 ([5 5]5a + [55|b| 5]ba + [55|5| 5]5a)

5

(73)

= 0, R555 = 2 ([5 5]a5 + [5a|b| 5]b5 + [5a|5| 5]55) = 0, R 555 = 2 ([5 5]55 + [55|b| 5]b5 + [55|5| 5]55)
5

(74)

3 (2) Ab S(2)ab 2 (3) S(3)a 2 (3) Aa Ab S(3)b,

a b

= ( 5 ) A b A +

1 2

1 2

+ 1 2 ( 5 A b ) A a 2 + Ac (4)Sabc

(5 gbc) g 1 (c ) Ab gac + 2 1 a 2 F b + 1 2 (5 Ac) Ab gac 2

ac a b 2 a

(55)

(75)

+
c

= 0.
5-DIMENSIONAL RICCI CURVATURE TENSOR

+ (1) S(1)

+ (2) Ac A S(2)b +

+ 2 (2) S(2)ab + 2 (2) Ab Ac S(2)ac + (3) Aa S(3)b + + (3) A b S(3)a,

The four parts of the 5-dimensional Ricci curvature tensor R as defined (using holonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by (56) are given by Rab = Rcabc + R5ab5 (57) = 2 ([c a] b + [c
c c |d|

5a5 = 1 (5 ) Aa 1 (b ) gab + (5 Ab) gab + 2 2

+ 2 (2) Ab S(2)ab + 2 (3) S(3)a,

R = R

(76)

5 a

1 2

(5 gab) A + 1 2 (b ) Aa Ab 1 3 (5 ) Aa + 2 2 1 (a ) 1 1 3 (5 Ab) Aa Ab 1 3 (5 Aa) 2 2 2 1 2 b 2 (4) bc Ab Fa + Ab Ac Sa + (1) Ab S(1)ab 2

b 3 b 2 2 b

(77)

a] b + [c
d

c |5|

a] b) +
5

+ 2 ([5 a]5b + [55|c| a]cb + [55|5| a]5b), R a5 = R ba5b + R 5a55 = 2 ([b a]b5 + [bb|c| a]c5 + [bb|5| a]55) + + 2 ([5 a]55 + [55|b| a]b5), (58) R 5a = R b5ab + R 55a5 = 2 ([b 5]
b a

(78)

(2) Ab S(2)a 2 (3) S(3)a (3) S(3)a (3) A a A b S(3) ,

1 (a 2
2

5 5

) A

1 2
a

(5 ) + (5 )
2 a

1 2

(79)
b |c|

(5 Aa) A 2 (3) Aa S(3) .

5-DIMENSIONAL RIEMANN-CHRISTOFFEL CURVATURE TENSOR

+ [b

5] a + [b
c

b |5|

5] a),
5

The 16 parts of the 5-dimensional Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor R as defined (using holonomic coordinates for a non-torsion-free, metrical linear connection) by58 R = 2 ([ ] + [ are given by
58

R 55 = R a55a + R 5555 = 2 ([a 5]

a 5

(80)
a |b|

+ [a

5]

b 5

+ [a

a |5|

5] 5).
5

5-DIMENSIONAL RIEMANN CURVATURE SCALAR

| |

] )

(59)

The 5-dimensional Riemann curvature scalar R as defined (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by

Schouten, J. A., ibid., p. 138; cf. p. 172.

6
R = R = R is given by R = R = R = (5)g R = (5)gab Rab + (5)ga5 Ra5 + (5)g5a R5a + (5)g55 R55 = (5)gab Rab + (5)ga5 (Ra5 + R5a) + (5)g55 R55.

