Opi Residential Manual

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM
EQUUS DESIGN GROUP

ARCHITECTS PLANNERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Oldcastle Precast Residential Planning Principles Oldcastle Residential Building System Architectural & Structural Details Sustainable Design Case Studies References & Resources
USE OF THIS MANUAL
This Oldcastle Residential Building System manual has been designed to assist Owners, Architects, Engineers, and others interested in the use of precast concrete building systems for residential buildings. Use of the information in this manual will be helpful as references for the design of multi-family residences, college residence halls and senior residence buildings; however, every project must be designed to meet local site conditions and other local requirements. The drawings and other information contained herein are illustrative only and neither Equus Design Group, Inc. nor Oldcastle Precast, Inc. makes any representations as to their fitness for any specific design or structure, and disclaim any responsibility for techniques of application, correctness, interpretations, design methods, modifications or misapplications of these drawings and references. Since no specific project nor overall engineering responsibility is implied with the use of this manual and the information contained within, neither Equus Design Group, Inc. nor Oldcastle Precast, Inc. will be responsible for the failure of any designer to properly design nor any contractor to properly construct any building. For more information, visit us at www.oldcastlesystems.com
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THE OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

Precast Building Systems for the 21st Century
A Building System...
The Oldcastle Residential Building System is more than just a kit of precast concrete parts. It is a method for architects and owners to employ for the total design and construction of residential buildings. It is a system designed for wide application in residential markets - multi-family residences, college dormitories and senior residences.
From a Single Provider...

Oldcastle uses a cooperative team methodology. Our staff works closely with owners and architects throughout the design and building construction process providing expert engineering and technical advice and support. Oldcastle Precast Building Systems is part of the largest precast concrete manufacturer in the United States. We specialize in TOTAL BUILDING SYSTEMS by providing design, pre-fabrication and erection services for whole residential buildings. Having a single source responsible for the entire building superstructure and envelope allows owners and architects to make the changes or adapt the design with less risk, fewer coordination issues and less site mobilization, while keeping costs under control.
Partnering with Clients...

Oldcastle works directly with Owners and Architects from project inception and each step of the way from the initial design to construction completion. Through direct partnerships, Oldcastle representatives are able to offer creative methods to save owners and contractors time and money, and to assist architects and engineers during the design process.
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The Oldcastle Residential Building System is designed for a wide variety of multi-family housing types low and row housing, mid-rise and highrise buildings, and low-income to luxury units. Furthermore, the system can be utilized for most styles of living standard unit layouts, loft style units, skip-stop elevator buildings, terraced buildings, and contemporary and traditional styles.
Colleges and universities respond to the housing needs of different age groups and diverse multicultural and economic backgrounds of their students. Similarly, the Oldcastle Residential Building System is adaptable to a wide variety of Residence Hall types - dormitories, suites, apartments, studio, and couples housing. The system can be customized in appearance to suit the architectural context of various campuses.
The increasing numbers of older people, with their expectations for a high quality of life, is creating the need for new care and housing options. There has been a surge in design of a wide variety of choices including long term care, assisted living, communities for active lifestyles, independent living facilities, and special needs for dementia and continuing care. The Oldcastle Residential Building System is adaptable to meet the needs of most senior living lifestyles and designs.
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Multi-Family Residences
College Residence Halls
Senior Living Residences
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Benefits of Total Precast Systems

From the early Egyptians to the Roman Empire to the modern day, concrete has been used by the worlds best architects and engineers to design and construct long lasting, durable buildings and structures. Oldcastle Building Systems Division carries on that tradition today as an industry leader in providing single source delivery of Total Precast Building Systems. From design through occupancy, Oldcastle creates a partnership with owners, developers and architects ensuring a smooth building delivery process. Oldcastle is a member of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), a national organization of producers, suppliers and professionals dedicated to product innovation, new technology adaptation, design methods development, and quality assurance. erecting pieces. Component repetition reduces form costs and aids design speed while retaining design flexibility. Commissioning Commissioning is the process, from design through construction, which ensures that the key building systems are designed, installed, and tested to perform properly at the highest levels of efficiency and comfort. With Oldcastle Building Systems, Owners and Contractors can be assured that Oldcastles team of project managers, engineers, fabricators and erectors will facilitate the commissioning process with a fully coordinated building structure and envelope from the beginning of the design process through completion.
Speed
A projects design and construction time can be reduced by up to 33% when utilizing the Oldcastle Residential Building System. The components can be quickly replicated using a precast panelized wall system, reducing the required design and detailing time. With the ability to fabricate and erect components year-round in nearly all weather conditions, the erection of the concrete components can quickly proceed once the permitting, site and foundation work are complete. This greatly increases the speed at which the building can be enclosed allowing the interior trades to begin their work earlier.
The many benefits of using Oldcastles Total Precast Concrete Building Systems for Residential Design include the following:
Single Source Supplier

Oldcastle is the single source supplier for the total building system. Using a cooperative team methodology Oldcastle works closely with the owners team throughout the design and building construction process providing expert engineering and technical advice and support. Having a single source responsibility allows the owner and architect to make changes or adapt the design with less risk, fewer coordination issues and less site mobilization, while keeping costs to a minimum. Design Working in concert with the precaster can provide early and precise design aid that ensures the most efficient sizes and shapes for components, which minimizes the budget for casting, transporting and
Multiple Uses
From urban cities, to college and university campuses, to the suburbs and to rural towns, the Oldcastle Residential Building System provides nu-
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merous building types and uses. Multi-family residential housing, college residence halls, dormitories, and senior living facilities.
Stimulating Architecture
Residential buildings should feature stimulating architecture that invoke a sense of ownership and pride and that fits well into the built and natural environment. Oldcastle Residential Building Systems are adaptable to a wide variety of building styles that fit almost any vision imaginable; and, Oldcastle precast concrete panels provide a large vocabulary of architectural expression that is fully responsive to owners and designers needs.
Lower Capital Costs

Faster construction completion reduces interim financing costs, results in earlier cash flows, and produces other economic benefits that lead to reduced capital costs. The Oldcastle Residential Building System of total precast concrete ensures the ultimate speed of both production and erection of fully enclosed buildings. There are two key factors: Plant Quality Control Owners and constructors can be confident that the components of the building structure and exterior envelope can be constructed under weather controlled plant conditions while site work is underway. Speed of Erection As soon as the foundation is complete, the entire building can be erected in a short time period enabling the interior trades to begin work earlier, thereby reducing overall construction time. round in controlled environments under strict quality guidelines set forth by the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). Enhanced Energy Performance Thermal comfort is a key attribute of the quality of life in residential buildings. Oldcastles precast concrete building systems are the best building envelope for controlling heat and cooling loss and gain because they take advantage of concretes inherent thermal mass the ability to absorb and retain heat. Concrete provides thermal efficiency with more even ambient temperatures, resulting in less temperature fluctuations, the ability to install smaller-capacity HVAC systems which in turn reduces HVAC loads, lowers overall energy consumption, and reduces heating and cooling bills.
Green Design
Environmental Impact Oldcastle Residential Building Systems use high performance precast concrete, an environmentally sound material which is produced from sustainable resources and has sustainable properties. Concrete is produced from some of earths most abundant natural materials - sand and gravel The production energy consumption of concrete is quite small. The thermal mass of the concrete saves energy year-round by reducing temperature swings. And, after its original purpose has been served, concrete can be crushed and recycled back into the environment.
High Quality Control

All Oldcastle Precast Building Systems products are manufactured in PCI-certified facilities, and meet or exceed ASTM and ACI standards, ensuring quality craftsmanship, on-time delivery and quick erection. Oldcastle Precast Systems are manufactured year-
Durability and Maintenance

Oldcastle Building Systems feature all-concrete superstructures and exterior envelopes that are among the easiest to maintain in the building industry. Precast concrete offers the building owner peace of mind that results from the certain knowledge that
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Acoustics
Acoustical comfort from extraneous noises is a priority in any comfortable living condition. The acoustical isolation and vibration attenuation qualities of precast concrete make it the best building product for reducing unwanted noises from penetrating exterior walls, adjacent living units and interior floors and ceilings, producing a quiet and peaceful home environment.
Improved Health
Air quality is the most important attribute of a healthy environment. Healthy buildings generally consist of a living environment with proper ventilation, comfortable climate, and the use of materials that do not produce unhealthy gases. The Oldcastle Residential Building System is made from natural, inorganic, non-toxic materials that do not "off-gas" unhealthy by-products. Furthermore, precast concrete panels have low permeability and few joints, reducing concerns about the formation and growth of hazardous mold and mildew.
Safety
Precast concrete is inherently noncombustible. Concrete does not burn, does not give off lethal smoke or fumes, and maintains its structural integrity even when subjected to extreme heat. A precast concrete structure has built-in passive fire resistance, eliminating the need for additional design or the messy, costly and time consuming work of applying fireproofing material. Oldcastle Building System products are available in a variety of fire ratings, from unrated to two hours and more as required. Precast concrete also provides superior protection from hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes. A concrete building provides its tenants with a strong sense of safety and security for their families and possessions.
Clean Site
With Oldcastle as the single source responsibility for the entire building superstructure, there is one subcontractor, resulting in efficient erection and scheduling. Since precast concrete components are fabricated off-site, there is minimal site disturbance, resulting in improved logistics and enhanced worker safety. As work progresses, precast stairs and landings are placed, providing workers simple, safe
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The shallow depth of precast floor plank reduces the floor-to-floor height thereby lowering the overall building height. This saves materials and cost, while providing unobstructed ceiling cavities for flexible layouts of mechanical, electrical and fire protection systems. With clear spans of up to 50 feet, precast plank also offers the advantage of columnfree interior spaces for flexible floor plan layouts.
Partnering
Oldcastle believes in creating a partnership with the owner from design concept through building completion. By working closely with the design team early in the design, Oldcastle can provide early and precise design aid that ensures the most efficient sizes and shapes for components, which minimizes the budget for casting, transporting and erecting pieces.
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the buildings structure and exterior walls have longterm durability, strength and inherent weather resistance that require little or no maintenance to preserve their original look.
Floor-to-Floor Height
and easy access to the building. The ability to provide a clean site is particularly important on existing campuses and in dense urban areas, where adjacent businesses can maintain near-normal activities.
RESIDENTIAL PLANNING PRINCIPLES

