EED2001 Circuit Theory I

Lecture IX : Operational Ampliers

Assit.Prof.Dr. Serkan G unel
Dokuz Eyl ul University
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Izmir, TURKEY
serkan.gunel@deu.edu.tr
December 22, 2012
Ampliers
Denition (Amplier)
An amplier is a device that increases power of a signal at its input(s).
This is done in expense of an external power supplied to the amplier.
Generic Amplier Symbol
i

in

i
+
in
+
vin
i
+
out
+
i

out

vout
i
+
ss
vsupply
i

ss
i
+
ss
+i

ss
+i
+
in
+i

in
+i
+
out
+i

out
= 0
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 263 / 289
Notes
Notes
Ampliers
Generic Amplier Symbol
i

in

i
+
in
+
vin
i
+
out +
i

out

vout
i
+
ss
vsupply
i

ss
Rload
There are 3 major ways to increase the
power (that it will deliver to the load) of
the signal
1. Voltage Amplier :
v
out
= K
v
v
in
(1)
2. Current Amplier :
i
out
= i
+
out
i

out
= K
I
i
in
= K
I
(i
+
in
i

in
)
(2)
3. Power Amplier :
P
out
= G P
in
(3)
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 264 / 289
Ideal Voltage Amplier

i
+
in
+
vin
i
+
out +

vout
i
+
ss
vsupply
Rload
Generic Amplier Symbol
i
+
s
vs
i

s
iin
vin
iout vout
Rload
Simplied Symbol when voltages
are with respect to common
reference.
An ideal voltage amplier must satisfy:
v
out
= K
v
v
in
(4)
i
in
= 0 (5)
i
out
as R
Load
0 (6)
vin
vout
Kv
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 265 / 289
Notes
Notes
Saturation Eect
i
+
s
vs
i

s
vs
iin
vin
iout vout
Rload
vin
vout
vsat
Kv

vsat
Kv
vsat
vsat
Kv
vs
vs
In general, the output voltage is limited by the
supply voltage. In most of the cases we have;
v
out
=

v
sat
, v
in
<

vsat
Kv

K
v
v
in
, |v
in
| v
sat
v
sat
, v
in
>

vsat
Kv

(7)
v
sat
v
s
(8)
The region |v
in
|

v
sat
K
v

is called the linear

(amplication) region and |v
in
| >

v
sat
K
v

is called
the saturation region.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 266 / 289
Circuit Model of a Voltage Amplier
An ideal amplier in its linear region can be modeled as a controlled
source.
+

+
K vi
+
vi vo
Ideal Voltage Amplier
+
Ri

+
K vi
Ro
+
vi vo
Voltage Amplier
with Loading Eects
+
v
s
R
s
+
R
i

v
i
+
Kv
i
R
o
+
R
L

v
o
vi =
Ri
Rs +Ri
vs
vo =
RL
Ro +RL
Kvi
=
RL
Ro +RL
K
Ri
Rs +Ri
vi
G =
vo
vs
=
RL
Ro +RL
K
Ri
Rs +Ri
A good voltage amplier must have R
i
R
s
and R
o
R
L
!
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 267 / 289
Notes
Notes
Dierential amplier
A device that amplify the voltage dierence of it inputs is called a
dierential amplier. The dierential ampliers are especially immune to
noise at their inputs.
+
v1
Rs1
vp
ip
Ri
in
vn
Rs2
+
v2
+
K(vp vn)
Ro
RL
+

vo
i
p
= i
n
=
v
1
v
2
R
s1
+R
s2
+R
i
v
p
= v
1
+
v
1
v
2
R
s1
+R
s2
+R
i
R
s1
v
n
= v
2

v
1
v
2
R
s1
+R
s2
+R
i
R
s2
Let R
i
, R
s1
= R
s2
= R
s
and
R
o
0
v
o
= K(v
p
v
n
) = K(v
1
v
2
)
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 268 / 289
Example
+
vi
Ri
iin
RL
R
f
vo vin