Saturday, December 25, 1999

Z-31 5-DIMENSIONAL EINSTEIN CURVATURE TENSOR

(81)

The four parts of the 5-dimensional Einstein curvature tensor G as defined (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by (82) are given by
2 Ga5 = Ra5 1 (5)ga5 R, 2 1 (5) G5a = R5a 2 g5a R, G 55 = R 55 1 (5)g 55 R. 2

G = R 1 (5)g, R
2

(83)

Gab = Rab 1 (5)gab R,

(84) (85) (86) (87)

APPENDIX B. CALCULATION OF n-DIMENSIONAL IDENTITIES FOR THE EINSTEIN CURVATURE TENSOR Bianchis 5 -order identities for the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor R abc d as defined (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by59 Rabcd = 2 ([a b]dc + [ad|e| b]ec + aeb edc), (88) where abc is the object of anholonomity (which vanishes for holonomic coordinates), are given by60
th

one 1st-order 2nd contraction of which is given by

b gad [a Rbc]de = 1 [2 a Gca 2 b ([a Qc]ab + Sacd Qdab) e 3

2 Q[aab Rc]b Qbad Rcadb] = 2 S[abf Rc] fab = 2 (Sabf R cfab + Sbcf R afab + Scaf R bfab) 3 = 2 [Sabd Rcdab Sbcd Radba + 3 + 2 Sbcd ([a Qd]ab + Sade Qeab) + Scaf Rfa] = 2 [Sabd Rcdab 2 Sacb Rba + 3 + 2 Sbcd ([a Qd]ab + Sade Qeab)]. Another 3rd-order 1st contraction of Eq. (89) is given by

(91)

[a Rbc]de = 2 S[abf Rc] fde.

One 3rd-order 1st contraction of Eq. (89) is given by gad [a Rbc]de = [a gad Rbc]de Q[aad Rbc]de = [a Rbc]ae Q[aad Rbc]de = [a [ Rbc]ea + 2 (b Qc]ae + Sbc]d Qdae)] Q[aad Rbc]de

(89)

(90)

= [a Rbc]ea + 2 [a (b Qc]ae + Sbc]d Qdae) Q[aad Rbc]de = 1 (a Rbcea + b Rcaea + c Rabea) + 3 + 2 [a (b Qc]ae + Sbc]d Qdae) Q[aad Rbc]de = 1 (a Rbcea 2 [b Rc]e) + 3 + 2 [a (b Qc]ae + Sbc]d Qdae) Q[aad Rbc]de = 2 S[abf Rc] fae = 2 (Sabf Rcfae + Sbcf Rafae + Scaf Rbfae) 3 = 2 ( Sabf Rcfea Sbcf Rafea Scaf Rbfea) + 3 + 4 [Sabf ([c Q f ]ae + Scfd Qdae) + 3 + Sbcf ([a Q f ]ae + Safd Qdae) + + Scaf ([b Q f ]ae + Sbfd Qdae)] = 2 (2 Sa[bf Rc] fea + Sbcf R fe) + 4 S[abf Sc] fd Qdae + 3 + 4 (Sabf [c Q f ]ae + Sbcf [a Q f ]ae + Scaf [b Q f ]ae) 3 = 2 (2 Sa[bf Rc] fea + Sbcf R fe) + 4 S[abf Sc] fd Qdae + 3 + 2 [Sabf (c Qfae f Qcae) + Sbcf (a Qfae f Qaae) + 3 + Scaf (b Qfae f Qbae)] = 2 (2 Sa[bf Rc] fea + Sbcf R fe) + 4 S[abf Sc] fd Qdae + 3 + 2 (S[abf c] Qfae S[abf | f | Qc]ae) = (2 Sa[b Rc] f
f

a [a Rbc]de = [a Rbc]da e
= (a Rbcd + b Rcad + c Rabd )
a a a

(92)

= (a Rbcda b Rcd + c Rbd) = (a Rbcda 2 [b Rc]d) = 2 S[abe Rc]eda = 2 (Sabf Rcfda + Sbcf Rafda + Scaf Rbfda) 3 = 2 (Sabf Rcfda + Sbcf Rfd Sacf Rbfda) 3 = 2 (2 Sa[bf Rc] fda + Sbcf R fd), 3 one 1st-order 2nd contraction of which is given by gbd a [a Rbc]de = 1 [ 2 a Gca + 2 a ([b Qc]ba + Sbce Qeba) e
3

1 3 1 3 1 3

(93)