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RESIDENTIAL PLANNING PRINCIPLES

RP.1 RP.2 RP.3 RP.4 RP.7 RP.10 RP.13 Low, Mid & High Rise Residential Forms Forms in Section Multi-Family Residential Residence Halls Senior Residences Mixed-Use
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Low-rise buildings, from 1 to 3 stories high, are typically found in residential neighborhoods and quiet urban streets, often with no elevator. Building types include rowhouses, townhouses and studios.
Mid-rise buildings, 4 to 8 stories tall with elevators, are the most common style of multi-family housing. The mid-rise is typically a low, broad, horizontal building in suburban settings.
The high-rise, 9 stories and higher, is typically tall and narrow, located in downtown, urban settings where land and parking are a premium. Often they are mixed-use occupancies with parking or retail at the lower levels.
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Row/Low-Rise
Mid-Rise
High-Rise
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RESIDENTIAL FORMS
Most residential buildings are organized in common recognizable forms. The form of the building(s) is usually determined after the Owner and Architect have determined the program components and desired relationships, performed a site and zoning analysis, and determined the appropriate construction type. The Oldcastle Residential Building System is adaptable to a wide variety of orthogonal or planar forms similar to those illustrated in this section. The array of form possibilities with a total precast building system provides the owner and architect with nearly limitless creative opportunities.
CORNER
OFFSET
LINEAR
ENCLOSED COURTYARD
CROSS CORE
CENTRAL CORE
STEPPED PLAN
FLAT FACADE
CRENELLATIONS
PROJECTIONS
INSERTIONS
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OPEN COURTYARD
ROW
GALLERY
PARALLEL FORMS
COLLECTED FORMS
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FORMS IN SECTION
Low rise housing (1-3 stories) is often designed as row-houses, with interior stair circulation within or between units. Mid-rise (4-8 stories) and High-rise (9+ stories) buildings are typically double or single loaded corridor types serviced by elevators. The doubleloaded corridor gives the exterior walls of the building to the units to maximize views and sunlight. The single-loaded gallery corridor places units on one side of the building and is generally for sites with limited width or particularly desirable views. Skip-stop plans locate a corridor on every second or fourth floor. The units are typically two stories. Unit entry is from a corridor and an internal stair connects the floors of the unit. Advantages of skip-stop include: potential for cross-ventilation with views and sun exposure on two sides of the building ability to create two-story high loft type space less underutilized corridor space The stepped, or terraced, configurations are those where the units open to an outdoor terrace space typically formed by the top of the unit below. Advantages of stepped include: improved views and privacy ability to comply with zoning restricting building heights at street or property lines ability to create parking or other non-residential uses at inner levels where the footprint is larger Parking below the living space can increase desirability, reduce land acquisition, and help in tight urban locations.
GALLERY
LOW-RISE
MID-RISE
HIGH-RISE
STEPPED
SKIP-STOP
COURTYARD FORM W/ PARKING
PARKING BELOW
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MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
The Oldcastle Residential Building System is designed to accommodate the widest range of multi-family housing types possible. The fundamental character of the housing is defined by its scale. High-Rise housing is generally found in urban settings, where high-density housing is allowed by local zoning ordinances. However, it is also built in areas where the high-rise configuration offers excellent views or allows the preservation of significant open space that might otherwise be covered with lower scale housing. Typical high-rise building configurations include a common street level lobby leading to a central core with elevators, stairs and other vertical elements that serve a limited number of units. An increasing number of high-rise housing projects offer other mixed-uses such as retail, professional offices, and, often, below-grade parking. Mid-Rise housing, as defined in this Manual, is in the 4 to 8 stories height range. The buildings are generally broader in width or length than in height, often covering a large portion of a city block. The mid-rise requires elevator access that is often placed at approximately the mid-point of the building serving a double- or single-loaded corridor to the units. Egress stairs are typically located at each end of the corridor. Row or Low-Rise housing. The townhouse is a very common form of row house. Typically 2-4 stories tall, the essential characteristics of the townhouse are direct street access to units or groups of units; both front and rear exposures; and shared common walls with adjacent units. Parking is typically on grade or at the street outside the townhouse.
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DOUBLE-LOADED CORRIDOR LAYOUT

The double-loaded corridor is the most efficient form of circulation in multi-family housing. It can be used for low-, mid-, or high-rise buildings.
SINGLE-LOADED CORRIDOR LAYOUT
The single loaded corridor, or gallery, is generally used to maximize best view potential, for narrow lots, or to back-up to other buildings or uses.
TYPICAL SECTION
Oldcastle Residential Building Systems are capable of providing total precast structural systems for buildings up to 18 stories and higher.
CENTRAL CORE LAYOUTS

Multi-family housing in high-rise buildings typically has a central core with elevators, stairs and other buiding services.
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STUDIO
1 BR
2 BR
3 BR
Unit layouts are typically dependent on the overall building layout. Buildings with long corridors normally have units with the main living areas and bedrooms having direct access to outside light, thus requiring these rooms to be along an exterior wall. Service areas such as the kitchen, bathrooms, laundry and closets that do not require exterior light are normally placed along the interior corridor wall.
BAY PROJECTION
BALCONY
Typical Section
Precast concrete plank, with the ability to free span over 50 feet, can greatly reduce a buildings floorto-floor height over other structural systems such as steel frame. The result is a reduction in the overall building height and the elimination of excess building material and cost.
Typical Multi-Family Unit Layouts

Row houses and townhouses are ideal building types for the Oldcastle Residential Building System. Each unit can be compartmentalized with sound deadening precast concrete panels and, with the use of precast plank, the floor layouts are virtually limitless. By enclosing the front and rear with precast panels the end result is a quiet, energy saving, environmentally friendly residence that requires little or no maintenance.
BASEMENT
1ST LEVEL
2ND LEVEL
3RD LEVEL
Typical Row House
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RESIDENCE HALLS
The Oldcastle Residential Building System provides safe, secure, energy efficient, and low maintenance Residence Halls and Dormitories for colleges and universities. Fitting within the architectural character of campuses is generally a crucial factor in the design of residence halls. Often the need is for buildings with specific styles and materials. Oldcastles system of precast components includes variations on materials such as brick and other facings to complement the most demanding conditions. At the same time, the style of living units has evolved in recent years to more than the single or double occupancy rooms with common shower areas. The diverse nature of student populations places demands on colleges and universities to respond with appropriate housing types. Dormitories, Suites, Studios, Apartments, Couples, and Faculty housing types each have different characteristics; and an increasing number of institutions are providing them to attract the best students and faculty. This section of the manual illustrates various types of building and living unit configurations, leaving only the imaginations of the architect and owner to explore ideas to suit their specific requirements.
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RESIDENCE HALL BUILDING LAYOUTS

Common floor plan arrangements for college residence halls often include centralized core functions with stairs, elevator, common parlor, bathrooms and showers as well as conference rooms, study areas, kitchenettes and dining areas. Living units range from single or double occupancy rooms to suites and apartment layouts along a central corridor. Corridor and living unit walls made of concrete panels can be provided with a smooth form finish and a trowel finish, ready for painting; this eliminates the need for some interior drywall partitions, greatly reducing room damage and maintenance issues.
CENTRAL CORE
CORNER CORE
SUITES IN DOUBLE LOADED CORRIDOR
CENTRAL CORE WITH DOUBLE-LOADED CORRIDOR
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RESIDENCE HALL UNIT LAYOUTS

SINGLE OCCUPANCY DOUBLE OCCUPANCY DOUBLE OCCUPANCY
The types of living arrangements in residence halls vary depending upon the philosophy of college administrators. Modern trends are for single and double-occupancy rooms for undergraduate students, while suites and apartment style units appeal to older undergraduate and graduate students seeking to live with a specific group of people in a more normal residential environment. Housing for younger undergraduates usually consists of single or double occupancy sleeping rooms arranged along a common corridor and sharing common toilet and bathrooms. Suite housing combines multiple single or double occupancy sleeping rooms, typically two to six, with a shared living area and bathrooms. Suites are self-contained private living areas, and like standard undergraduate housing, do not have kitchens. Apartment style housing is similar to suite housing with the addition of a kitchen and possibly private bathrooms.
DOUBLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN SUITE STYLE LAYOUT
SINGLE AND DOUBLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN APARTMENT STYLE LAYOUT
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DOUBLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN APARTMENT STYLE LAYOUT
SINGLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN APARTMENT STYLE LAYOUT
SENIOR RESIDENCES
The baby-boom generation of over-65 seniors is the most rapidly growing population segment in the United States. The housing industry, in both the private and public sectors, is faced with the challenge of meeting the housing and care needs of this highly diverse group of society. The Oldcastle Residential Building System is capable of providing housing and service needs to the widest range of Senior Residence Building Types, including the following: Independent Residential Apartments Generally for the active over-55 age population, this is housing for people with limited care needs. Continuing Care Retirement Communities CCRCs are a model of living that provides services and care for a wide variety of needs ranging from independent living to more focused and specialized health care needs of assisted living and long-term care residents.
Long Term Care Residence Facilities for residents needing a high degree of services and care such as Alzheimers Care, Hospice Care, Rehabilitation and Nursing Homes.
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Assisted Living Residence Housing for individuals unable to live on their own but not needing the high level of care required in a long-term care residence.
SENIOR RESIDENCE BUILDING LAYOUTS

Building layouts of senior residences vary depending on a multitude of factors site size and configuration, lifestyle and program requirements, and owner and architect preferences. Some common layouts are shown here. There are many lifestyle options available for seniors. They can range from independent living to assisted living and continuing care communities. Each one is programmed and designed by owners and architects to meet the lifestyle and health care requirement of the residents. Independent Living Residences provide a place for seniors to live within a community of others their age, with little to no health care support. Assisted Living Residences provide varying support services based on the changing needs of the residents. Typically they are for those who are unable to live safely on their own, but who do not require a high level of health care support. Continuing Care Retirement Communities offer housing for seniors requiring a full compliment of support services such as dining, housekeeping, health care, and access to social activities.
CENTRAL COURTYARD
DOUBLE WINGS
DOUBLE-LOADED CORRIDOR
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SENIOR RESIDENCE UNIT LAYOUTS