K
Assume that amplier is an ideal voltage
amplier. Calculate the voltage gain
G =
vo
vi
.
Use nodevoltage at input of the amplier.
Since, iin = 0
vin vi
Ri
+
vin vo
R
f
= 0,
vo = Kvin
vin vi
Ri
+
vin Kvin
R
f
= 0,
_
1
Ri
+
1 K
R
f
_
vin =
1
Ri
vi
R
f
+ (1 K)Ri
RiR
f
vin =
1
Ri
vi
vin =
R
f
R
f
+ (1 K)Ri
vi
vo = Kvin =
KR
f
R
f
+ (1 K)Ri
vi
G =
vo
vi
=
KR
f
R
f
+ (1 K)Ri
G = lim
K
G =
R
f
Ri
We can control the gain by adjusting
R
f
Ri
.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 269 / 289
Notes
Notes
Example
+
vi
Ri
i iin
RL
R
f
vo vin

K
Assume vi is xed but due to small change
in amplier we have vo vo + vo.
v

in
vi
Ri
+
v

in
Kv

in
vo
R
f
= 0
_
1
Ri
+
(1 K)
R
f
_
v

in
=
1
Ri
vi
1
R
f
vo
v

in
=
R
f
vi
R
f
+ (1 K)Ri

Rivo
R
f
+ (1 K)Ri
v

o
= Kv

in
= vo
KRivo
R
f
+ (1 K)Ri
1 < R
f
+ (1 K)Ri < 0

> |vo + vo|

The circuit is regenerative or has positive
feedback. With a change in amp.
parameters, it is possible that the output
will grow indenitely, up to saturation!
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 270 / 289
Example II

+
K
v
in
R
i
v
i
+

R
f
v
o
R
L
i

i
+
If dierential amplier is ideal;
v
o
= K(v
+
v

) = Kv

= Kv
in
i
+
= i

= 0
v
in
v
i
R
i
+
v
in
v
o
R
f
= 0

1
R
i
+
1 +K
R
f

v
in
=
1
R
i
v
i
v
in
=
R
f
R
f
+ (1 +K)R
i
v
i
v
o
=
KR
f
R
f
+ (1 +K)R
i
v
i
G =
KR
f
R
f
+ (1 +K)R
i
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 271 / 289
Notes
Notes
Example II

+
K
i

v
in
R
i
v
i
+
-
i
+
R
f
v
o
R
L
Now, assume that v
i
is xed but,
there is a small change in amp.
parameters so that v

o
= v
o
+ v
o
;
v

o
= K(v
+
v

) = Kv

= Kv

in
i
+
= i

= 0
v

in
vi
Ri
+
v

in
v

o
R
f
= 0
_
1
Ri
+
1 +K
R
f
_
v

in
=
1
Ri
vi
1
R
f
vo
v

in
=
R
f
vi
R
f
+ (1 +K)Ri

Rivo
R
f
+ (1 +K)Ri
v

o
=
KR
f
R
f
+ (1 +K)Ri
vi +
KRivo
R
f
+ (1 +K)Ri
v

o
= vo +
KRivo
R
f
+ (1 +K)Ri
G

< |vo + vo|

The circuit is degenerative or has negative
feedback. Therefore any change at output
due to change in amp. parameters tend to
decrease.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 272 / 289
Operational Amplier (OPAMP)

i
v
i+
v+
io
vo
+vsp
vsn
OPAMP
v
Ri
v+
+
A(v
+
v

)
Ro
OPAMP circuit model in linear
range
An operational amplier (OPAMP) is a (voltage)
dierential amplier with a large voltage gain A.
Commercial operational ampliers has
A > 10
5
, which can be assumed like A
in most cases of interest.
Input resistance Ri is about several Ms.
Therefore, we can safely assume that
Ri . This implies
i+ = i 0A (9)
in the linear range. In reality, these currents
are at most a few As.
Output resistance Ro is at most a few s.
Therefore it can be assumed that Ro = 0.
Output is limited by the saturation voltages
v
+
sat
and v