Qa Rbce + 2 Q[b Rc]e]

be a be

= 2 S[abf Rc] fba = 2 [Sadb Rcbda + 2 Sacb Rba 2 Sacb ([d Qb]da + Sdbf Qfda)] 3 and another by gcd a [a Rbc]de = gcd a [a Rcb]de = 2 S[abf Rc] fba , e e which is simply the negative of Eq. (93). Equation (91) or Eq. (93)or Eq. (94) in view of Eq. (93)yields the identity (94)

b Gab = 1 Qbcd Racdb + Sbcd Radbc + Q[bbc Ra]c 2 Sbac Rcb + 2

Qdae + the identity
bc d bc d bc e

(95)
bc

2 3

ea

+ Sbc R f ) + 4
f e

S[ab Sc] fd

+ c ([b Qa] + Sba Qd ) + 2 Sca ([b Qd] + Sbd Qe ) for the mixed components Gab of the Einstein curvature tensor, which yields

+ 2 ([a Sbc]f Qfae Qfae [a Sbc]f S[abf | f | Qc]ae),

59 60

Schouten, J. A., ibid., p. 172; cf. p. 138. Schouten, J. A., ibid., p. 146.

Z-31

Saturday, December 25, 1999

7
2 Sbac Rcb + gab d ([c Qb]cd + Scbe Qecd) + + 2 Sbac ([d Qc]db + Sdce Qedb)

b Gab = b gac Gcb

= Qbac Gcb + gac b Gcb = Qbac Gcb + 1 gac Qbde Rcdeb + gac Sbde Rcebd + gac Q[bbd Rc]d 2 2 gac Sbcd Rdb + gac d ([b Qc]bd + Sbce Qebd) + + 2 gac Sdce ([b Qe]bd + Sbef Qfbd)

(96)

1 = Qbac Gcb + (1 Qbcd Sbdc) Racdb + 1 Qbbd Rad 2 Qabd Rbd 2 2

2 Sbac Rcb + gab d ([c Qb]cd + Scbe Qecd) + + 2 Sbac ([d Qc]db + Sdce Qedb) = Qbac Gcb + (1 Qbcd Sbdc) Racdb + Q[bbd Ra]d 2 Sbac Rcb + 2 + gab d ([c Qb]cd + Scbe Qecd) + 2 Sbac ([d Qc]db + Sdce Qedb) for the contravariant components Gab of the Einstein curvature tensor.

= Qbac Gcb + 1 Qbde Radeb + Sbde Raebd + gac Q[bbd Rc]d 2 Sbad Rdb + 2 + gac d ([b Qc]bd + Sbce Qebd) + 2 Sdae ([b Qe]bd + Sbef Qfbd)
1 = Qbac Gcb + (1 Qbcd Sbdc) Racdb + 1 Qbbd Rad 2 Qabd Rbd 2 2

APPENDIX C. CALCULATION OF GENERALIZED n-DIMENSIONAL GEODESIC DEVIATION EQUATIONS Generalized n-dimensional geodesic deviation equations for the tangent and deviation vectors ua and va are given (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by ub b uc c va = ub b (vc c ua + 2 uc vd Scda) = ub (b vc) c ua + ub vc b c ua + 2 ub b uc vd Scda = u b ( b v c ) c u a + + ub vc (c b ua + ub vc Rbcda ud 2 Sbcd d ua) + + 2 ub uc b vd Scda = v (b u ) c u + 2 u v Sbc d u v (c u ) b u +
b c a b c d a c b a

= ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + 2 ub vc Sbda c ud + + 4 ub vc ud Sbea Sdce = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda 4 Sbce Seda) + + 2 ub vc Sbda c ud using Riccis identities61 applied to the vector ua, i.e.,

(97)

[b c] ua = 1 Rbcda ud Sbcd d ua, 2

and the formula 2 ub vc Sbca = ub b va vb b ua (ub b va vb b ua), which simplifies to 2 ub vc Sbca = ub b va vb b ua since u and v commute, i.e., since u b b va = vb b u a. = 1 S Ra 2 Sa R k k
a a

(98)

(99)

+ u v Rbcd u 2 u v Sbc d u + 2 u u b v Scd

b c a d b c d a b c d

(100)

= u v Rbcd u + 2 u u Sbd c v + 2 u u v b Scd

b c a d b c a d b c d

= u v u (Rbcd 2 b Scd ) + 2 u u Sbd c v

b c d a a b c a

(101)