Developers of senior living facilities, and their architects, create programs and designs to suit specific market targets. The design of each individual living unit is at the heart of their decisionmaking process. Senior residence living unit designs vary greatly depending on the health, well-being and lifestyle of the individuals. Seniors still living active, independent lifestyles generally seek the type of living arrangement that reflects their independence full kitchens, large furnishable living rooms and bedrooms, and adequate storage. On the other hand, some seniors, particularly those with life changing conditions such as dementia or Alzheimers, may be better served with smaller units, or shared suite arrangements, that are complemented with an array of beneficial services and activities in the building. This page shows several of the plan layouts for living units that are commonly used in senior residences. Often the development, particularly in Continuing Care Retirement Communities and Assisted Living Facilities, will have a wide mix of living unit arrangements to suit the needs of a diverse senior population. Reaching an understanding of the living unit mix and design requirements in a project helps considerably in the planning and design of the building layout and characteristics of the appropriate superstructure. Oldcastle representatives can assist owners and architects in the early programming and planning phases of the project to identify cost effective solutions for each condition.
SLEEPER
STUDIO
SMALL 1 BR
LARGE 1 BR APARTMENT
2 BR APARTMENT
2 BR SUITE
MULTI-BEDROOM SUITE
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MIXED-USE
Owners and architects are often faced with the challenge of providing more than one use in a development, often in a single building. Where a mix of different uses is required in the building, it is important at the outset of design to gain an understanding of a design module that can suit each use. For example, the module of a parking garage - the car and the space it needs - is different for multi-family housing, hotel rooms and conference areas, professional offices, and retail space. Nevertheless, all of these different uses could be combined into a single building. The Oldcastle Residential Building System is specifically designed to create superstructure solutions that accommodate varying conditions. It is important for the Oldcastle representative to gain a clear understanding of the program and design parameters early in the process to maximize the potential for cost-effective solutions for both the superstructure and building envelope.
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BS.1 BS.2 BS.3 BS.4 BS.5 BS.7 BS.8 BS.9 BS.10 BS.11 BS.13 BS.14 BS.15 BS.18 BS.19 Architectural Principles of Concrete Design Precast System Components Cross Wall System Bearing Wall System Wall Panels Floor and Roof Plank Balconies Stairs Elevators Facade Treatment Options Concrete Finishes Formliner Finishes Embedded Brick Brick Finishes Other Trim Materials
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ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES OF PRECAST DESIGN

Architects are taught time-honored principles of design that date back to ancient times. The First Century BC Roman Architect Vitruvius, the author of the classic textbook De architectura taught what he considered to be the three fundamental principles of architecture Firmness, Commodity, and Delight.
Firmness refers to structural integrity and durability Commodity refers to the production of items of use and value Delight refers to the aesthetically and visually appealing attributes of design, lifting the spirit and stimulating the senses
Order in Architecture
Design is form-making in order Louis Kahn
Order in Precast Design

Less is more. Mies van der Rohe
Creating clear, simple, well-proportioned structural order to building design is how architects make buildings into architecture. Precast components create a perfect opportunity for architects to find an orderly array of building components that can satisfy their most rigorous principles of design.
And so it is with architecture. Out of a few rhythmical and harmonious building elements, some of the worlds great architecture has been achieved. Oldcastle representatives can assist architects to create total precast order in the design of buildings, resulting in not only economical construction, but also elegant design.
Architecture and Music

I call architecture frozen music. Johann Wolfgang Goethe
J.S. Bach, Amadeus Mozart, Thelonius Monk, Charlie Parker, Hank Williams and Chuck Berry all used the same orderly system of music to create timeless classics.
5
Pantheon
Using a few identical precast components a steady rhythm and orderly design is achieved at the Melrose II housing development in New York City.
3
What is particularly striking about Egyptian, Greek and Roman architecture is the orderly manner in which building elements are designed and constructed.
Note the timeless and orderly design of the piano keyboard
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There are strong similarities in architectural and musical order. Most songs that we know consist of a total of 7 notes - Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, and Ti. With these 7 notes we are able to create hundreds of thousands of different pieces of music with differing rhythms, harmonies, and compositions. Yet it is all out of a very simple, orderly system of notes we learned as children.
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The ancient Romans were no strangers to concrete. Many of their buildings, including the beautiful Pantheon, were constructed of concrete, creating great firmness lasting over 2000 years, commodity of usefulness that has lasted from the ancient forums to todays tourism; and delight having created some of the most beautiful and enduring structures of all time.
Salk Institute by Louis Kahn
Detail from the Hollyhock House by Frank Lloyd Wright
FLOOR AND ROOF PLANKS
EXTERIOR INSULATED AND NON-INSULATED LOAD BEARING PANELS EXTERIOR NON-LOAD BEARING PANELS INTERIOR LOAD BEARING PANELS AND SHAFTS INTERIOR NON-LOAD BEARING PARTITIONS AND SHAFTS
BEAMS
BALCONY SLABS COLUMNS
DECORATIVE CORNICES
REAL BRICK FACING
STAIRS AND LANDINGS
FORM LINER FINISHES
Oldcastle provides total precast concrete solutions for residential buildings. From exterior walls with architectural finishes, to floor and roof structures, stairs and shafts, and the entire superstructure, the Oldcastle System of components is designed to accommodate the wide range of residential building types and uses illustrated in this manual.
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OLDCASTLE PRECAST SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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ROOF PLANK
CROSS WALL SYSTEM

The Oldcastle Residential Cross Wall System is comprised of load-bearing interior precast panels and floor and roof planks. Columns and beams are used at parking levels. Non-load bearing exterior panels can enclose the superstructure, providing a total precast concrete building system.
NON-LOAD BEARING EXTERIOR WALL
BALCONY SLAB FLOOR PLANK
LOAD BEARING CROSS WALL
Cross Wall Advantages: Ideally suited for residential buildings with parking at lower levels Lends itself well to the addition of bays and balconies Allows for a high percentage of non-load bearing exterior partitions Creates the opportunity for sound-deadening precast walls between units
BEAMS & COLUMNS
ROOF PLANK
FLOOR PLANK LOAD BEARING CROSS WALL NON-LOAD BEARING EXTERIOR WALL
BEAMS & COLUMNS
SECTION
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BEARING WALL SYSTEM

ROOF PLANK The Oldcastle Residential Bearing Wall System is comprised of load bearing interior and exterior precast panels with floor and roof plank, providing a total precast concrete building system.
LOAD BEARING EXTERIOR WALL
FLOOR PLANK
Bearing Wall Advantages: Maximizes the open areas of building plans Creates flexible options for floor plan layouts Creates a sound-deadening precast wall at the corridor Least expensive total precast solution Building is enclosed as structure is being erected
ROOF PLANK FLOOR PLANK
LOAD BEARING INTERIOR WALL
LOAD BEARING INTERIOR WALL
LOAD BEARING EXTERIOR WALL
SECTION
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WALL PANELS
Standard wall panels are 6 to 8-inches thick, depending on use and function. Non-load bearing conditions typically require no more than 6inches, whereas load-bearing conditions usually require 8inches. Insulated wall panels consist of three wythes; a 2-3 inch concrete exterior, 2-3 inches of rigid insulation, and 2-8 inch concrete interior. Insulated wall panels can be used in both non-load bearing and load-bearing conditions.
STANDARD PANEL
INSULATED PANEL
12 MAX
40 MAX
Typically, precast panels are cast on flat forming beds within controlled factory conditions. Depending on the desired architectural effect, various formliner finishes or masonry facing options are available.
1
VERTICAL
SPECIAL SHAPES
Window and door openings are created by blockouts on the forming bed, and rails are placed to form the panel perimeter. After reinforcement and lifting devices are placed, the concrete is poured and cured. The panels are then lifted by cranes and stored until delivery and erection at the job site.
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40 MAX
HORIZONTAL
Within the Oldcastle system of components, precast wall panels are available in a wide variety of types, configurations and finishes. From interior load-bearing structural panels to exterior, insulated, brick-embedded architectural finish panels, the Oldcastle system is designed for total precast solutions for residential buildings.
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12 MAX
WALL PANEL CONSIDERATIONS