sat
.
v

sat
vo v
+
sat
(10)
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 273 / 289
Notes
Notes
Operational Amplier (OPAMP)

in
vn
ip
vp
io
vo
+vsp
vsn
OPAMP
vn
Ri
vp

+
A(vp vn)
Ro
+
vo
OPAMP circuit model in linear
range
Usually, v

sat
vsn and v
+
sat
+vsp.
Therefore we assume v

sat
= vsn and
v
+
sat
= +vsp.
Then, we can write the response of the
amplier as
vo =
_
_
_
_
_
vsn, (vp vn) <
vsn
A
A(vp vn),
vsn
A
(vp vn)
vsp
A
+vsp, (vp vn) >
vsp
A
(11)
Notice that (vp vn) 0 as A , in the
linear range.
The voltages are referenced to the virtual
point v
GND
=
vsp vsn
2
. If OPAMP is
symmetrically powered to operate then
vsp = vsn and v
GND
= 0.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 274 / 289
Applications I

i
n
R
1
v
i
R
2
v
o
i
p
+
+

+V
s
V
s
v
p
= 0, i
n
= i
p
= 0
v
o
= A(v
p
v
n
) = Av
n
v
n
v
i
R
1
+
v
n
v
o
R
2
= 0
v
n
v
i
R
1
+
v
n
+Av
n
R
2
= 0

1
R
1
+
1 +A
R
2

v
n
=
v
i
R
1
v
n
=
R
2
v
i
R
2
+ (1 +A)R
1
v
o
=
AR
2
R
2
+ (1 +A)R
1
v
i
lim
A
v
o
=
R
2
R
1
v
i
Notice that v
n
0 as A . The
condition v
n
= v
p
= 0 is called a virtual
ground, and it happens because of the
negative feedback.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 275 / 289
Notes
Notes
Applications II

i
n
R
1
v
i
R
2
v
o
i
p
+
+

+V
s
V
s
v
p
= 0, i
n
= i
p
= 0
v
o
= A(v
p
v
n
) = Av
n
v
n
v
i
R
1
+
v
n
v
o
R
2
= 0
Using the virtual ground condition
v
n
= v
p
= 0
0 v
i
R
1
+
0 v
o
R
2
= 0
we can directly write
v
o
=
R
2
R
1
v
i
(12)
If R
2
> R
1
this setting called an inverting
amplier.
The full response is
v
o
=

V
s
,
R1Vs
R2
> v
i

R2
R1
v
i
, |v
i
|
R1Vs
R2
V
s
,
R1Vs
R2
< v
i
(13)
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 276 / 289
Applications III

i
n
R
1
R
2
v
o
i
p
+
v
i
+

+V
s
V
s
Using the virtual ground condition v
n
= v
p
i
n
= i
p
= 0
v
n
= v
p
= v
i
,
v
i
R
1
+
v
i
v
o
R
2
= 0
v
o
=

1 +
R
2
R
1

v
i
(14)
This setting called an noninverting
amplier.
The full response is
v
o
=

V
s
,
Vs
1+
R
2
R
1
> v
i

1 +
R2
R1

v
i
, |v
i
|
Vs
1+
R
2
R
1
V
s
,
Vs
1+
R
2
R
1
< v
i
(15)
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 277 / 289
Notes
Notes
Transfer Curves
vin
vout

vs
K
vs
K
vsn
vsn
K

R1 vi
+
R2
vo
vs
vs

K =
R2
R1
Inverting Amplier Characteristic
vin
vout
vs
K

vs
K
vsn
vsn
K

R1
+ vi
R2
vo
vs
vs

K = 1 +
R2
R1
Non-Inverting Amplier Characteristic
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 278 / 289
Applications IV

in
+
ip
vi
Rs
+
vs
vo
RL
vs
vs

i
p
= i
n
= 0, OPAMP is ideal.
v
p
= v
s
v
o
= A(v
p
v
n
)
v
o
= A(v
s
v
o
)
v
o
+ Av
o
= Av
s
, (1 +A)v
o
= Av
s
v
o
=
A
1 +A
v
s
,
Av
o
= v
i
, |v
i
| v
s
This setting is called a voltage follower. Notice that no current is drawn
from the voltage source v
s
, but power is delivered to resistor R
L
.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 279 / 289
Notes
Notes
Applications V