APPENDIX D. CALCULATION OF 5-DIMENSIONAL CONSERVATION AND GENERALIZED GEODESIC DEVIATION EQUATIONS

5-DIMENSIONAL CONSERVATION EQUATIONS

The two parts of the covariant divergence T of the 5-dimensional energy-momentum tensor T as defined (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by

= 1 Sbcd Radcb 1 Sbc5 R a5cb 1 Sb5c R ac5b 1 S b55 R a55b k k k k 1 S5bc R acb5 1 S 5b5 R a5b5 1 S 55b R ab55 k k k 1 S 555 R a555 2 Sbac Rcb 2 S ba5 R 5b 2 S 5ab R b5 k k k k 2 S 5a5 R 55 k = 1 Sbcd Radcb 1 Sbc5 R a5cb 1 Sb5c R ac5b 1 S b55 R a55b k k k k 1 S5bc R acb5 1 S 5b5 R a5b5 2 Sbac Rcb 2 S ba5 R 5b k k k k 2 S 5ab R b5 2 S 5a5 R 55 k k and

T = T + T + T
= 1 G k = 1 G + 1 G + 1 G k k k = 1 Q G + 1 (1 Q S) R + 1 Q[ R] k k 2 k 2 S R + 1 g ([ Q] + S Q) + k k + 2 S ([ Q] + S Q) k are given, using Eq. (102) with Q = 0, by

(102)

T5 = T5 + 5 T + T5
(103) = a T
5a

(104)
5 5T 55 5a

Ta = Ta + a T + Ta
= b Tab + 5 Ta5 + bac Tcb + ba5 T5b + 5ab Tb5 + + 5 = = =
a 5 55

+ 5 T
5 5T 5 55

55

+ a
a b

+ 5

+ a

bT 5b

ba

+ a
a 5

+ 5
5 a

+ a

+ 5

aT 5a

a5

+ 555 T55

+ b

b c

ac

+ b

b 5

a5

+ 5

5 b

ab

+ 5

5 5

a5

= 1 G k

1 G a k 1 Ga + 1 a G + 1 Ga k k k 1 b Gab + 1 5 Ga5 + 1 bac Gcb + 1 ba5 G5b + 1 5ab Gb5 k k k k k 1 a 55 1 b ac 1 b a5 1 5 + k 5 5 G + k b c G + k b 5 G + k 5 b Gab + + 1 555 Ga5 k

= 1 G5 + 1 5 G + 1 G5 k k k = 1 a G5a + 1 5 G 55 + 1 a5c Gca + 1 a55 G5a + 1 55a Ga5 + k k k k k + + 1 555 G 55 + 1 aac G5c + 1 aa5 G55 + 1 55a G5a + k k k k + 1 555 G 55 k = 1 S R 5 2 S 5 R k k

61

Schouten, J. A., ibid., p. 139.

8
1 S5ab R 5ba5 1 S5a5 R 55a5 1 S55a R 5a55 k k k

Saturday, December 25, 1999

Z-31

= 1 Sabc R5cba 1 Sab5 R 55ba 1 Sa5b R 5b5a 1 Sa55 R 555a k k k k 1 S 55 5 R 5 5 55 2 Sa5b Rba 2 Sa55 R5a 2 S55a R a5 k k k k 2 S 5 55 R 5 5 k = 1 Sabc R5cba 1 Sab5 R 55ba 1 Sa5b R 5b5a 1 Sa55 R 555a k k k k 1 S5ab R 5ba5 1 S5a5 R 55a5 2 Sa5b Rba 2 Sa55 R 5a k k k k 2 S55a Ra5 2 S 5 55 R 5 5 , k k respectively.
5-DIMENSIONAL GEODESIC DEVIATION EQUATIONS