There are a number of design opportunities with precast wall panels to create orderly, rhythmic, and elegant architecture, and to do so in cost-effective ways. Panel Sizes Shipping and handling constraints generally limit the size of precast panels to about 12 feet high and 40 feet long. Outside the precast industry, factoryconstructed building elements that large are rare. Tremendous economies can be achieved in building design by the use of large and repetitively designed precast wall panels.
Opening Sizes and Locations Opening sizes in panels are usually determined by the desired architectural effect of the designer, often using standard window and door sizes. It is important to place openings in locations where the structural integrity of the panel is not compromised during shipping and handling, generally a minimum of 8 inches from the edge of the panel; however, there are exceptions that the Oldcastle representative can discuss.
Panel Shapes Rectilinear shapes are the most economical to produce, however, specialty pieces such as triangular pediments, arch openings, and even curvatures can be manufactured to achieve desirable architectural effects.
Panel Finishes A wide array of finishes is available in the Oldcastle Residential Building System form finishes, formliner finishes, and embedded masonry. Detailed descriptions of available finishes are provided in this Manual.
Whole Panel Cast
Left Cast
Center Cast
Right Cast CHAMFERS DRAFT
Drafts A draft is a slight angle created around the forms that create the openings in concrete panels. The draft allows the completed panel to be released from the form cleanly. A minimum draft of 8 degrees is recommended.
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Repetition A key consideration to cost-effective production of wall panels is to minimize the number of forms and form changes, and to maximize the number of castings from each form. Early in the design process the owner and architect should work closely with Oldcastles design support representatives to create an orderly system of wall panels to satisfy the architects intent. In some cases, however, the same form can be used to create different sized panels, simply by moving a perimeter forming rail on the casting bed.
Chamfers Chamfers are recommended at the exposed-to-view edges of concrete panels to produce a clean, smooth finished edge. Without a chamfer, only fine aggregate collects along the edge, or voids occur due to large aggregate interference. The result is a weakened and uneven edge and greater potential for chipping during handling. A minimum of 1/8 inch is recommended; however, where panels are design to meet other panels, - inch chamfers are recommended to alleviate alignment issues in the planes of the panels.
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PENETRATIONS
Hollow core plank floors and roofs typically require penetrations of vertical mechanical and electrical systems as well as other equipment and functions. Round holes are generally the responsibility of the General Contractor, whereas larger openings can be provided by Oldcastle. Cutting through strands of plank requires the approval of Oldcastle. Round holes up to one-inch diameter can be drilled with readily available carbide tips using hand-held drilling equipment. Larger round holes are usually cut with diamond bit core drilling equipment. Drilling at the center of the core is easiest because the core walls are thinnest at top and bottom. Openings larger than ten inches are usually cut with a hand-held saw or a walk-behind concrete saw. The largest openings (mechanical shafts, stairs, etc.) are generally created by introducing a structural support such as a steel header or beam.
SPANS
The length of precast plank spans is determined by required loading capacity (generally set by applicable Codes), the width and depth of the plank, the number and size of steel strand (or wires) in the plank, and the depth of any concrete topping. The strand gives the plank the tensile properties for longer spans and higher working load capacities. As a rule of thumb, under normal loading conditions, plank thicknesses required for various spans are as follows: 8 10 12 16 PLANK PLANK PLANK PLANK : : : : 28 33 35 40 30 35 40 50 SPAN SPAN SPAN SPAN
FLOOR & ROOF SYSTEMS
CAMBER
Camber is inherent in all prestressed precast concrete products. It is the upward deflection in the plank created by the forces of the prestressed strands; and it is used to resist design loads. Planks with dissimilar lengths, strand patterns or openings adjacent to each other will have camber differences. Design professionals should obtain a clear understanding of the effect of camber during design of a project in order to determine appropriate floor finishes.
FINISHES
For ceilings, the underside of plank can be finished to provide a durable, low maintenance surface, often used in applications such as hotels rooms. The application of a medium to heavy textured material such as USG Imperial QT or equal, provides acoustic properties and an attractive finish. Care must be taken to follow the manufacturer s recommendations for application. For floors, prior to receiving other finish materials (carpet, tile, vinyl flooring, etc.), the plank can be covered with a structural concrete topping (generally 2 inch, 4000-psi, steel mesh reinforced), or a concrete leveling material such as Oldcastles LevelSet 200 portland cement based underlayment.
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The planks have continuous voids to reduce weight and cost and, at the same time, may be used for runs of mechanical or electrical systems.
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Precast, prestressed hollow core plank, for structural floor and roof applications, is the most widely used concrete product in the building industry. Whether used as part of a total precast building system solution or, independently, with other masonry and/or steel structural systems, hollow core plank offers high load-bearing capacity with superior acoustic and fire resistance properties.
BALCONIES
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Oldcastle offers a variety of solutions for precast concrete balconies and bays in both cantilevered and recessed applications. Wet cast slabs are the preferred method, enabling proper pitch and drainage. Consult with Oldcastle engineers for appropriate designs.
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STAIRS
CODE CONSIDERATIONS
Being an essential component in the circulation and egress systems of most buildings, stairway design is strictly controlled by building code regulations. The information contained here summarizes some common building code requirements for egress stairways. However, designers must always verify with the latest national and local codes. Stairway Width the minimum stairway width shall not be less than 48 wide for enclosed exit stairways. Risers and Treads - shall be of uniform size and shape. Risers shall be between 7 max. and 4 min. The tread depth shall be 11 min. The most common rule for comfortable proportioning of stairs is: 2 x riser height + tread depth = 25 inches.
Guardrails shall be no less than 42 high, measured vertically from the leading edge of tread and shall have balusters or ornamental patterns so that a 4-inch diameter sphere can not pass through. Roof Access buildings over four stories with a roof slope less than 4 in 12 require stair access to the roof.
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Handrails are required on both sides of stairs and may project into the required stairway width no more than 4-1/2 on each side. They shall be uniform in height, located 34-38 above the stair tread nosing. Handrails must be continuous or the ends must project beyond the top and bottom of the stairs and return to a wall or guard.
Stairway walls, floors, landings and steps are all precast concrete components that can be provided as part of the Oldcastle Residential Building System.
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Landings the width of landings shall not be less than the width of the stairway they serve and are required at the top and bottom of stairs and intermediate points to ensure that no single flight of stairs has a rise greater than 12-0.
ELEVATORS
The elevator system, consisting of the hoistway, machine room, cab and lobbies, is an integral and complex system. Proper sizing, quantity and type of elevator depends on the number of occupants, number of floors, floor heights and other factors. Oldcastle Precast has a complete line of concrete products to meet the requirements of the elevator hoistway and penthouse to complement and support the Oldcastle Residential Building System. An elevator representative and code official should be consulted early in the design phase and during the selection process to ensure that the most suitable elevator system is chosen. The two most common elevator systems are Hydraulic and Electric elevators. Hydraulic Elevators
Electric Elevators Electrical elevators rely on an electric motor and drive sheave that raises and lowers the elevator cab by steel cables and a counterweight. The electric motor is located either at the base or above the hoistway. Medium to high speeds and almost limitless rise allow electric elevators to serve low- to mid- to high-rise buildings.
ELEVATOR PLAN
ELEVATOR SECTION
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Hydraulic elevator systems come in two styles, holed and holeless. Both use a pump near the base of the hoistway to raise and lower the elevator cab using a plunger. Due to restrictions in the plunger length and lower speeds, hydraulic elevators are limited to low- and mid-rise buildings of up to approximately 60 feet. They generally require the least initial installation cost, but use more power during operation.
FACADE TREATMENT OPTIONS

Oldcastle offers a range of colors, textures and other faade treatment options for exterior building components. The choice of appropriate aggregates and textures, combined with well-conceived production and erection details, can achieve a wide variety of design objectives. Precast concrete is a moldable material which combines architectural effects with structural capacity. A variety of colors, textures and shapes are available for selection. Various textures such as simulated stone or masonry form liners can be added to increase visual interest of a panel. Deep reveals and medallions, as well as large cornices and other features can be integrated into concrete forms. For owners seeking a traditional masonry appearance, thin brick veneer can be cast directly onto the face of concrete panels. The variety of facade treatment options offered by Oldcastle creates an enormous range of design opportunites for owners and architects.
Colors and Textures

Design flexibility is possible in precast concrete color and texture by varying aggregate and matrix color, size of aggregates, finishing processes, and depth of exposure. Combining color with texture accentuates the natural beauty of aggregates. Color and, consequently, color tone are affected by light, shadow, density, time and other surrounding or nearby colors. Color selection should be made under lighting conditions similar to those under which the precast concrete will be used, such as the strong light and shadows of natural daylight. Surface texture influences color. The buildings appearance is a function of the architects use of light, shadow, texture and color. Cement (plus coloring agent) exerts the primary color influence on a smooth finish because it coats the exposed concrete surface. As the concrete surface is progressively removed and aggregates are exposed, the panel color increasingly exhibits the fine and then the coarse aggregate colors.
Nevertheless, the color of the cement always has an effect on the general tone of the panel. Cement may be gray, white, buff or a mixture. All cements have inherent color and shading differences depending on their source; and local sources are often preferable. Pigments and pigmented admixtures often are added to the matrix to obtain colors that cannot be obtained through combinations of cement and fine aggregate alone. White portland cement, for example, will produce cleaner, brighter colors. Fine aggregates have a major effect on the color of white and light buff colored concrete, and can add color tones when the surface is given a shallow profile to increase their exposure. Coarse aggregate colors become dominant as the surface of the concrete is removed to obtain a medium or deep aggregate exposure profile. Some finishing processes change the appearance of aggregates. Sandblasting, for example, will give the aggregate a matte finish.
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Formliners
Numerous concrete textures and patterns are available with the use of formliners in the casting process. Oldcastle works with industry leaders in formliner design and manufacturing to select concrete patterns and finishes that best suit the needs of the owner and architect. Patterns include masonry, sandblast, stone, rock, and other geometric shapes, as well as custom designs.
Architectural Coatings
The U.S. paint and coatings industry offers a diverse collection of product coatings specifically manufactured for exterior concrete application. Depending upon the visual effects and performance requirements of the owners and architects, Oldcastle can make specific recommendations for highperformance coatings to suit most conditions. Coatings that work successfully on concrete include acrylics, epoxies, and polyurethanes. Generally, alkyd or oil-based coatings should not be specified as they may chemically react with the alkaline concrete and moisture. For successful results, coatings must be applied at the proper thickness, and under proper weather and temperature conditions, as specified by the coating manufacturers product data.
Ornamental Decoration
For owners and architects seeking to create ornamental decoration, or three-dimensional relief on concrete panels, Oldcastle offers solutions. Similar to the techniques used for creating reveals, wide recesses can be created in the concrete using block-outs within the formwork to provide threedimensional relief. Blockouts generally have the same depth and draft considerations of reveals, however they can be large or small depending upon the desired design effect. Additionally, clay products such as tile, terra-cotta or thin brick can be cast into the concrete to create ornamental decoration. The design possibilities are limitless. To develop the best adhesion to the concrete, the backside of the clay products should have grooved or dovetail-like slots.
Brick
For owners seeking brick finishes, Oldcastle offers simple, cost-effective ways of producing wall panels and related building faade products whereby thin brick is integrally cast into concrete panels. The bricks are manufactured by the nations leaders in masonry production and are offered in standard brick sizes. Owners and architects have a wide range of brick options including smooth, wire-cut, and sandmolded textures, iron spot flashed bricks, numerous color choices, as well as various shapes and sizes to create corners, arches, soldier courses, and other brick patterns. Advantages of brick-embedded concrete over conventional masonry include: no flashing, lintels or weep cavities, no efflorescence, and no timeconsuming site construction of masonry products. For owners seeking conventional brick and/or stone faades over precast panels, Oldcastle also offers the option of concrete-embedded dovetail slots for ease of masonry installation.
Reveals
Designers often use reveals in combination with panel joints to express floor, ceiling or roof lines, emphasize changes in texture, and highlight planning modules or structural bays.
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Reveals can be placed vertically, horizontally, diagonally, and in a variety of sizes and shapes. Reveals typically measure 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch deep with a 45-60 degree bevel or draft for ease of stripping from the concrete form. Generally, the preferred minimum draft for ease of stripping from a mold is one inch in eight inches (1:8), although in special cases the draft may be reduced to 1:12.
ArchitecTs Planners
A reveal is a groove in a panel face used to create a desired architectural effect. Used effectively, reveals offer a simple and cost-effective way to break up an expanse of precast concrete. The exterior articulation helps designers to modulate the scale of the building.
SAMPLE CONCRETE FINISHES