+
vs
vs

R2
v2
R1
v1
RN
vN
R
f
vo
ip = in = 0, OPAMP is ideal.
vp = vn = 0, Virtual ground condition.
0 v1
R1
+
0 v2
R2
+ +
0 vN
RN
+
0 vo
R
f
= 0
vo = R
f
_
v1
R1
+
v2
R2
+ +
vN
RN
_
This setting is called a summing amplier, since it sums its inputs and
takes the negative of the sum, if R
1
= R
2
= = R
N
= R
f
.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 280 / 289
Applications VI

+
vs
vs

R1
v1
R2
v2
R3
R
f
vo
ip = in = 0, OPAMP is ideal.
vn = vp =
R3
R2 +R3
v2,
vn v1
R1
+
vn vo
R
f
= 0
vo
R
f
=
R1 +R
f
R1R
f
vn
1
R1
v1
vo =
R1 +R
f
R2 +R3
R3
R1
v2
R
f
R1
v1
If we set,
R1
R
f
=
R2
R3
R1
R
f
+ 1 =
R2
R3
+ 1
R1 +R
f
R2 +R3
=
R
f
R3
vo =
R
f
R1
(v2 v1)
This setting is called a dierence amplier
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 281 / 289
Notes
Notes
Common Mode Rejection

+
vs
vs
Ao
R
+
vc
+
v
d1
v1
R
+
v
d2
v2
R
f
R
f
vo
Assume that the OPAMP is not ideal.
Hence
vo =
1
2
Ac(v2 +v1) +A
d
(v2 v1) (16)
where Ac is common mode gain, and
A
d
is the dierential mode gain.
We have
vo = Acvc +A
d
(v
d2
v
d1
) (17)
When v
d2
= v
d1
= 0, Ac =
vo
vc
. In this
case:
v

vc
R
+
v

v
+
Ri
+
v

vo
R
f
= 0
v
+
v

Ri
+
v
+
vc
R
+
v
+
R
f
= 0
vo Ao(v
+
v

)
Ro
+
vo v

R
f
= 0
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 282 / 289
_
1
R
+
1
R
f
+
1
Ri
_
v

1
Ri
v
+

1
R
f
vo =
vc
R

1
Ri
v

+
_
1
R
+
1
R
f
+
1
Ri
_
v
+
=
vc
R
_
Ao
Ro

1
R
f
_
v

Ao
Ro
v
+
+
_
1
Ro
+
1
R
f
_
vo = 0
_
_
_
_
1
R
+
1
R
f
+
1
Ri

1
Ri

1
R
f

1
Ri
1
R
+
1
R
f
+
1
Ri
0
Ao
Ro

1
R
f

Ao
Ro
1
Ro
+
1
R
f
_

_
_
_
v

v
+
vo
_
_
=
_
_
vc
R
vc
R
0
_
_
Solving yields
vo =
Ro
__
R
f
+R
_
Ri + 2RR
f
_
vc
_
R
f
+R
_ _
Ri
_
AoR +R
f
+R
_
+ 2RR
f
_
+Ro
_
R
f
(Ri + 2R) +R(Ri +R)
_
Ac =
Ro
__
R
f
+R
_
Ri + 2RR
f
_
_
R
f
+R
_ _
Ri
_
AoR +R
f
+R
_
+ 2RR
f
_
+Ro
_
R
f
(Ri + 2R) +R(Ri +R)
_
For vc = 0, A
d
=
R
f
R
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 283 / 289
Notes
Notes
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
We dene Common Mode Rejection Ration as
CMRR =
|A
d
|
|Ac|
(18)
or mostly it is expressed in decibels dB:
CMRR = 20 log
10
|A
d
|
|Ac|
(19)
In our case:
CMRR =
R
f
__
R
f
+R
_ _
Ri
_
AoR +R
f
+R
_
+ 2RR
f
_
+Ro
_
R
f
(Ri + 2R) +R(Ri +R)
__
RRo
__
R
f
+R
_
Ri + 2RR
f
_ (20)
Remarks
Notice that Ao implies CMRR . Therefore larger the CMRR better
the dierential amplier.
OPAMP itself is a dierential amplier. Manufacturers give CMRR (usually in
dB) in datasheets to indicate the performance of the OPAMPs.
CMRR is usually greater than 70dB. 90dB CMRR is typical and for highend
OPAMPs it can be greater than 120dB.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 284 / 289
Applications VII