+ 2 ub v5 Sbca 5 uc + 2 ub v5 Sb5a 5 u5 + 2 u5 vb S5ca b uc + + 2 u5 vb S55a b u5 + 2 u5 v5 S5ba 5 ub + 2 u5 v5 S55a 5 u5 = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + ub vc u5 (Rbc5a 2 b Sc5a) + + ub v5 uc (Rb5ca 2 b S5ca) + ub v5 u5 Rb55a + + u5 vb uc (R5bca 2 5 Sbca) + u5 vb u5 (R5b5a 2 5 Sb5a) 2 u5 v5 ub 5 S5ba 4 ub vc ud Sbea Scde 4 ub vc ud Sb5a Scd5 4 ub vc u5 Sbda Sc5d 4 ub vc u5 Sb5a Sc55 4 ub v5 uc Sbda S5cd 4 ub v5 uc Sb5a S5c5 4 ub v5 u5 Sbca S55c 4 ub v5 u5 Sb5a S555 4 u5 vb uc S5da Sbcd 4 u5 vb u5 S5ca Sb5c 4 u5 v5 ub S5ca S5bc + + 2 ub vc Sbda c ud + 2 ub vc Sb5a c u5 + 2 ub v5 Sbca 5 uc + + 2 ub v5 Sb5a 5 u5 + 2 u5 vb S5ca b uc + 2 u5 v5 S5ba 5 ub and u u v5 =
a b 5 a 5 5 5 a 5 5 5

The two parts of the 5-dimensional geodesic deviation equations as defined (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by u u v = u v u (R 2 S) + 2 u u S v (105) = u v u (R 2 S 4 S S) + + 2 u v S u are given by u u va = = u v u (Ra 2 Sa) + 2 u u Sa v = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + ub vc u5 (Rbc5a 2 b Sc5a) + + ub v5 uc (Rb5ca 2 b S5ca) + ub v5 u5 (Rb55a 2 b S55a) + + u5 vb uc (R5bca 2 5 Sbca) + u5 vb u5 (R5b5a 2 5 Sb5a) + + u5 v5 ub (R 55ba 2 5 S5ba) + u5 v5 u5 (R 555a 2 5 S55a) + + 2 ub uc Sbda c vd + 2 ub uc Sb5a c v5 + 2 ub u5 Sbca 5 vc + + 2 ub u5 Sb5a 5 v5 + 2 u5 ub S5ca b vc + 2 u5 ub S55a b v5 + + 2 u5 u5 S5ba 5 vb + 2 u5 u5 S55a 5 v5 = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + ub vc u5 (Rbc5a 2 b Sc5a) + + ub v5 uc (Rb5ca 2 b S5ca) + ub v5 u5 Rb55a + + u5 vb uc (R5bca 2 5 Sbca) + u5 vb u5 (R5b5a 2 5 Sb5a) 2 u5 v5 ub 5 S5ba + 2 ub uc Sbda c vd + 2 ub uc Sb5a c v5 + + 2 ub u5 Sbca 5 vc + 2 ub u5 Sb5a 5 v5 + 2 u5 ub S5ca b vc + + 2 u5 u5 S5ba 5 vb = u v u (Ra 2 Sa 4 Sa S) + 2 u v Sa u = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + ub vc u5 (Rbc5a 2 b Sc5a) + + ub v5 uc (Rb5ca 2 b S5ca) + ub v5 u5 (Rb55a 2 b S55a) + + u5 vb uc (R5bca 2 5 Sbca) + u5 vb u5 (R5b5a 2 5 Sb5a) + + u5 v5 ub (R 55ba 2 5 S5ba) + u5 v5 u5 (R 555a 2 5 S55a) 4 ub vc ud Sbea Scde 4 ub vc ud Sb5a Scd5 4 ub vc u5 Sbda Sc5d 4 ub vc u5 Sb5a Sc55 4 ub v5 uc Sbda S5cd 4 ub v5 uc Sb5a S5c5 4 ub v5 u5 Sbca S55c 4 ub v5 u5 Sb5a S555 4 u5 vb uc S5da Sbcd 4 u5 vb uc S55a Sbc5 4 u5 vb u5 S5ca Sb5c 4 u5 vb u5 S55a Sb55 4 u 5 v5 u b S 5ca S 5bc 4 u 5 v5 u b S 55a S 5b5 4 u 5 v5 u 5 S 5ba S 55b 4 u5 v5 u5 S55a S555 + 2 ub vc Sbda c ud + 2 ub vc Sb5a c u5 + (106)