Oldcastle Precast offers a wide range of precast concrete colors and textures. The architect should contact the local Oldcastle representative in the early design stages and throughout the development of the design for information on how to best obtain the visual effect desired. Note: The images shown in this manual represent many of the available color and texture blends. These samples serve only as a visual guide for initial selection of color and texture. It is important to note that the colors and textures seen will vary depending on local conditions. Since it is impossible to reproduce exactly on paper the true colors of precast mix designs, some variations from these samples must be expected. Additionally, due to different material sources or different techniques in various plants, the architect should not expect to select a photographic sample and obtain exact matching by all precast concrete producers. Samples should be required to ensure that the desired colors and textures can be satisfactorily matched. Photos courtesy of PCI 09 10 11 12
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SAMPLE FORMLINER FINISHES

Formliners
Oldcastle offers owners and architects the option to cast concrete in forms with specialty formliners to create almost any desired visual effect. In addition to a vast array of patterns and textures offered as standard, there is also the option to create custom formliner finishes in almost any style imaginable. Oldcastle works directly with the nations premier manufacturers of formliners including those represented in the patterns shown on these pages. The images shown in this manual represent many of the textures and patterns available. The samples shown are only a visual guide for initial concept, not for actual selection. The Oldcastle representative will make available more accurate literature and samples when requested.
Low Profile
Masonry
Stone and Rock
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CORE SAMPLE
SHAPES AND SIZES
EMBEDDED BRICK
NO NO NO NO NO
MORTAR AIR SPACE WEEP JOINTS LINTELS FLASHING
NO NO NO NO
WATERPROOFING EFFLORESCENCE FREEZE/THAW DOVETAIL ANCHORS

2
RUNNING BOND
FLEMISH BOND
HALF BOND
STACKED BOND
BASKET WEAVE
QUARTER BOND
ROWLOCK BOND
SOLDIER BOND
3
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For owners and architects seeking brick finishes, Oldcastle offers thin brick which is integrally cast into concrete panels. A wide variety of sizes, shapes, colors and textures are offered, as well as a multitude of coursing options. Advantages of brick-embedded concrete include no flashing, lintels or weep cavities, no efflorescence and no timeconsuming site construction or masonry products.
ArchitecTs Planners
COURSING OPTIONS
EMBEDDED BRICK PANEL CONSIDERATIONS

There are several design considerations for the embedding of brick in precast panels. Brick and panel sizes and shapes, load-bearing conditions, panel openings, and brick and panel tolerances need to be carefully considered during the design and detailing of each project. Some of the considerations include: A. Use modular brick sizes when determining panel widths, heights, and openings. B. Consider the use of concrete banding at edges of precast panels and openings. Banding can help to alleviate the costly need of cutting brick to odd sizes or the need to build panels to sizes that only fit the module of the brick.
Note: Banding involves creating a solid concrete face along a panel edge against which the brick is set. Banding can be used to distinguish floor locations, panel joints, and other desirable architectural effects. Furthermore, banding allows for panel heights, widths and opening sizes to be any dimension, independent of brick coursing.
E. When using concrete banding at jambs of window or door openings inch is the minimum recommended concrete jamb band width. F. Precast header and sill heights and lengths should be placed symmetrically within the brick modular pattern. G. Corner brick can be used for panel ends as well as for brick returns at window and door heads and jambs. Opening sizes should fit symmetrically within the brick module.
Note: Creating opening sizes that fit the brick module might require ordering custom size windows.
C. Masonry coursing should be continuous from panel to panel, both vertically and horizontally. This is particularly important when concrete banding is not used at the edge of panels. D. When using a formliner pattern that is rectilinear or modular (e.g. a stone pattern), consider aligning the brick pattern with the concrete pattern. This will also help to align openings in the different patterns, and create a well-ordered, visually pleasing faade.
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Tolerances to be taken into consideration include: 1. Floor-to-floor heights 2. Panel heights 3. Brick coursing 4. Joint sizes 5. Load bearing conditions 6. Joint details
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I. Industry standard manufacturing tolerances of both precast panels and thin brick need to be considered during the design.
H. If necessary, cutting brick to special sizes at edges of panels and panel openings can be achieved, although it is more costly than using standard modular sizes. If a special size opening is required, make sure the opening is located so that the brick is cut equally on either side of the opening.
EMBEDDED BRICK OPENINGS
5 3 4
5 4
BRICK FRAME
For an all-brick facade appearance, brick returns can be applied at jambs, sills and heads. Careful planning of window sizes is required if minimizing the cutting of bricks is a goal. At sills, a sloping sill extender is required from the window manufacturer to fully cover any flat brick surface.
BRICK AND CONCRETE FRAMES

For the traditional appearance of stone sills and heads, concrete can be formed either flush with or protruding from the brick facade. Brick returns are typically applied at the jambs.
CONCRETE FRAME
The most cost-effective opening is formed with concrete at the jambs, sill and head. This reduces the amount of brick cutting and allows for flexibility of window sizes as the openings are determined by the concrete, not brick coursing. The concrete frame can be flush with the facade or protruding.
TYPICAL OPENING DETAILS
2
flush or protruding
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flush or protruding
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flush or protruding
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SAMPLE BRICK FINISHES

Thin Brick
Oldcastle offers owners and architects the option to integrally cast brick in concrete. From the nations premier manufacturers of thin brick, there is a wide array of brick options available. The images shown in this manual represent many of the available color and texture blends. Brick corners and edge caps are also available. Furthermore, flashed blends such as light, dark, and vintage flash and mixed blends are available by custom order in minimum quantity orders. Advantages of brick-embedded concrete include no flashing, lintels or weep cavities; no efflorescence; and reduced construction time. Thin brick may vary in size and shade from run to run and within each run. Bricks should be blended from numerous cartons on the job site. The color samples shown here are only a visual guide for initial concept, not for actual selection. The Oldcastle representative will make available more accurate color literature and samples when requested.
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OTHER TRIM MATERIALS
Oldcastle assists designers and owners in the coordination and design of its precast products with various exterior trim materials such as composites, metal, wood, terra cotta, ceramics, masonry, EIFS, and fiberglass.
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ARCHITECTURAL & STRUCTURAL DETAILS

Equus Design Group
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NON-INSULATED LOAD-BEARING PANEL DETAIL
INSULATED LOAD-BEARING PANEL DETAIL
BELOW-GRADE PARKING FOUNDATION DETAIL
USE OF THESE DETAILS

The drawings and other information contained herein are illustrative only and neither Equus Design Group, Inc. nor Oldcastle Precast, Inc. makes any representations as to their fitness for any specific design or structure, and disclaim any responsibility for techniques of application, correctness, interpretations, design methods, modifications or misapplications of these drawings and references. Since no specific project nor overall engineering responsibility is implied with the use of this manual and the information contained within, neither Equus Design Group, Inc. nor Oldcastle Precast, Inc. will be responsible for the failure of any designer to properly design nor any contractor to properly construct any building.
NON-INSULATED PANEL-TO-FOUNDATION DETAIL
INSULATED PANEL-TO-FOUNDATION DETAIL
ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
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TYPICAL COPING DETAIL AT PARAPET
PRECAST PARAPET DETAIL
INTERIOR PANEL-TO-PANEL DETAIL
TYPICAL COPING DETAIL AT ROOF
INSULATED PANEL WITH PARAPET DETAIL
INTERIOR PANEL-TO-FOUNDATION DETAIL
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MITERED CORNER JOINT DETAIL
BUTT CORNER JOINT DETAIL
BRICK CORNER JOINT DETAIL
PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM SECTION
WINDOW SILL DETAIL - NON-INSULATED PANEL
WINDOW SILL DETAIL - INSULATED PANEL
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PLANK END BEARING AT EXTERIOR INSULATED WALL
PLANK END BEARING AT EXTERIOR WALL
PLANK SIDE CONNECTION AT EXTERIOR WALL
Since no specific project nor overall engineering responsibility is implied with the use of this manual and the information contained within, neither Equus Design Group, Inc. nor Oldcastle Precast, Inc. will be responsible for the failure of any designer to properly design nor any contractor to properly construct any building.
EXTERIOR INSULATED WALL AT FOUNDATION
EXTERIOR WALL AT FOUNDATION
STRUCTURAL DETAILS
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The drawings and other information contained herein are illustrative only and neither Equus Design Group, Inc. nor Oldcastle Precast, Inc. makes any representations as to their fitness for any specific design or structure, and disclaim any responsibility for techniques of application, correctness, interpretations, design methods, modifications or misapplications of these drawings and references.
ArchitecTs Planners
These details represent a sampling of typical Oldcastle Building System details for various building conditions. Please consult an Oldcastle representative for specific details for each project.
USE OF THESE DETAILS
PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM SECTION
PLANK END BEARING AT INTERIOR WALL
PLANK END BEARING AT EXPANSION JOINT
PRECAST COLUMN AT FOOTING
INTERIOR WALL AT FOOTING
PLANK BEARING AND SECTION AT CORRIDORS AND LARGE OPENINGS
STRUCTURAL DETAILS
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(PLAN VIEW)
(PLAN VIEW)
ROOF PLANK BEARING AT EXTERIOR WALL
INSIDE WELD PLATE CONNECTION AT CORNER WALL PANELS
OUTSIDE WELD PLATE CONNECTION AT CORNER WALL PANELS
(PLAN VIEW)
(PLAN VIEW)
ROOF PLANK BEARING AT INTERIOR WALL
WALL PANEL BUTT JOINT WITH HIDDEN CONNECTION
INTERIOR WALL PANEL JOINT
STRUCTURAL DETAILS
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SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Equus Design Group
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SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable buildings are good for the environment and for the people who occupy them. Precast concrete is the best sustainable material on the planet for total building systems. Oldcastle incorporates sustainability principles and concepts in the design of its buildings that are consistent with budget constraints and customer requirements. Furthermore, concrete can also include recycled components such as fly ash, slag cement, and silica fume, all waste by-products from power plants, steel mills, and other manufacturing facilities. Ecologically Preferable Compared to logging for wood products and iron ore mining for steel production, the extraction from the earth of aggregate and limestone is the least disruptive to land and the fragile ecology that it supports; and aggregate and limestone quarries can be restored to nature preserves, parks and other recreational, commercial or residential uses. Furthermore, concrete minimizes construction waste and can be recycled. Highly Durable Concrete actually gets stronger with age. It can take years, even decades, for concrete to fully hydrate and reach its highest strength. The Pantheon in Rome, a concrete building circa 180 a.d., is still in use. While most modern buildings are not expected to last as long as the Pantheon, the longer the life span of the building, the more sustainable benefit it has. Recyclable Concrete can be crushed and reused as aggregate in new concrete mixtures particularly for infrastructure projects such as roads, sidewalks, and bridges, as well as for environmental erosion control. The ASTM definition of coarse aggregate includes crushed concrete, and the definition of manufactured sand includes crushed concrete fines. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Highway Commission encourage the use of recycled concrete. Furthermore, the steel used for its reinforcement, normally obtained from recycled steel, can be recycled again.
TOTAL PRECAST BUILDING SYSTEMS