+
vs
vs

R1
i1
vp
R3
i3
+

Vg
R4
i4
RL
Io
vn
R2 i2
vo
ip = in = 0, OPAMP is ideal.
vn = vp, Negative Feedback
i1 = i2 =
vn
R1
=
vo vn
R2
=
vo
R1 +R2
i3 =
Vg vp
R3
, i4 =
vo vp
R4
Io = i3 +i4
vn = vo i2R2 = vp = vo i4R4
i2R2 = i4R4 i4 =
R2
R4
i1
i3 =
Vg vn
R3
=
Vg i1R1
R3
Io =
Vg
R3
+i1
_
R2
R4

R1
R3
_
If we chose,
R
2
R
4
=
R
1
R
3
, then I
o
=
V
g
R
3
, and is independent of R
L
.
The circuit acts like a Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS). Fixing
V
g
constant, we can also use it as a current source.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 285 / 289
Notes
Notes
Applications VIII

+
vs
vs

R2
+

V2
R1
+

V1
vo
The circuit can be used the compare to
source. Ideally, the output will be
v
o
=

v
s
, v
1
> v
2
0, v
1
= v
2
v
s
, v
1
< v
2
(21)
However, the electrical noise causes the
output to switch between v
s
,
continuously, when V
1
V
2
. This makes
its use limited.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 286 / 289
Applications VIII

+
vs
vs
+
V2
R1
+
V1
vo
R
f
Since there is a positive feedback, the output will
be either +vs or vs.
Assume that vo = vs. This implies,
v
+
= v1 +
(vs v1)R1
R
f
+R1
(22)
Let V =
vsR1
R
f
+R1
. The output remains the
same for v

< v
+
i.e
v2 <
_
1
R1
R
f
+R1
_
v1 + V (23)
When v

> v
+
the output switches to vo = vs,
then
v
+
=
_
1
R1
R
f
+R1
_
v1 V (24)
and output remains the same for v

> v
+
v2 >
_
1
R1
R
f
+R1
_
v1 V (25)
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 287 / 289
Notes
Notes
Applications IX

+
vs
vs
+
V2
R1
vo
R
f
V2
vo
>
V

> <

<
V
For sake of clarity, assume that V1 = 0,
and we start to increase V2 from a
suciently negative value.
If vo = vs, then
vp =
R1vs
R1 +R
f
= V > 0.
The output remains the same for
V2 = vn < vp.
If V2 = vn > V , the output
switches to vo = vs. This drives
vp =
R1vs
R1 +R
f
= V .
The output remains the same for
V2 > V .
When vo = vs, start decreasing V2. The
output will remain the same until
vn < vp = V . And then will switch to
vo = vs.
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 288 / 289
Example
+

vs
vs

R1
i
vi
R
vo
R1
R
th
=?
The circuit acts like a negative resistance
as seen from the input terminals!
Due to negative feedback
v

v
+
= v
i
Applying KCL at v

node, we get
v
i
R
1
+
v
i
v
o
R
1
= 0
2v
i
R
1
=
v
o
R
1
= 0
v
o
= 2v
i
i =
v
i
v
o
R
, i

= i
+
= 0
=
v
i
2v
i
R
=
v
i
R
R
th
=
v
i
i
= R
Rev:372 Dr. Serkan G unel DE U MF EEE 289 / 289
Notes
Notes