(107)

= u a u b v + u a u 5 v + u 5 u a v + u 5 u 5 v5 = u v u (R5 2 S5) + 2 u u S5 v = ua vb uc (Rabc5 2 a Sbc5) + ua vb u5 (Rab55 2 a Sb55) + + ua v5 ub (Ra5b5 2 a S5b5) + ua v5 u5 (Ra555 2 a S555) + + u5 va ub (R5ab5 2 5 Sab5) + u5 va u5 (R5a55 2 5 Sa55) + + u5 v5 ua (R 55a5 2 5 S5a5) + u5 v5 u5 (R 5555 2 5 S555) + + 2 ua ub Sac5 b vc + 2 ua ub Sa55 b v5 + 2 ua u5 Sab5 5 vb + + 2 ua u5 Sa55 5 v5 + 2 u5 ua S5b5 a vb + 2 u5 ua S555 a v5 + + 2 u5 u5 S5a5 5 va + 2 u5 u5 S555 5 v5 = ua vb uc (Rabc5 2 a Sbc5) + ua vb u5 (Rab55 2 a Sb55) + + ua v5 ub (Ra5b5 2 a S5b5) + ua v5 u5 Ra555 + + u5 va ub (R5ab5 2 5 Sab5) + u5 va u5 (R5a55 2 5 Sa55) 2 u5 v5 ua 5 S5a5 + 2 ua ub Sac5 b vc + 2 ua ub Sa55 b v5 + + 2 ua u5 Sab5 5 vb + 2 ua u5 Sa55 5 v5 + 2 u5 ua S5b5 a vb + + 2 u5 u5 S5a5 5 va = u v u (R 5 2 S5 4 S5 S) + 2 u v S5 u = ua vb uc (Rabc5 2 a Sbc5) + ua vb u5 (Rab55 2 a Sb55) + + ua v5 ub (Ra5b5 2 a S5b5) + ua v5 u5 (Ra555 2 a S555) + + u5 va ub (R5ab5 2 5 Sab5) + u5 va u5 (R5a55 2 5 Sa55) + + u5 v5 ua (R 55a5 2 5 S5a5) + u5 v5 u5 (R 5555 2 5 S555) 4 ua vb uc Sae5 Sbce 4 ua vb uc Sa55 Sbc5 4 ua vb u5 Sac5 Sb5c 4 ua vb u5 Sa55 Sb55 4 ua v5 ub Sac5 S5bc 4 ua v5 ub Sa55 S5b5 4 ua v5 u5 Sab5 S55b 4 ua v5 u5 Sa55 S555 4 u5 va ub S5c5 Sabc 4 u5 va ub S555 Sab5 4 u5 va u5 S5b5 Sa5b 4 u5 va u5 S555 Sa55 4 u5 v5 ua S5b5 S5ab 4 u5 v5 ua S555 S5a5 4 u5 v5 u5 S5a5 S55a 4 u5 v5 u5 S555 S555 + 2 ua vb Sac5 b uc + 2 ua vb Sa55 b u5 + + 2 ua v5 Sab5 5 ub + 2 ua v5 Sa55 5 u5 + 2 u5 va S5b5 a ub + + 2 u5 va S555 a u5 + 2 u5 v5 S5a5 5 ua + 2 u5 v5 S555 5 u5

= ub b uc c va + ub b u5 5 va + u5 5 ub b va + u5 5 u5 5 va

Z-31

Saturday, December 25, 1999

= ua vb uc (Rabc5 2 a Sbc5) + ua vb u5 (Rab55 2 a Sb55) + + ua v5 ub (Ra5b5 2 a S5b5) + ua v5 u5 Ra555 + + u5 va ub (R5ab5 2 5 Sab5) + u5 va u5 (R5a55 2 5 Sa55) 2 u5 v5 ua 5 S5a5 4 ua vb uc Sae5 Sbce 4 ua vb uc Sa55 Sbc5 4 ua vb u5 Sac5 Sb5c 4 ua vb u5 Sa55 Sb55 4 ua v5 ub Sac5 S5bc

4 ua v5 ub Sa55 S5b5 4 ua v5 u5 Sab5 S55b 4 ua v5 u5 Sa55 S555 4 u5 va ub S5c5 Sabc 4 u5 va u5 S5b5 Sa5b 4 u5 v5 ua S5b5 S5ab + + 2 ua vb Sac5 b uc + 2 ua vb Sa55 b u5 + 2 ua v5 Sab5 5 ub + + 2 ua v5 Sa55 5 u5 + 2 u5 va S5b5 a ub + 2 u5 v5 S5a5 5 ua, respectively.

APPENDIX E. EXPRESSIONS FOR 5-DIMENSIONAL FORCE DENSITY VECTORS

5-DIMENSIONAL PONDEROMOTIVE FORCE DENSITY VECTOR 1 1 1 k S5ab R 5ba5 k S5a5 R 55a5 k S55a R 5a55

The two parts of the 5-dimensional ponderomotive force density vector as defined (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by F(1) = T = T = = =

(108) +

1 S 55 5 R 5 5 55 2 Sa5b Rba 2 Sa55 R5a 2 S55a R a5 k k k k 2 55 5 k S5 R5 = 1 Sabc R5cba 1 Sab5 R 55ba 1 Sa5b R 5b5a 1 Sa55 R 555a k k k k 1 S5ab R 5ba5 1 S5a5 R 55a5 2 Sa5b Rba 2 Sa55 R 5a k k k k 2 S55a Ra5 2 S 5 55 R 5 5 , k k respectively.

1 G k 1 G + 1 G + 1 G k k k 1 1 1 Q G + k (2 Q S) R + 1 Q[ R] k k 2 S R + 1 g ([ Q] + S Q) + k k 2 + k S ([ Q] + S Q)

5-DIMENSIONAL TIDAL FORCE DENSITY VECTOR

The two parts of the 5-dimensional tidal force density vector as defined (using anholonomic coordinates for a general linear connection) by F(2) = u u v (109) = u v u (R 2 S) + 2 u u S v = u v u (R 2 S 4 Se Se) + + 2 u v S u are given, using Eq. (111), by F(2)a = = u u va = ub b uc c va + ub b u5 5 va + u5 5 ub b va + + u5 5 u5 5 va = u v u (Ra 2 Sa) + 2 u u Sa v = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + ub vc u5 (Rbc5a 2 b Sc5a) + + ub v5 uc (Rb5ca 2 b S5ca) + ub v5 u5 Rb55a + + u5 vb uc (R5bca 2 5 Sbca) + u5 vb u5 (R5b5a 2 5 Sb5a) 2 u5 v5 ub 5 S5ba + 2 ub uc Sbda c vd + 2 ub uc Sb5a c v5 + (112) (111)

are given, using Eq. (108) with Q = 0, by F(1)a = Ta = Ta + a T + Ta = b Tab + 5 Ta5 + bac Tcb + ba5 T5b + 5ab Tb5 + 5a5 T55 + + bbc Tac + bb5 Ta5 + 55b Tab + 555 Ta5 = 1 G a k = 1 Ga + 1 a G + 1 Ga k k k = 1 b Gab + 1 5 Ga5 + 1 bac Gcb + 1 ba5 G5b + 1 5ab Gb5 + k k k k k + 1 5a5 G55 + 1 bbc Gac + 1 bb5 Ga5 + 1 55b Gab + k k k k + 1 555 Ga5 k = 1 Sbcd Radcb 1 Sbc5 R a5cb 1 Sb5c R ac5b 1 S b55 R a55b k k k k 1 S5bc R acb5 1 S 5b5 R a5b5 2 Sbac Rcb 2 S ba5 R 5b k k k k 2 S 5ab R b5 2 S 5a5 R 55 k k and F(1)5 = T5 = T5 + 5 T + T5 = a T5a + 5 T55 + a5b Tba + a55 T5a + 55a Ta5 + + 555 T55 + aab T5b + aa5 T55 + 55a T5a + 555 T55 = 1 G 5 k = 1 G5 + 1 5 G + 1 G5 k k k = 1 a G5a + 1 5 G 55 + 1 a5c Gca + 1 a55 G5a + 1 55a Ga5 + k k k k k + 1 555 G 55 + 1 aac G5c + 1 aa5 G55 + 1 55a G5a + k k k k + 1 555 G 55 k = 1 S R 5 2 S 5 R k k = 1 Sabc R5cba 1 Sab5 R 55ba 1 Sa5b R 5b5a 1 Sa55 R 555a k k k k (110)