Total Precast Building Systems refers to an integrated assemblage of prefabricated concrete building components, made in quality-controlled factory conditions. Systems building contributes to reducing initial construction and lifecycle costs in various ways. By using prefabricated precast concrete building components: Job site waste during construction can be avoided. Ultimate erection of a systems building is orderly and fast, resulting in reduced construction time and faster building closure, the results of which are greater on-site construction material, labor and energy savings. The durability of precast concrete creates a long life cycle and requires less replacement and maintenance through the life of the building. The sustainable properties of precast concrete are beneficial to the planet.
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
The responsible management of energy and environmental resources is the greatest challenge in the building industry. Labels such as environmentally friendly or green are not just catchy marketing phrases at Oldcastle. We believe in maximizing opportunities for long-term sustainable development with our products. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.1 Sustainable design is the art of designing buildings that do just that by conserving energy, water and other resources without polluting either indoor or outdoor environments, and using resources without depleting or damaging them.
Sustainable properties of precast concrete include the following: Resource Efficient Concrete is made from three of the earths most abundant resources: o Water o Stone, sand and gravel aggregates o Cement which is predominantly limestone, the most abundant mineral on earth
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SUSTAINABLE PROPERTIES OF PRECAST CONCRETE
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Energy Efficient o The thermal mass of concrete saves energy in buildings by reducing temperature swings. The mass of the concrete stores heat during the day and releases it slowly for night heat; similarly, the coolness stored during the night helps to reduce air conditioning loads during the day. o Concrete has low energy requirements for its production. o Concrete has low transportation energy costs because it is generally produced locally. Excellent Indoor Air Quality The quality of the indoor air is crucial to the well-being of the occupants. Building owners and occupants are increasingly demanding green buildings that minimize the type of pollutants that lead to sick building syndrome. Precast concrete has extremely low emissions of the type of off-gassing substances that plague many buildings with sick syndrome. Precast concrete is also one of the best building materials available to inhibit or prevent mold growth. Concrete is non-organic and mold requires moist organic nutrients to grow. Furthermore, the low permeability rating of precast concrete inhibits the penetration of mold spores from the exterior. Concrete alone cannot achieve goals of reducing indoor air pollutants. Designers must carefully choose low volatile organic compounds (VOC) materials such as carpet, partitions and paint; and engineers must carefully design the mechanical systems for appropriate levels of ventilation and air circulation. But, in conjunction with these design choices, precast concrete is by far the best building material to achieve beneficial indoor air quality.
2-8 thick), are an ideal product for energy conservation. The concrete walls include the thermal mass properties that absorb and retain heat and the insulation provides low thermal conductivity (high R-value). o Thin Brick Thin Brick embedded on precast panels is an energy efficient solution to all masonry projects. The raw clay materials, fuels used for manufacturing and shipping, and construction waste are about twenty-five percent of those used in full-bed-depth brick projects. Furthermore, precast panels with embedded brick do not require sources of energy loss such as the weep holes and air space required in conventional masonry construction. o Windows Energy efficient windows include options such as low conductance gas (e.g. argon gas) between the panes of glass, and lowemissivity (low-e) coatings to suppress heat flow.
ENERGY PERFORMANCE
Well-informed building owners look for bottom-line savings in energy efficient building design and technologies. Factors which shape the energy performance of buildings include the following: Building Envelope The building envelope includes everything that separates the interior of a building from the outdoor environment including the roof, walls, windows, doors, and other closures. o Exterior Walls Oldcastles precast concrete sandwich panels, consisting of an exterior wythe of concrete (typically 2-3 thick), an inner layer of rigid insulation (typically 2 thick), and an interior wythe of concrete (typically
o Foundations and Basement Slabs Insulating both foundations and basement slabs is important for energy efficiency. o Air Leakage Control Air leakage is one of the greatest areas of heat and energy loss. Air leakage typically occurs around windows, doors and building joints. Precast concrete panels are extremely efficient at reducing potential sources of air leakage because there are few joints; and concrete has excellent characteristics for preventing the passage of air and moisture.
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o Roofs White or reflective roofing helps reflect heat and keep buildings cool; and roof gardens add valuable/useable space while providing energy efficiency.
Solar Heat Gain Solar heat gain contributes to the need for high cooling loads, one of the greatest consumers of energy. The higher the solar gain, the greater the energy consumption. Building orientation, shading devices, and light reflectance characteristics of office buildings can help to control the amount of solar gain. The orientation of a building on the site contributes heavily to its ability to offset solar gain. Rectangular buildings placed in an eastwest orientation will have the least amount of glazing in the direction of the morning and afternoon sun and the most amount of glazing on the north and south facades. The north faade receives very little sun and the south face can be controlled with shading devices and, to some extent, solar control glass. Oldcastle Glass, www.oldcastleglass.com, can provide additional information on the variety of best glass choices to meet the owners needs and contribute to the sustainable aspects of design. Precast concrete also is generally a light color (high-albedo) which helps to reflect solar radiation to reduce cooling loads. Dark colored materials such as roofs, paving and walls cause an effect called heat islands, a growing concern in urban and suburban areas where temperatures are higher than rural areas because the surfaces capture solar gain. Lightcolored precast concrete roof pavers, and roof garden waterproofing systems are products available from Oldcastle to help reduce the heat island effect. Lighting and Daylighting Through proper design, including glass selection and shading devices, natural light from windows (daylighting) can be used to significantly reduce the amount of artificial lighting. Effective daylighting and energy efficient light fixtures and controls can help to significantly reduce building energy costs.
Mechanical and Ventilation Systems Strategies for energy efficient mechanical and ventilation systems include: o Ventilation Air Management o Energy Efficient Equipment o Waste Heat Recovery o Digital Climate Controls o Use of Renewable Energy Systems Water Efficiency There are several strategies to create water resourceful developments: o Low-Flow and Automatic Shut-Off Fixtures o Water Efficient Landscaping o Rain Water Collection & Distribution (Water Harvesting) o Recycled Treated Waste Water Renewable Energy Systems There are an increasing number of renewable energy choices that help to protect the environment and contribute to sustainable development. o Biomass plant derived organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste materials all used to produce a variety of fuels including the liquid fuels ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane. Fuel Cells use of hydrogen (the third most abundant element on the earths surface, where it is found primarily in water and organic compounds) to produce heat and electricity for buildings.
Solar use of the suns energy and light to provide heat, light, hot water, electricity, and even cooling, for buildings. Strategies include: - Photovoltaics - the conversion of sunlight into electricity from semiconducting materials, now commercially available as roof panels and even roof shingles. - Passive Solar Heating, Cooling and Daylighting design features such as building materials that absorb and slowly release the suns heat, like concrete. - Solar Hot Water and Space Heating and Cooling use of the sun to heat either water or a heat-transfer fluid in collectors to provide energy-efficient hot water and hot water heat.
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ArchitecTs Planners
Geothermal use of the relatively constant temperature of soil or surface water as a heat source and sink for a geothermal heat pump to provide heating and cooling for buildings.
LEED CERTIFICATION
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system is administered by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), a coalition of building industry leaders working to promote buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work. LEED certification is typically voluntary, yet there are increasing numbers of tax benefits and/or grants being offered for green buildings. Many U.S. government agencies and some states and localities are mandating that LEED requirements be met, and some are even requiring LEED certification for public buildings. While civic pride for building green can bring some satisfaction to building owners, tangible economic benefits that come from certification will generate the most enthusiasm. For example, meeting many of the green building practices that lead to LEED certification can result in energy and cost savings over the life of the building. Furthermore, workers in LEED certified environments can have increased productivity translating directly into company profits. The Oldcastle Precast Residential Building System can help owners and designers achieve LEED certification. The LEED rating system divides credits and prerequisites into five categories: Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy & Atmosphere Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation and Design Process Prerequisites and credits are based mostly on established governmental or trade group standards. The number of points a project earns determines the level at which a project can be certified. The certification levels are Platinum, Gold, Silver and Certified.
Compliance with LEED prerequisites and obtaining LEED credits can be obtained through: o Recycling concrete (particularly applicable to roads, parking, sidewalks, and fill materials) o Construction waste management (precast concrete is very efficiently produced with little waste) o Use of pervious concrete pavement (to reduce stormwater runoff) o Optimizing energy performance of the building envelope (Concretes thermal mass is a benefit) o Using regionally produced concrete products (Oldcastle has plants in most U.S. regions) LEED certified professionals should be included on the design team for each project in order to determine the potential for maximizing concretes many sustainable benefits.
RESOURCES
6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Ecological Carrying Capacity Effects of Building Materials Extraction, Dr. Robert Paehlke, Natural Resources Canada, 1993. U.S. Department of Energy www.eere.energy.gov Sustainable Buildings Industry Council www.sbicouncil.org Energy Star - www.energystar.gov U.S. Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov/heatisland/about/index.html Achieving Sustainability With Precast Concrete, Martha VanGeem, P.E., LEED A.P., PCI Journal, pp. 42-61, January-February, 2006. Some Aspects of Sustainability, Adam Neville, D.Sc., A&M Neville Engineering, London England, PCI Journal, pp. 72-75, JanuaryFebruary, 2006.
1.
4. 5.
13.
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2. 3.
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development to the United Nations General Assembly, 1987, www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42187.htm. U.S. Green Building Council www.usgbc.org Using Concrete to Maximize LEED Points, Martha VanGeem and Medgar L. Marceau, Concrete International, pp. 69-73, November 2002. What is Green Building, and Why Does It Matter? Anne Balough, www.concretenetwork.com Environmental Council of Concrete Organizations - www.ecco.org
ArchitecTs Planners
There are numerous programs available for designers and owners to learn more about energy conservation and high performance building design. A listing of some of the available resources includes:
CASE STUDIES
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
CASE STUDIES
The Juliana
Lincoln University
Melrose II
Scranton University
University of Delaware
CS.0
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
THE JULIANA
Hoboken, New Jersey
I.
Project Description -
128-unit luxury living complex comprised of two four-story buildings with covered first level parking, bay window projections and courtyard, totaling over 201,000 SF.
II.
Project Team Owner: Kawoz LLC, Hoboken, NJ General Contractor: Ashley REMI Inc., Hoboken, NJ Architects: Equus Design Group, Inc, Belmont, MA (precast concrete design architects) Bodnar Architects & Assoc. Long Valley, NJ (local architect-of-record) Precaster and Precast Specialty Engineers: Oldcastle Precast Building Systems Division
Total Precast Building System: Exterior Load and Non-Load Bearing Panels Interior Load Bearing Cross Wall Panels Hollow Core Floor and Roof Planks Special Bay Window Floor Projection Slabs Beams and Columns at Parking Level Stairs and Landings - Interior and Exterior Elevator and Stair Shaft Walls Special Arch, Pediment, and Curved Panels Embedded Brick Finish (9 colors) Formliner Finish (stone) Composite Cornice and Trim 1,624 Precast Pieces 696 8-foot wide planks 72 columns 40 beams 244 7- and 8-inch interior wall panels 48 stairs 48 landings 408 exterior wall panels
III.
Major Features -
CS.A1
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
THE JULIANA
Three levels of living units above one enclosed garage in two separate buildings
Exterior wall panel being poured in the plant
Metal clad bay window projections in rhythm with embedded thin brick precast panels
Precast panels and stairs used to create 2nd level entries
Exterior wall panel being erected at the 2nd level
Exterior facade with composite window header and cornice, and metal clad bay window
Concrete floor projections at bay windows
Acid etched precast panels with stone-like formliner finish at base of building
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View from street showing stair to living units, bay projections, thin brick and composite headers over precast framed window openings
Ornamental bracketed composite cornices atop the precast panels
End view of both buildings at side street 1st level garage entries
Courtyard view between both buildings showing a variety of different thin brick colors
CS.A2
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
ORIGINAL FLOOR LAYOUT (TYPICAL) The original design of the Juliana project was load bearing metal stud construction with a brick exterior cavity wall and concrete floor and roof plank.
MODIFIED FLOOR LAYOUT (TYPICAL) Oldcastle was able to implement the total precast Cross Wall Building System with only slight modifications to the unit arrangement and minimal changes to unit layouts, unit counts, and exterior appearance, greatly simplifying the structural system of the project.
PRECAST FLOOR LAYOUT (TYPICAL) Precast floor plank span and bear on the interior precast cross walls and end walls of the building. A steel lintel is used between the cross walls at the corridor location.
CS.A3
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
PARTIAL MODIFIED FLOOR LAYOUT
PARTIAL PARKING GARAGE LAYOUT Parking layouts are easily adaptable to the Oldcastle Cross Wall Building System. With the use of columns and beams to carry the load of the Cross Walls above, and the Drop-Beam sytem for running utilities, there is ample space to provide safe and secure parking on the first level, protected from the weather.
CS.A4
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
ORIGINAL FRONT ELEVATION The original front elevation designed with a brick cavity wall.
PRECAST FRONT ELEVATION The modified front elevation showing only the exterior concrete panel components.
CS.A5
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
MODIFIED FRONT ELEVATION TO ACCOMODATE PRECAST The modified front elevation designed with precast concrete panels. With minor changes Oldcastle was able to maintain the original design of the facade using precast concrete panels. This example shows the compatibility of precast concrete components and how they can be used in place of common building products and still achieve the same design.
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, PENNSYLVANIA
I. II.
Two phase, four story 120,000 SF residence hall. The precast structure was erected during the middle of winter.
Project Team Owner: Lincoln University General Contractor: EDIS Company, Wilmington, DE Architects: AP3C Architects, Philadelphia, PA Precaster: Oldcastle Precast Building Systems Division
III.
Major Features Total Precast Framing System: Cross Wall System 7-inch Load Bearing Interior Panels Hollow Core Floor and Roof Planks Stairs and Landings Elevator and Stair Shaft Walls
CS.B1
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY
Grouting the base of an interior precast wall panel
Interior precast stairs and landing
Interior precast wall panels and plank along unfinished corridor
Infilling the shoring/bracing anchors to provide a smooth wall ready for painting
Setting a precast concrete floor plank
Shoring of interior precast wall panels while floor plank is set and grouted
Columns and beams at corner study area
Stairwell enclosure at end of building
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Winter erection of precast panels and plank
Exterior brick facade
Completed Phase 1 on the right with Phase 2 panel erection on the left
Finished exterior building facade
CS.B2
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
TYPICAL UPPER FLOOR LAYOUT
CS.B3

Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
PARTIAL UPPER LEVEL FLOOR PLAN
PARTIAL STRUCTURAL FLOOR PLAN

2
CS.B4

Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
PARTIAL FLOOR PLAN
ENLARGED TYPICAL SUITE PLAN
CS.B5

Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
MELROSE COMMONS II
Bronx, New York
I. II.
Affordable ownership and rental housing comprised of 30 three-story townhouse units with courtyard and off-street parking.
Project Team Developer: MC II LLC, New York, NY Builder: Blue Sea Construction LLC, New York, NY Architects: Equus Design Group, Inc, Belmont, MA (precast concrete design architects) Danois Architects. New York, NY (local architect-of-record) Precaster and Precast Specialty Engineers: Oldcastle Precast Building Systems Division Total Precast Building System: Exterior Load and Non-Load Bearing Panels Interior Load Bearing Wall Panels Hollow Core Floor and Roof Planks Special Window Head and Sill Projections Special Three-Sided Stairwell Channels Exterior Stairs and Landings Cornices Embedded Brick Finish Formliner Finish (stone) Over 2,400 concrete pieces
III.
Major Features -
IV.
Awards Received First affordable housing development in New

York State to receive Energy Star certifications National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) HUD Secretarys Platinum award NESEA Northeast Green Building first place residential award BSHF World Habitat Innovative Housing database listing NAHB Energy Value Housing Silver Award
CS.C1
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
MELROSE COMMONS II
Initial pre-construction rendering
Pouring concrete panel with self compacting concrete over thin brick veneer
Power washing panel prior to shipping to job site
Exterior wall panel on truck ready to be shipped to job site
Non-load bearing front wall panel being erected
Endwall panel with embedded thin brick veneer, water table and stone formliner
Concrete channel being lifted into position
Precast entry channels and cornices
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Precast cornice, entry channel and front wall panel
Precast concrete projecting window header with concrete window jambs
Completed Melrose Commons II affordable housing
HUD Secretarys Platinum Award from the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
CS.C2
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
SITE PLAN
STRUCTURAL PLANK LAYOUT
BASEMENT
1ST LEVEL
2ND LEVEL
3RD LEVEL
FLOOR PLAN LAYOUTS
PARTIAL ELEVATION
CS.C3
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
Melrose Commons II - Floor and roof planks spanned between interior load bearing panels and exterior end unit walls. Nonload bearing front wall panels and three-sided precast channel pieces enclosed the front of the housing units. Precast stairs and landings were used between levels. A decorative precast concrete cornice completes the facade.
CONDRON HALL University of Scranton

Scranton, Pennsylvania
I.
Project Description - Seven-story, 386-bed

total precast concrete residence hall that contains over 108,000 sf of living space, erected in only fourteen weeks.
II.
Project Team Owner: University of Scranton Architects: Equus Design Group, Inc, Belmont, MA (precast concrete design architects) Burkavage Design Associates, New York, NY (local architect-of-record) Precaster and Precast Specialty Engineers: Oldcastle Precast Building Systems Division
III.
Major Features Total Precast Building System: Exterior Load and Non-Load Bearing Panels Interior Load Bearing Wall Panels Hollow Core Floor and Roof Planks Window Head and Sill Projections Interior Stairs and Landings Cornices Embedded Thin Brick Finish Concrete Formliner Finish Formliner University Seal and Name Over 500 concrete wall pieces Over 100,000 sf concrete plank
CS.D1
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
CONDRON HALL
Custom formliners were used to create embossed precast building name and University seal
Embedded thin brick in different colors and coursing patterns
Stairwell, dorm rooms and common areas all clad with precast panels
Wide, unobstructed clear spans made possible with precast spandrel panels
Thin brick being layed in formliner prior to pouring of concrete wall panel
A combination of mitered and butt joints used to create visual continuity
Exterior wall panel on truck ready for shipment to job site
Projected concrete window framed openings
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12
Precast panels used to create projections and recesses of the modulating facade
Precast concrete walls used for both exterior and interior applications
A combination of formliner finish and embedded thin brick precast panels used to create architectural interest
Building as seen from distant highway entrance
CS.D2
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
Condron Hall - Using a bearing wall System, floor and roof plank
span between interior and exterior load bearing panels. Load bearing endwall and stairwell panels are also used to enclose the ends of the structure. Precast stairs and landings are used between levels.
CS.D3
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN LAYOUT
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT
University of Delaware
NEWARK, DELAWARE
I.
This project, built in 1971, is the first total precast high-rise student housing built in the United States. The two 17story dormitories were designed to accommodate 1,300 students. The towers have 375,000 SF and incorporate 255 one-bedroom apartment units and 197 two-bedroom units.
II.
Project Team Owner: University of Delaware General Contractor: Ogden Development Group Joint Venture with Frederic G. Krapf & Sons, Inc., Wilmington, DE Architects: Charles Luckman Associates, New York, NY
Total Precast Framing System: Cross Wall System Insulated Load Bearing Exterior Panels Load Bearing Interior Panels Prestressed Hollow Core Floor and Roof Planks Precast Columns, Beams and Stairs Elevator and Stair Shaft Walls Fluted Formliner Over 5,000 Precast Concrete Components
III.
Major Features -
CS.E1
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
A total precast student dormitory
The structure was erected at a rate of one floor per week per building
Eight-foot wide hollow core concrete floor and roof planks
Erection of a total precast building system
Wide corridors are made possible with steel headers for floor plank
Exterior wall panels contain foam insulation cores which provide high thermal resistance
Combined precast stair and landings
The exterior concrete panels were finished with a light sandblast
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11
12
17-story high-rise dormitory
A storefront wall system is installed between concrete panels
The fluted formliner finish is outlined by smooth spandrels and corners
Both high-rise towers as seen from the university campus
CS.E2
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
TYPICAL TWO BEDROOM APARTMENT PLAN
CS.E3

Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
REFERENCES & RESOURCES

Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
The following associations, organizations and agencies offer useful information on the wide range of subjects in residential design, planning, development and construction. Oldcastle Precast Building Systems Division www.oldcastlesystems.com Associations, Organizations, Agencies: AltusGroup A partnership of precast industry producers making precast innovations, particularly in carbon-fiber reinforced concrete, www.altusprecast.com. Energy Star - A joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy promoting energy efficient products and practices, www.energystar.gov. National Multi Housing Council A member supported association of developers and other industry professional dedicated to multi-family apartment advocacy and strategies, www.nmhc.org. National Association of Local Housing Finance Agencies A non-profit national association of professionals working to finance affordable housing, and advocate before Congress and federal agencies on legislative and regulatory issues affecting affordable housing, www.nalhfa.org. National Housing Conference - A public policy and affordable housing advocacy organization of members drawn from the housing industry, www.nhc.org. National Apartment Association - A federation of 192 state and local affiliates, comprised of more than 51,000 multifamily housing companies consisting of owners, managers, developers and suppliers advocating quality rental housing. www.naahq.org. National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) A trade association of more than 800 state and local associations. About one-third of NAHBs 235,000 members are home builders and/or remodelers. The remaining members are associates working in closely related fields within the housing industry, such as mortgage finance and building products and services, www.nahb.org.
Books, Articles and On-line Resources: Some Aspects of Sustainability, Adam Neville, D.Sc., PCI Journal, January-February, 2006, pp. 72-75. Achieving Sustainability With Precast Concrete, Martha Van Geem, P.E., LEED A.P., PCI Journal, January-February, 2006, pp. 42-61. World Commission on Environment and Development, Report on Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1987. MULTIFAMILY TRENDS, a bi-monthly publication of the Urban Land Institute, www.uli.org. www.concretethinker.com - a Portland Cement Association (www.cement.org) web site resource for sustainability design issues. LEED Reference Guide, Ready Mixed Concrete Industry, RMC Research Foundation, 2006, www.rmc-foundation.org.
RR.1
Equus Design Group
ArchitecTs Planners
National Affordable Housing Management Association A member organization of multifamily mangers, owners and other industry stakeholders whose mission is to promulgate standards and provide quality affordable housing, www.nahma.org. Housing Education Research Association A member organization promoting professional dialogue among educators, researchers and policy makers in the field of housing, www.housingeducators.org. Precast Concrete Institute www.pci.org. Portland Cement Organization www.cement.org - a trade organization representing cement companies in the U.S. and Canada. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), www.hud.gov. United States Green Building Council (USGBC) a non-profit coalition of trade members and developers of high-performance green building design through LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), www.usgbc.org. Urban Land Institute A non-profit research and education organization with more than 34,000 members worldwide representing land use and real estate development disciplines, working in private enterprise and public service, www.uli.org.
REFERENCES & RESOURCES

Robert Chandler, John Clancy, David Dixon, Joan Goody, Geoffrey Wooding, Jean Lawrence, 2005, Building Type Basics for Housing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. David Neuman, FAIA, 2003, Building Type Basics for College and University Facilities, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bradford Perkins, 2004, Building Type Basics for Senior Living, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. De Chiara, J., J. Panero, and M. Zelnik, eds. 1995, Time-Saver Standards for Housing and Residential Development, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. De Chiara, and J. Callender, 1990, Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, 3d ed. New York, McGraw-Hill. American with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Building and Facilities, 1994, Federal Regulation 31,676. National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc., Directory of Building and Code Regulations, www.ncsbcs.org. Chronicle of Higher Education, www.chronicle.com, a web-site serving college and university administrators and faculty members. Energy Efficient and Renewable Energy Network, www.eren.doe.gov. LEED Green Building Rating System, www.usgbc.org/programs/leed.htm. Schmitz, Adrienne, and Urban Land Institute, 2000, Multifamily Housing Development Handbook, Washington, D.C., Urban Land Institute. U.S. Green Building Council, 2002, LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations, LEED-NC Version 2.1 Reference Package, Washington, D.C., U.S. Green Building Council. Multi-Family Executive Magazine www.multifamilyexecutive.com
PHOTO & IMAGE CREDITS

Note: All photos and images on page by company stated, unless noted otherwise.
Table of Contents Equus Design Group, Inc. OP.1 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. OP.2 1. Thomas H. Kieren 2. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. 3. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. OP.3 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. OP.4 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. OP.5 1. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. 2. Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.0 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.1 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. RP.2 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.3 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.4 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.5 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.6 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.7 AP3C Architects, Inc. RP.8 Images - Equus Design Group, Inc. Photo - Oldcastle Precast, Inc. RP.9 Images - Equus Design Group, Inc. Photo - Oldcastle Precast, Inc. RP.10 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. RP.11 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.12 Equus Design Group, Inc. RP.13 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.0 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.1 1. Public Domain - Wikipedia.com 2. Jim Harper - Wikipedia.com 3. Equus Design Group, Inc. 4. Public Domain - Wikipedia.com 5. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.2 Equus Design Group, Inc. BS.3 Equus Design Group, Inc. BS.4 Equus Design Group, Inc.
BS.5 Images - Equus Design Group, Inc. Photo - Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.6 Images - Equus Design Group, Inc. Photos - Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.7 Image - Equus Design Group, Inc. Photo - Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.8 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.9 Image - Equus Design Group, Inc. Photo - Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.10 Equus Design Group, Inc. BS.11 Jeffrey Totaro BS.12 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.13 Precast Prestressed Concrete Institute BS.14 Fitzgerald Formliner and Scott System, Inc. BS.15 1-3. Scott System, Inc. 4. Oldcastle Precast BS.16 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. BS.17 Equus Design Group, Inc. BS.18 Scott System, Inc. BS.19 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. AS.1 Equus Design Group, Inc. AS.2 Equus Design Group, Inc. AS.3 Equus Design Group, Inc. AS.4 Equus Design Group, Inc. AS.5 Equus Design Group, Inc. AS.6 Equus Design Group, Inc. SD.1 NASA SD.2 US Dept. of Agriculture - Wikipedia.com SD.3 Jon Sullivan - Wikipedia.com SD.4 Public Domain - Wikipedia.com CS.0 1. Thomas H. Kieren 2. AP3C Architects, Inc. 3. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. 4. Burkavage Design Associates 5. Oldcastle Precast, Inc.
CS.A1 Thomas H. Kieren CS.A2 1-3. Equus Design Group, Inc. 4-12. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.A3 1. Bodnar Architect & Associates, Inc. 2. Bodnar Architect & Associates, Inc. 3. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.A4 1. Bodnar Architect & Associates, Inc. 2. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.A5 1. Bodnar Architect & Associates, Inc. 2. Equus Design Group, Inc. 3. Equus Design Group, Inc. CS.B1 AP3C Architects, Inc. CS.B2 1-11. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. 12. AP3C Architects, Inc. CS.B3 AP3C Architects, Inc. CS.B4 1. AP3C Architects, Inc. 2. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.B5 AP3C Architects, Inc. CS.C1 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.C2 1. Danois Architects 2,6,8. Equus Design Group, Inc. 3,4,5,7,9,10,11. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.C3 1. Danois Architects, P.C. 2. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. 3. Danois Architects, P.C. 4. Danois Architects, P.C. CS.D1 Burkavage Design Associates CS.D2 Equus Design Group, Inc. CS.D3 1. Burkavage Design Associates 2. Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.E1 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.E2 Oldcastle Precast, Inc. CS.E3 Charles Luckman Associates
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OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

EQUUS DESIGN GROUP

Equus Design Group

THE OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

From a Single Provider...

Partnering with Clients...

Equus Design Group

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Equus Design Group

College Residence Halls

Senior Living Residences

Benefits of Total Precast Systems

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Single Source Supplier

Equus Design Group

Lower Capital Costs

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

High Quality Control

Durability and Maintenance

Equus Design Group

Equus Design Group

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

RESIDENTIAL PLANNING PRINCIPLES

RESIDENTIAL PLANNING PRINCIPLES

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Equus Design Group

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Equus Design Group

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Equus Design Group

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

COURTYARD FORM W/ PARKING

Equus Design Group

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Equus Design Group

DOUBLE-LOADED CORRIDOR LAYOUT

SINGLE-LOADED CORRIDOR LAYOUT

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

CENTRAL CORE LAYOUTS

Equus Design Group

Typical Multi-Family Unit Layouts

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Typical Row House

Equus Design Group

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Equus Design Group

RESIDENCE HALL BUILDING LAYOUTS

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

SUITES IN DOUBLE LOADED CORRIDOR

CENTRAL CORE WITH DOUBLE-LOADED CORRIDOR

Equus Design Group

RESIDENCE HALL UNIT LAYOUTS

DOUBLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN SUITE STYLE LAYOUT

SINGLE AND DOUBLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN APARTMENT STYLE LAYOUT

Equus Design Group

DOUBLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN APARTMENT STYLE LAYOUT

SINGLE OCCUPANCY ROOMS IN APARTMENT STYLE LAYOUT

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM

Equus Design Group

SENIOR RESIDENCE BUILDING LAYOUTS

OLDCASTLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM