Cambridge University Press 0521838479 - Networking Wireless Sensors Bhaskar Krishnamachari Frontmatter More information

Networking Wireless Sensors

Wireless sensor networks promise an unprecedented fine-grained interface between the virtual and physical worlds. They are one of the most rapidly developing new information technologies, with applications in a wide range of fields including industrial process control, security and surveillance, environmental sensing, and structural health monitoring. This book is motivated by the urgent need to provide a comprehensive and organized survey of the field. It shows how the core challenges of energy efficiency, robustness, and autonomy are addressed in these systems by networking techniques across multiple layers. The topics covered include network deployment, localization, time synchronization, wireless radio characteristics, medium-access, topology control, routing, data-centric techniques, and transport protocols. Ideal for researchers and designers seeking to create new algorithms and protocols and engineers implementing integrated solutions, it also contains many exercises and can be used by graduate students taking courses in networks.

BHASKAR KRISHNAMACHARI is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering Systems at the University of Southern California.

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Cambridge University Press 0521838479 - Networking Wireless Sensors Bhaskar Krishnamachari Frontmatter More information

Networking Wireless Sensors

Bhaskar Krishnamachari

Deployment & configuration Localization Synchronization Wireless characteristics

Sleep-oriented MAC Efficient routing Data-centric concepts Congestion control

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Cambridge University Press 0521838479 - Networking Wireless Sensors Bhaskar Krishnamachari Frontmatter More information

Cambridge University Press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S o Paulo a Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521838474 Cambridge University Press 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface 10/13pt. Times and Formata
A System LTEX 2

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-83847-4 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-83847-9 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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To Shriram & Zhen, Amma & Appa

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Cambridge University Press 0521838479 - Networking Wireless Sensors Bhaskar Krishnamachari Frontmatter More information

Contents

Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Wireless sensor networks: the vision 1.2 Networked wireless sensor devices 1.3 Applications of wireless sensor networks 1.4 Key design challenges 1.5 Organization 2 Network deployment 2.1 Overview 2.2 Structured versus randomized deployment 2.3 Network topology 2.4 Connectivity in geometric random graphs 2.5 Connectivity using power control 2.6 Coverage metrics 2.7 Mobile deployment 2.8 Summary Exercises 3 Localization 3.1 Overview 3.2 Key issues 3.3 Localization approaches 3.4 Coarse-grained node localization using minimal information

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3.5 Fine-grained node localization using detailed information 3.6 Network-wide localization 3.7 Theoretical analysis of localization techniques 3.8 Summary Exercises 4 Time synchronization 4.1 Overview 4.2 Key issues 4.3 Traditional approaches 4.4 Fine-grained clock synchronization 4.5 Coarse-grained data synchronization 4.6 Summary Exercises 5 Wireless characteristics 5.1 Overview 5.2 Wireless link quality 5.3 Radio energy considerations 5.4 The SINR capture model for interference 5.5 Summary Exercises 6 Medium-access and sleep scheduling 6.1 Overview 6.2 Traditional MAC protocols 6.3 Energy efficiency in MAC protocols 6.4 Asynchronous sleep techniques 6.5 Sleep-scheduled techniques 6.6 Contention-free protocols 6.7 Summary Exercises 7 Sleep-based topology control 7.1 Overview 7.2 Constructing topologies for connectivity 7.3 Constructing topologies for coverage 7.4 Set K-cover algorithms

39 43 51 53 54 57 57 58 60 61 67 68 68 70 70 70 77 78 79 80 82 82 82 86 87 91 96 100 101 103 103 105 109 113

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Contents

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7.5 Cross-layer issues 7.6 Summary Exercises

114 116 116

Energy-efficient and robust routing

8.1 Overview 8.2 Metric-based approaches 8.3 Routing with diversity 8.4 Multi-path routing 8.5 Lifetime-maximizing energy-aware routing techniques 8.6 Geographic routing 8.7 Routing to mobile sinks 8.8 Summary Exercises

119 119 119 122 125 128 130 133 136 137 139 139 140 143 147 156 159 162 163 165 165 167 168 170 175 177 178 179 179 180
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9 Data-centric networking 9.1 Overview 9.2 Data-centric routing 9.3 Data-gathering with compression 9.4 Querying 9.5 Data-centric storage and retrieval 9.6 The database perspective on sensor networks 9.7 Summary Exercises 10 Transport reliability and congestion control 10.1 Overview 10.2 Basic mechanisms and tunable parameters 10.3 Reliability guarantees 10.4 Congestion control 10.5 Real-time scheduling 10.6 Summary Exercises 11 Conclusions 11.1 Summary 11.2 Further topics
References Index

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Cambridge University Press 0521838479 - Networking Wireless Sensors Bhaskar Krishnamachari Frontmatter More information

Preface

Every piece of honest writing contains this tacit message: I wrote this because it is important; I want you to read it; Ill stand behind it. Matthew Grieder, as quoted by J.R. Trimble, in Writing with Style With its origins in the early nineties, the subject of wireless sensor networks has seen an explosive growth in interest in both academia and industry. In just the past five years several hundred papers have been written on the subject. I have written this book because I believe there is an urgent need to make this vast literature more readily accessible to students, researchers, and design engineers. The book aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive, organized survey of the many protocols and fundamental design concepts developed for wireless sensor networks in recent years. The topics covered are wide-ranging: deployment, localization, synchronization, wireless link characteristics, medium-access, sleep scheduling and topology control, routing, data-centric concepts, and congestion control. This book has its origins in notes, lectures, and discussions from a graduate course on wireless sensor networks that Ive taught thrice at the University of Southern California in the past two years. This text will be of interest to senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, computer science, and related engineering disciplines, as well as researchers and practitioners in academia and industry. To keep the book focused coherently on networking issues, I have had to limit in-depth treatment of some topics. These include target tracking, collaborative signal processing, distributed computation, programming and middleware, and
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security protocols. However, these topics are all addressed briefly in the final chapter, along with pointers to key relevant papers. I am certain there is much room for improvement in this work. I would be delighted to receive suggestions from readers via e-mail to bkrishna@usc.edu. Acknowledgements: First and foremost, I would like to thank Zhen, my wife, for her support through this whole writing process, and my little son Shriram, for making sure it wasnt all work and no play. My sincere thanks to the students in my wireless sensor networks classes at USC for many in-depth discussions on the subject; to my own graduate students from the Autonomous Networks Research Group for their considerable assistance; to the many faculty and researchers at USC and beyond who have offered useful advice and from whom I have learned so much; and to my editors at Cambridge University Press for all their patience and help. Bhaskar Krishnamachari

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