+ 2 ub u5 Sbca 5 vc + 2 ub u5 Sb5a 5 v5 + + 2 u5 ub S5ca b vc + 2 u5 u5 S5ba 5 vb = u v u (Ra 2 Sa 4 Sa S) + 2 u v Sa u = ub vc ud (Rbcda 2 b Scda) + ub vc u5 (Rbc5a 2 b Sc5a) + + ub v5 uc (Rb5ca 2 b S5ca) + ub v5 u5 Rb55a + + u5 vb uc (R5bca 2 5 Sbca) + u5 vb u5 (R5b5a 2 5 Sb5a) 2 u5 v5 ub 5 S5ba 4 ub vc ud Sbea Scde 4 ub vc ud Sb5a Scd5 4 ub vc u5 Sbda Sc5d 4 ub vc u5 Sb5a Sc55 4 ub v5 uc Sbda S5cd 4 ub v5 uc Sb5a S5c5 4 ub v5 u5 Sbca S55c 4 ub v5 u5 Sb5a S555 4 u5 vb uc S5da Sbcd

10
4 u5 vb u5 S5ca Sb5c 4 u5 v5 ub S5ca S5bc +

Saturday, December 25, 1999

Z-31

= u v u (R5 2 S5 4 S5 S) + 2 u v S5 u = ua vb uc (Rabc5 2 a Sbc5) + ua vb u5 (Rab55 2 a Sb55) + + ua v5 ub (Ra5b5 2 a S5b5) + ua v5 u5 Ra555 + + u5 va ub (R5ab5 2 5 Sab5) + u5 va u5 (R5a55 2 5 Sa55)

+ 2 ub vc Sbda c ud + 2 ub vc Sb5a c u5 + 2 ub v5 Sbca 5 uc + + 2 ub v5 Sb5a 5 u5 + 2 u5 vb S5ca b uc + 2 u5 v5 S5ba 5 ub and F(2)5 = = u u v

5 5

(113)

2 u5 v5 ua 5 S5a5 4 ua vb uc Sae5 Sbce 4 ua vb uc Sa55 Sbc5 4 ua vb u5 Sac5 Sb5c 4 ua vb u5 Sa55 Sb55 4 ua v5 ub Sac5 S5bc 4 ua v5 ub Sa55 S5b5 4 ua v5 u5 Sab5 S55b 4 ua v5 u5 Sa55 S555 4 u5 va ub S5c5 Sabc

= ua a ub b v5 + ua a u5 5 v5 + u5 5 ua a v5 + + u 5 u 5 v
5

= u v u (R5 2 S5) + 2 u u S5 v = u v u (Rabc 2 a Sbc ) + u v u (Rab5 2 a Sb5 ) +

a b c 5 5 a b 5 5 5

4 u5 va u5 S5b5 Sa5b 4 u5 v5 ua S5b5 S5ab + + 2 ua vb Sac5 b uc + 2 ua vb Sa55 b u5 +

5

+ ua v5 ub (Ra5b5 2 a S5b5) + ua v5 u5 Ra555 + + u v u (R5ab 2 5 Sab ) + u v u (R5a5 2 5 Sa5 )

5 a b 5 5 5 a 5 5

+ 2 ua v5 Sab5 5 ub + 2 ua v5 Sa55 5 u5 + + 2 u5 va S5b5 a ub + 2 u5 v5 S5a5 5 ua, respectively.

2 u5 v5 ua 5 S5a5 + 2 ua ub Sac5 b vc + + 2 u u Sa5 b v + 2 u u Sab 5 v +

a b 5 5 a 5 5 b

+ 2 u u Sa5 5 v + 2 u u S5b a v + 2 u u S5a 5 v

a 5 5 5 5 a 5 b 5 5 5